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Unless otherwise noted, reported figures are rounded and comparisons of the first quarter of 2024 are to the first quarter of 2023. All financial measures are GAAP unless cited as non-GAAP. With that, I will turn the call over to Hayden.

Hayden Brown -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Welcome everyone to Upwork's first quarter 2024 earnings call. Upwork started the year off strong with first quarter revenue of $190.9 million, representing 19% growth year over year. Our commitment to running a profitable business continued in the first quarter, as GAAP net income was $18.4 million and adjusted EBITDA was $33.3 million. These results reflect the strength of our business and ability to deliver consistent results even in a fluid operating environment.

Our unwavering focus on increasing operating leverage while investing in future growth is allowing us to raise our 2024 outlook for both revenue and adjusted EBITDA. We are committed to continuing to grow operating leverage into 2025 and beyond. Erica will share details on these plans in a few minutes. Our marketplace business continues to deliver steady GSV performance within a dynamic macro environment as GSV again exceeded $1 billion for the quarter.

Historically, one of the most important leading indicators of GSV growth is the addition of new clients. And we were very pleased to drive active client growth of 5% year over year to 872,000 in the first quarter. In addition to growth via attracting new clients, we are igniting growth in GSV via product innovations. These include investing in new AI-enabled products, features, and partnerships that equip clients and freelancers to achieve desired outcomes faster and easier than ever before.

With a lot of these new experiences and encouraged by early success signals showing a lift in GSV, we anticipate our growth rate will continue to accelerate. Our strength in revenue growth stems from several areas, including our ads and monetization products, which display impressive performance and stand out as the fastest growing revenue stream for Upwork. The Freelancer Plus subscription, which provides freelancers with Connects and tools to develop new skills, increase their visibility, and improve their efficiency with AI, had over 100,000 active subscribers in the first quarter. Year over year, we've grown subscribers 60% and driven 76% growth in revenue from this offering.

And we continue to make Freelancer Plus more compelling for customers, as the subscription now includes exclusive access to Upwork Chat Pro, powered by GPT-4 and customized with Upwork data. In the first quarter, we also premiered instant consultations, a new way for clients to get expert advice within minutes from skilled professionals who are online and available to consult in real time, ultimately getting projects started and completed faster. Building instant consultations on top of our already successful consultations product is a promising avenue for us, because we've seen the repeat usage rate of regular consultation clients is more than 50% higher than that of clients who start with a standard marketplace engagement. We're optimistic that instant consultations will gain similar traction and produce similar results.

Demand for Upwork's services was also evident in the slate of new partners signing up for our burgeoning Upwork Partner Experts Program in the first quarter. These partnerships are designed to drive incremental GSV by acquiring clients who are active in third party SaaS ecosystems and can benefit from talent on Upwork that is specialized in deploying, customizing and maintaining these SaaS technologies. In Q1, GoDaddy, BigCommerce, and Constant Contact joined existing partners like OpenAI and ClickUp and are now able to connect their customers directly with exactly the right freelancer on Upwork at exactly the moment they need to get work done, thus enabling greater usage of their own products. This is a true multidimensional win-win in which our partners, their customers who become our clients and Upwork talent and shareholders, all benefit.

The enterprise business unit exhibited very good progress in the first quarter with accelerated revenue growth at 10% year over year. Momentum in signing new customers continues, exceeding our own target by adding 28 new enterprise client logos in the first quarter, including WPP, Unisys and Ansys. Building atop our December announcement of inaugural vendor management system and managed service provider partnerships, we are rapidly expanding the workforce management ecosystem in which talent pools on Upwork can be tapped and leveraged, bringing on Workday, VNDLY and KellyOCG as enterprise suite partners, with KellyOCG serving as our first MSP partner. Philosophy of our product innovation is rapidly increasing.

We are shipping new features to our clients and freelancers on a daily basis. The speed to market of new features and experiences on the platform is accelerating so quickly that we have realized we needed to provide our customers with a single place and moment to get to know all of the enhancements we have released and new ways they can use our platform to get more done. As a result, yesterday, we launched Upwork Updates, our new semi-annual product showcase that highlights what's new with our innovative products, features and partnerships across the world's work marketplace. Upwork Updates will help educate our customers in the market about the value of our offering and the rapid progress we are making in delivering the features that enable them to work faster, better and more effortlessly than ever.

One highlight of our Spring 2024 update is the launch of Uma, which stands for Upwork Mindful AI. We're developing Uma on top of industry-leading large language models and fine tuning it with trillions of tokens of highly relevant Upwork platform data across a range of work interactions. Today, Uma intelligence underpins key steps in the hiring and matching process, which is critical to clients and freelancers getting started and completing more high-quality work faster. Uma powers new features like Best Match Insights, an AI-powered matching capability that surfaces not just the best talent, but the most relevant skills, qualifications and client reviews to help clients make hiring decisions with ease and confidence.

Uma's capabilities also power performance improvements to recent innovations and experiences, including Upwork's Job Post Generator, Proposal Tips and Upwork Chat Pro. We're also excited to introduce Uma as an indispensable work companion, accessible via an easy-to-use conversational interface that guides clients and freelancers to success throughout their Upwork journey. We've started to roll out Uma on the Upwork homepage and in subsequent releases, we will expand capabilities to other areas of the platform where building Uma to serve as an always-on intelligent companion for our customers, assisting them across the entire Upwork experience. Our very early testing of Uma is already showing benefits as a conversational companion for new customers.

Clients who used Uma started spending on Upwork in their first month at a 7% higher rate than non-users. These very early list signals are compelling and are only the beginning because Uma will continue to get smarter and more effective with additional customer usage, which trains the model. Additionally, Uma will improve its capabilities and extend its customer emphasis impact as it is released across more experiences on our platform. At the end of last year, we acquired AI Startup Headroom and deepened our bench of technical talent and leadership in this area.

Uma is an illustration of how this team is accelerating the delivery of our vision for how to serve customer needs using AI. It's a key development toward realizing a much larger vision as we leverage AI to deliver an experience where customers move from idea to outcome, from dream to delivery, powered by a combination of AI and humans working effortlessly together to further catalyze this new reality and solidify Upwork as the premier destination for where that happens most effectively. We continue to expand the ecosystem of partners offering industry-leading tools through our apps and offers page, welcoming a cohort of new partners, including Dropbox, Notion, and iStock by getting images. Data shows that freelancers are already ahead of their full-time employee peers inside businesses in the adoption of AI tools.

The Upwork Research Institute found that freelancers are more than two times more likely to regularly use generative AI in their work versus non-freelance professionals. Our goal is to equip freelancers on Upwork with preferential access to the best tools to become the most highly skilled and sought-after AI-enabled talent pool in the world. This directly taps into a growing chorus of client demand for skilled workers who already know how to create exponential business value using these technologies. We are already serving this need as evidenced by the 50% year-over-year growth rate in our AI services category in Q1.

We are extremely excited for our customers to benefit from the many new products, features, and partnerships included in our Spring 2024 update to supercharge their businesses and work. If you haven't yet, take a moment to visit upwork.com/updates, where you can learn more about these exciting innovations and how they address customer needs. This encouraging start to the year, including our rapid pace of innovation and enhanced financial outlook on both revenue and adjusted EBITDA, gives us confidence in the year ahead, our growth prospects, and the exciting long-term framework for Upwork's profitability. We look forward to continuing to update you on our progress in the quarters to come.

With that, I will turn it over to Erica to review our financials.

Erica Gessert -- Chief Financial Officer

Thanks, Hayden. While we've accelerated our pace of innovation in all the ways Hayden just outlined, in Q1, we also rapidly identified new levers to deepen our focus on durable, profitable growth. We are committed to driving revenue growth and growing operating margins regardless of the macroeconomic backdrop we're executing in. And our first quarter results and increased outlook for 2024 clearly show our ability to do that.

And I am delighted to say that our plans to continually and meaningfully grow our operating leverage extend beyond 2024. Our highly profitable business model with gross margins over 75%, as well as the investments we're making in operational improvements like engineering productivity and back-office automation, mean that we can make clear and concrete commitments to growing our margins and free cash flow for the foreseeable future. As I strategize with Hayden and the team, I've grown confident in our ability to drive growth while also increasing profitability and adjusted free cash flow. We are now in the position to commit to hitting 35% adjusted EBITDA margin in the next five years.

And I'm confident we can increase our operating leverage each and every year as we get there. Turning back to our most recent results, I'll hit a few highlights. Revenue growth in the first quarter was very strong, growing 19% year over year to 190.9 million, and was driven in part by the final transition to the new flat fee pricing structure we started last year. Marketplace revenue was 164.3 million and grew 20% year over year.

In our enterprise business unit, our unique breadth of offerings drove total enterprise revenue growth of 10% year over year to $26.6 million. Within enterprise revenue, enterprise solutions revenue was 11.7 million and grew 3% year over year. Managed services performed particularly well, driving revenue of $14.9 million, representing growth of 17% year over year. Our active client base continues to grow, driven by increasing demand with growth in Q1 in both activations and reactivations.

We added over 20,000 new active clients in the first quarter of 2024, and we now have over 872,000 active clients, representing 5% year-over-year growth. This is the highest growth in active clients in two years. Turning to some additional color on GSV. Excluding the impact to GSV growth rate from the pricing change, we estimate Q1 GSV growth would have been approximately 3% year over year, while GSV grew approximately 1% year over year.

This included some temporary headwinds associated with the final transition to our simplified flat fee pricing structure, which occurred on January 1. While we naturally see some temporal headwinds to GSV as we make the appropriate strategic adjustments to our pricing structure, these changes are driving growth for our business and a simplified value prop for our customers, making it easier to price and negotiate contracts. Even after these changes, our marketplace take rate at 17.7% remains one of the lowest in the industry, which means that we have the capacity to continue to develop targeted monetization opportunities on the platform that will bring value to our customers. Non-GAAP gross margin continued to improve both on a year-over-year and a sequential basis.

Non-GAAP gross margin of 77.1% increased nearly 200 basis points year over year. Non-GAAP operating expense was 116.6 million in the first quarter, representing 61% of revenue, a significant reduction compared to the 125.8 million or 78% of revenue in the comparable prior-year period. For the first quarter, non-GAAP R&D expense was $45.1 million, increasing 23% year over year as we continue to accelerate our pace of innovation and new product releases, culminating in our Upwork updates announcement and our launch of Uma yesterday. The sequential increase in R&D also reflects the growth of our AIML talent bench through the acquisition in Q4 of headroom and other investments.

Even with our commitment to ongoing innovation we anticipate growth in R&D expenses to moderate in the future through our work on engineering productivity and other levers. Non-GAAP sales and marketing expense of $44.9 million, declined 27% year over year even as we continue to accelerate our active client growth. Our provision for transaction losses remains low at $0.9 million for Q1 representing less than 1% of total revenue. PFTL benefited from some one-time items in the first quarter and we expect our absolute dollar run rate to be slightly higher going forward while still remaining very low as a percentage of revenue.

Adjusted EBITDA was $33.3 million in the first quarter representing a margin of 17.4%. Our profitable business model continues to generate GAAP earnings-per-share growth which includes the impact of stock-based compensation. For the first quarter of 2024, fully diluted GAAP earnings per share was $0.13. Adjusted free cash flow for the first quarter was $15.5 million.

Adjusted free cash flow is lower in the first quarter every year due to the timing of our employee bonus payout. Cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities were approximately $490.6 million at the end of the first quarter. I'm very pleased to highlight our active execution of our share repurchase authorization. I want to emphasize our commitment to ongoing shareholder return.

In the first quarter, we repurchased approximately 5.2 million shares and as of April 23rd we have completed the entire $100 million repurchase program, repurchasing approximately 8.1 million shares. This program represents the return of value to our shareholders and we expect our share count in 2024 to be lower than in 2023. Turning to guidance. For the second quarter, we expect to produce revenue in the range of $190 million to $195 million representing 14.2% year-over-year growth at the midpoint.

For adjusted EBITDA, we are guiding to a range of $32 million to $36 million which represents an adjusted EBITDA margin of 17.7% at the midpoint. We anticipate non-GAAP diluted EPS to be between $0.21 and $0.23. Our outlook for weighted average shares outstanding for the quarter is now in the range of 139 million to 141 million. For the full year 2024, we are increasing our revenue guidance to $770 million to $782 million representing 12.6% year-over-year growth at the midpoint.

As we mentioned in our last earnings call, we expect our year-over-year revenue growth rates to moderate in the second half of 2024 as we lap the pricing changes implemented in 2023. For adjusted EBITDA, we are increasing our guidance to a range of $140 million to $150 million up from our previous guidance of $125 million to $135 million and representing a margin of 18.7% at the midpoint. This increase reflects our multi-quarter efforts to identify structural and persistent efficiencies in our business. Through these efforts, we will increase our operating margin every quarter this year.

We expect full year 2024 non-GAAP diluted EPS to be between $0.88 and $0.92 up from our guidance last quarter of $0.77 to $0.81. This improvement is driven both by our focus on efficiencies, as well as our share repurchase program. For the full year, weighted average shares outstanding will decline to a range of $140 million to $144 million down from our prior guidance last quarter of $148 million to $152 million. As I survey our progress in the first few months of 2024, I am excited about Upwork's trajectory.

We are at the forefront of the future of work. Our business model and our position as a market leader mean that we can invest in innovation, achieve ongoing profitability gains and produce adjusted free cash flow to fund our business while driving strong shareholder returns. We are committed to producing steady and significant operating margin and adjusted free cash flow growth this year, next year, and into the future. And because of the profitability of our marketplace model, we can continue to invest in growth as we do it.

As always, I want to extend thanks to our incredible team at Upwork for their contributions this quarter. I am seeing our pace of execution accelerate every single day and I am proud to be part of this great team. And with that, we will take your questions.

Questions & Answers:

Operator

Thank you. Our first question is going to come from the line of Andrew Boone with JMP Securities. Your line is open. Please go ahead.

Matt Condon -- JMP Securities -- Analyst

Thank you for taking my question. This is Matt on for Andrew. My first one is maybe can you just provide any color on the performance of cohorts? And if there's any change that you're seeing as far as the stabilization of spend there, anything would be helpful there. And then, my second question is it's great to see the 100,000 active subs for Freelancer Plus.

Could you give us any color on how big this can get to over time?

Erica Gessert -- Chief Financial Officer

Yes. Hi, Matt. This is Erica. Thanks for the question.

Yes, we publish our cohort chart once a year in our 10K. And as I talked about, I think actually it was at your conference that's an annual cohort chart and we actually have seen some stabilization in terms of newer cohort spend in 2024.

Hayden Brown -- President and Chief Executive Officer

In terms of your question on Freelancer Plus and how big that can get over time, I'd say we're really excited about the progress we've already made with the ads and monetization roadmap so far. We mentioned that this is already the kind of fastest growing area of our business from a revenue perspective today. And we are still in early innings. So specifically on Freelancer Plus, there are definitely opportunities to continue to enhance that offering.

We added Upwork Chat Pro very recently and that has generated a lot of excitement, but we also see opportunities to continue to enhance value there and with other aspects of how we build memberships and membership value on our platform. But I think, stepping back, the bigger story here is generally with ads and monetization, as a lever for this business, which does have a lot of runways. If you look at other marketplace models out there, companies like Airbnb, Instacart, others, see upwards of 25% of their revenue coming from ads and monetization, and we're nowhere near that today. So it's gonna be unique to Upwork for us to figure out how big this can be.

And we certainly don't have that number in mind today, but we are working diligently to ensure we do unlock the value here in a way that is really driving both take rate expansion and GSV growth, because those things really can go hand in hand when you look at things like Connect pricing, memberships, third-party partnerships that generate revenue. All of these things actually can be creative to both sides of that equation, and we're very focused on unlocking that.

Matt Condon -- JMP Securities -- Analyst

Thank you so much.

Operator

Thank you. And one moment as we move on to our next question. And our next question is going to come from the line of Maria Ripps with Canaccord. Your line is open.

Please go ahead.

Matt Bottomley -- Canaccord Genuity -- Analyst

Hi, this is Matt on from Maria. Thanks so much for taking the question. Just on the increased full-year revenue guidance, is that largely a function of momentum you're seeing with freelancer costs in the ads products, or just wondering if there's any component of that that relates to upside the GSV? And then, more broadly, just any color you can share around how you're thinking about GSV growth for the balance of the year, and if we could see some acceleration in the back half would be great. Thanks so much.

Erica Gessert -- Chief Financial Officer

Yes. Sure. Thanks for the question, Matt. Maybe I'll take it and Hayden can add any color.

So just on the revenue outlook, yes. I mean, I think we are seeing, we absolutely are seeing some growth, good, strong growth in our ads and monetization products. As we said, they're the fastest growing revenue stream on the platform, and we have seen some incremental strengths there. And we're also seeing some nice strength in the enterprise business, and some very good kind of leading indicators, actually on both sides of the business, in the marketplace and the enterprise, in kind of new client growth, that's also giving us some good confidence in terms of leading indicators for GSV growth later, and into 2025 and beyond.

Hayden Brown -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Sure, and what I'd add, Matt, around GSV acceleration for the balance of the year is GSV growth is our top priority as a company. We're very actively working on this, and we are seeing some really good green shoots. As Erica mentioned, active clients is one leading indicator that we're seeing progress on this, 5% growth already is a great sign from this past quarter. A second thing is our product innovations are indicating that releases like Uma can really move the needle early as it is, in terms of driving traction around client spend and client metrics.

So it does take time for these things to layer through at the size and scale of our customer base, and driving the adoption of these products. So I wanna be clear that this is a multi-quarter and multi-year endeavor, but the product innovations that we're driving are really laser focused on this.

Erica Gessert -- Chief Financial Officer

Maybe I'll just actually just also emphasize one point, which is GSV growth was dampened slightly in the quarter from the structural changes and the kind of final change over to the new flat fee pricing structure. So absent that, we estimate that GSV growth would have been about 3% this quarter, which is a little bit of an uptick, and so we're really encouraged by that as well.

Matt Bottomley -- Canaccord Genuity -- Analyst

Very helpful. Thank you both.

Operator

Thank you. And one moment as we move on to our next question. And our next question is going to come from the line of Eric Sheridan with Goldman Sachs. Your line is open.

Please go ahead.

Eric Sheridan -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst

Thanks so much for taking the questions. Maybe me too, if I can, following up on that answer on GSV growth, can you maybe just unpack for us how you're thinking about the components that have held back growth in GSV as maybe some of the dynamics around fee changes have impacted the headwind that you just highlighted. And that we should be thinking about the building blocks for growth in GSV as we get deeper into the year, just in terms of what's in your control versus elements that are out of your control as you see some of that growth evolved. And then, as to some of the investments you talked about, especially the internal ones, how do you think about elements of investments driving either incremental growth through the remainder of this year versus also investments that are balanced toward driving increased productivity and efficiency gains that might show up on the margin front? Thanks so much.

Erica Gessert -- Chief Financial Officer

All right, you packed a lot in there, Eric. So let me see if I can hit everything. So on GSV growth, like I said, we do have about 2 points of headwind in Q1, and that actually is through the year, just from the final cutover with the pricing change. I think, beyond that, we've really tried to highlight, we see a lot of really strong leading indicators that give us a lot of confidence that our GSV growth is going to kind of continue to tick up.

The active client growth is really encouraging. Some of the strength on the enterprise side that we see kind of falling into late in this year and into next year. And then, also, a lot of the experiments on the platform with a lot of the new experiences we've just launched with Uma. Hayden highlighted some of the positive benefits we're seeing with very early experimentation with Uma that we think is just going to get better and better.

So all these new experiences we see as being GSV growth stimulators, and we expect to help us advance into next year. Real quick on investments, I'll touch on it. In terms of driving growth, we've been investing in R&D quite a bit over a few years here in order to really accelerate the innovations on the platform that we've been talking about. Just as a reminder, we closed the headroom deal in Q4, and the addition of that team and really the growth of the AIML bench is an investment in the future growth of our platform.

And it has culminated in the launch of Uma and other things. So I think, there's plenty of growth to come. That said, I do expect that the R&D growth will moderate starting kind of as we advance through this year and certainly into next year as we really invest in tools for engineering productivity in cost of revenue, also data optimization. We are really in the early innings here.

And so, I see those investments really paying off into at the end of this year and into next year.

Eric Sheridan -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst

Great. Thank you.

Operator

Thank you. And one moment as we move on to our next question. And our next question is going to come from the line of Matt Farrell with Piper Sandler. Your line is open.

Please go ahead.

Matt Farrell -- Piper Sandler -- Analyst

Thanks for taking my question and awesome work on the profitability side. Maybe on the 35% adjusted EBITDA target within five years, what size or scale do you think you need to be at in order to reach that target? And I guess, on the cost side, how much more additional efficiencies or leverage do you have at this point to help you achieve that goal over the next couple of years?

Erica Gessert -- Chief Financial Officer

Yes, sure. Look, maybe it's good to kind of just take a step back real quick and I'll make sure to answer your question in terms of what we think we need from a scale point of view to achieve this. I mean, the short answer is I've gained confidence over the past year working with the teams, looking at all the cost optimization opportunities in front of us that we can achieve significant and meaningful operating leverage in this business. Absent of meaningful growth in the scale.

So if you look at kind of the journey over the past year, when I came into this last year, we committed to being profitable. We advanced very, very quickly on that journey, even absent of kind of meaningful volume growth and got to mid-teens EBITDA margins in just about six months. Last year was all about focusing on sales and marketing optimization. And some of the benefits that we've been able to yield in our business with active client growth and other things, even while significantly reducing our marketing spend has given me a tremendous amount of confidence that we can continue to optimize in these areas.

And honestly, last year was about sales and marketing optimization. We're now looking, I've been working very deeply with the teams, looking at engineering productivity, like I said, data optimization, many, many other places in the organization where we think we can gain significant yields. So I think that we can certainly continue to gain operating leverage, even in a relatively lower growth environment. That said, we will continue to invest into growth and there's no reason, given the kind of gross margin profile of this business, that we can't continue to invest in growth while producing operating leverage.

So I think, we think that we're convinced we can do both, but really the GSV growth that we're investing in now will really be just on top of operating leverage that we can achieve.

Hayden Brown -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yes, another way that I'd answer that question, Matt, is to say, we are here to build a really big business. We want to drive this business to tremendous scale. And we're pacing ourselves to continue to invest in growth and create meaningful leverage increases every year toward that 35% target, which is within five years, like we're moving there aggressively. But we're investing in growth toward that real scale of the business while enhancing leverage.

And we know we can do that kind of irrespective of the pace of the growth of the business.

Matt Farrell -- Piper Sandler -- Analyst

And as a follow-up, you've hit on the active client growth acceleration now a couple of times. I guess, in the backdrop of the lower sales marketing spend, like what do you think is driving this dynamic in a more steady macro? And are the customers that are joining Upwork more recently, do they look and feel any different than they have historically?

Hayden Brown -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yes, they do. I think that what's driving it is the execution that Erica mentioned earlier around sales and marketing. We've done a really great job over many quarters building the muscles in those areas and that's delivering results for us. Our value proposition has always resonated and has continued to resonate in this macro where clients are really looking for flexibility.

They're looking for the specialized skills that we have on this platform. But we've really been delivering with our sales and marketing efforts to be extremely efficient and attract in clients who broadly do look like past clients. I wouldn't say there's anything really notably different about them. And they were coming in and they're ramping up with us.

Erica Gessert -- Chief Financial Officer

I'll just add that some of the new experiences on the platform that are enabled by the AI investments we've been making are also really advancing the journey from prospect to active client. So the job post generator that we launched last year, over 70% of new customers are using that tool in order to post jobs and then get to activation. So I think, it's a combination of factors of the performance marketing engine really humming even as we've reduced costs and some of the new experiences on the platform that we've introduced.

Operator

Thank you. And one moment as we move on to our next question. And our next question is going to come from the line of Brent Thill with Jefferies. Your line is open.

Please go ahead.

John Byun -- Jefferies -- Analyst

Hi. Thank you. This is a John Byun for Brent Thill. One more question on GSV.

So you mentioned the adjusted is 3% in Q1, and 2 points of headwind and that'll last through the rest of the year. And it sounds like also even adjusting for that it might accelerate. Just wanted to kind of clarify that that's what you're seeing and then maybe related to that on the macro side if you could talk about how things look in terms of like spend per cohort or hours per project anything you're noticing on a macro level. Thank you.

Erica Gessert -- Chief Financial Officer

Yes, I think, you got it on the temporary headwind that we're seeing from the pricing change. We estimate that at about 2% of GSV growth and it impacts us in Q1 and throughout the year. From there, we'll lap that. And I think, for all the reasons we've talked about expect to see GSV continue to step up.

And the next question on the macro. Yeah, look, I mean, I think just in general the macro we're still seeing a lot of dynamism and out there in the environment. Inflationary environment still affecting consumers and small businesses. Corporations still quite budget conscious.

I think, the reality is we've been really kind of an oasis of stability. I think, within some of this broader environment. And also, we've said for a few quarters now that we intend to produce growth and growing our profit margins and revenue regardless of the macro. And I think, we're really showing that with our current results.

More broadly, I think, if any kind of underlying detail, I think we, like I said, I think we continue to see very good growth in kind of the small business side, very small business side of our platform. And some of the negative kind of impacts from large business from last year is moderating in the current environment.

John Byun -- Jefferies -- Analyst

Thank you.

Operator

Thank you. And one moment as we move on to our next question. And our next question is going to come from the line of Ron Josey with Citi. Your line is open.

Please go ahead.

Jake Hallac -- Citi -- Analyst

Hi, guys. Thanks for the question. This is Jake on for Ron. First wanted to ask on the enterprise side, could you talk more about the benefits of the new VMS partnerships and specifically progress you're making in terms of focusing more on the expand side of the equation with the larger clients? And then, second, just on great to see the AI categories growth, any additional color you could share there in terms of mix of this growth from existing clients versus new clients and any trends in terms of spend or wages within that category? Thanks.

Hayden Brown -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Sure, Jake. Speaking about the enterprise VMS partnerships. So the reality there is so many of the enterprise customers that we are serving today and are looking to break into already have existing relationships with VMS and MSP, partners themselves. And so, when we go through the work of partnering with those providers, it really opens up new opportunities where spend that those customers are funneling into those platforms becomes available for us to basically participate in and, you know, basically bid on or, you know, offer up talent for and become, you know, approved vendor of record around.

So it really opens up the dollars available to Upwork both within existing customers who are using VMSes and for new prospects. Sometimes it's a condition of them working with us or certainly a big selling point when they realize that we can work with their existing VMS. So it's early of us executing the strategy, but we are very excited about what it can do in opening up the enterprise opportunity. To your question about the AI categories and kind of what's going on there.

Yes, this is a tremendous area for us with the 50% year-over-year growth, specifically in AI services in addition to just generally seeing clients looking for talent across all the categories we serve where that talent is equipped and enabled using AI tools. And I think that the interesting fact there is the data shows that only about 9% of internal employees are using AI tools on a regular basis, compared to 20% of freelancers and compared to more than 50% of freelancers on Upwork who are equipped and using these tools. So when we talk to businesses, they're saying I need to upskill my workforce. I can't do it fast enough.

Let me instead turn to Upwork and find the talent that is skilled in these areas. And so, we're serving a lot of different needs here. I would say we are seeing premium wages in some of these areas. It's probably not quite as strong as it was maybe three or four quarters ago, like it's moderated a little bit, but there is still a delta for a lot of this work and this talent is still highly in demand as evidenced by the fast growth we saw last quarter, which was, I would note on top of, I think, quadruple digit growth a year ago in that same area.

Jake Hallac -- Citi -- Analyst

Thanks a lot.

Hayden Brown -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Sure.

Operator

Thank you. And one moment as we move on to our next question. And our next question is going to come from the line of Rohit Kulkarni with ROTH MKM. Your line is open.

Please go ahead.

Rohit Kulkarni -- ROTH MKM -- Analyst

Hi, thank you for taking my questions. I guess, on the ads and monetization side of things, maybe just talk about the strategy and the footprint that you think you have there. And in terms of it's been the fastest growing revenue stream for you guys for quite some time. And how do you see the runway in terms of unpacking more growth on that? And then, as far as the 24 model is concerned, any extra color on the drivers and assumptions in terms of how should we think about a take rate from year on out, as well as client growth? How are you thinking about for the rest of the year?

Hayden Brown -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Sure, Rohit. So on ads and monetization, our strategy here is to build the monetization levers that are really congruent with creating more value overall for our customers. And these things go hand in hand. And I think that's what we've really proven with the work already.

So we're encouraged by the progress made, but certainly there's a lot more that we think we can do. And I think, examples of that span everything from enhancing memberships on the platform to continuing to price connects more accurately to continue to bring in revenue from new streams like our partnership program. So there's really a lot of runway here. And I think, again, our goal is gonna be governed around enhancing our take rate, but doing so in a way that really is creating more value for customers and getting them to spend more overall with us, which is really the ultimate goal.

Erica Gessert -- Chief Financial Officer

In terms of the outlook for take rate and client growth, I think for the rest of the year, obviously, we have a big step up in Q1. As I said, that was associated with the cutover on the pricing plan, which really by all measures has been incredibly successful and well accepted by our clients and freelancers. I think, for the rest of the year, we'll expect take rate to not have, obviously, as big a step up, but we do expect really some of the continued advancement on ads and monetization to add a little bit to take rate as we move through the year. And client growth, I mean, things are going really nicely with our client acquisition engine as we've kind of emphasized a few times on the call.

Both activations and reactivations are doing nicely. So we do expect client growth to continue each quarter through the year.

Rohit Kulkarni -- ROTH MKM -- Analyst

OK. Thanks, Hayden. Thanks Erica.

Operator

Thank you. And one moment as we move on to our next question. And our next question is going to come from the line of Marvin Fong with BTIG. Your line is open.

Please go ahead.

Marvin Fong -- BTIG -- Analyst

Good evening. Thanks for taking my questions. Congratulations on the performance. So two questions for myself.

So I would like to double click on reactivation. It seems like something we haven't talked as much about in the past, but I know for at least some other companies in e-commerce, reactivated buyers or reactivated customers has become a major source of new clients. So could you just kind of talk about how big that pool is for you guys and your initiatives to kind of get more past customers reactivated? And then, a question just on GSV per client. I know it was down this quarter, it looks like.

I know that onboarding new clients is a drag on that metric. So I was just wondering if you could kind of unpack that. If we just look at existing cohorts, is the spend behavior declining, flag or increasing? Thanks.

Erica Gessert -- Chief Financial Officer

Sure, Marvin. So on the first question, look, I will note that reactivation trends have been accelerating for us and it is a nice source of growth for active clients. We haven't broken it out. I don't think we will.

But as I said, it is kind of a nice tailwind for us. And look, I think that within the work that we're doing in terms of client reactivation, some of the performance marketing work that we do is also now is aimed at client reactivation. Also, all of the work we're doing, some of this, the new Upwork updates launch that we just did yesterday, all of this work is aimed at both attracting new clients and reattracting clients who maybe haven't been using the platform lately and letting them know all the new experiences that are being launched. So there's a lot going on there.

On GSB for Client, I'll just emphasize to you that that metric is a trailing 12 months metric. So it does have some, it is kind of picking up some of, still some of the vacillations of kind of macroeconomic impacts that we had last year. But overall, you're right. To the extent we're activating lots of new clients, that will be a drag on GSB for Active Client.

And the activity of retained clients has started to stabilize compared to what we saw last year.

Marvin Fong -- BTIG -- Analyst

OK, that's terrific. Thanks so much.

Operator

Thank you. And I'm showing no further questions at this time. And I would like to hand the conference back to Hayden Brown for closing remarks.

Hayden Brown -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Thank you, everyone, for joining us. We appreciate your interest in Upwork and look forward to keeping you posted on our progress next quarter.

Operator

[Operator signoff]

Duration: 0 minutes

Call participants:

David Niederman -- Vice President, Investor Relations

Hayden Brown -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Erica Gessert -- Chief Financial Officer

Matt Condon -- JMP Securities -- Analyst

Matt Bottomley -- Canaccord Genuity -- Analyst

Eric Sheridan -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst

Matt Farrell -- Piper Sandler -- Analyst

John Byun -- Jefferies -- Analyst

Jake Hallac -- Citi -- Analyst

Rohit Kulkarni -- ROTH MKM -- Analyst

Marvin Fong -- BTIG -- Analyst

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Upwork (UPWK) Q1 2024 Earnings Call Transcript was originally published by The Motley Fool