New US sanctions will cut supplies of the most advanced hardware China needs to develop the world's fastest computers, but their impact on the country's military technology may be limited, observers say.
Supercomputers play an important role in advanced weapons development - they can be used to test the aerodynamics of a hypersonic glider or to simulate a nuclear explosion. And it comes as Beijing is pushing technological innovation, especially in areas like supercomputing and artificial intelligence.
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Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Zhao Lijian told reporters on Friday the US move would only strengthen Beijing's determination to innovate and vowed to hit back if necessary. "China will take necessary measures to resolutely protect the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese companies," Zhao said.
The sanctions could mean some Chinese companies may no longer be able to outsource the manufacture of custom computer chips to overseas foundries such as Samsung in South Korea and TSMC in Taiwan, according to Xiao Limin, an adviser to the government on supercomputer technology.
"That could cause some temporary issues - some may be challenging, but they will not affect the development of our next-generation supercomputer in the long run," said Xiao, who is also a professor with Beihang University and member of the Chinese Computer Society's high-performance computing committee.
But military expert Song Zhongping did not expect any immediate impact on Chinese weapons development, saying it did not rely on the most advanced semiconductor chips targeted by the sanctions.
"For example, when necessary, relatively larger chips could be stacked to have the same capacity as an ultra-microchip," Song said.
The US has targeted China's supercomputer programme before, including barring Intel from selling its chips to the companies.
China has mostly bypassed these sanctions by developing its own central processors that helped it to build more than 200 supercomputers in recent years - nearly twice the number in the US, according to industry data.
This time, China's access to international chip foundries has also been cut off. Like the US, it makes its most advanced chips at semiconductor fabrication plants in East Asia.
Xiao said several teams working on the next-generation supercomputer may already have the chips they need. "I don't think the sanctions will affect the final deployment of China's exascale computing technology," he said.