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U.S. recession risk leaps as GDP shrinks for the first time since 2022

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The U.S. economy contracted sharply in the first quarter, according to an early Commerce Department estimate published Wednesday, as the impact of tariffs triggered a record surge in imports and slowed domestic spending.

First-quarter GDP was pegged at -0.3%, down from the positive 2.4% pace recorded over the final three months of last year and well shy of Wall Street's forecast for an advance of around 0.4%. The contraction marks the first time the economy has shrunk since the first quarter of 2022.

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Overall consumption slowed to 1.2% from 2.7% over the final months of last year, the data indicated. Government spending contracted 0.25% following a rise of 0.52% over Q4 2024.

The PCE price index for the first quarter was also outside Wall Street's forecast, with the Federal Reserve's preferred measure rising 3.6% on a headline basis, and 3.4% after stripping out volatile components such as food and energy prices.

Data published earlier this week showed the biggest tally of U.S. imports on record as businesses front-loaded purchases ahead of what President Donald Trump called his Liberation Day tariffs. That surge, which included a records goods deficit of $162 billion, is likely to have shaved nearly 2 percentage points from first-quarter GDP.

“Thanks in part to companies stockpiling imports ahead of the implementation of Trump’s tariffs, resulting in a significant imbalance between imports and exports, the 0.3% contraction reported today comes as no surprise," said Lindsay James of London-based Quilter Investors.

"The Atlanta Fed’s GDPNow estimate for Q1 pointed to an annualixed contraction of as much as 2.7%, so it seems the downturn is not as severe as it could have been," he added. "However, given it is only the first reading, there is a chance it could be revised down further yet."

President Donald Trump's trade policies could be setting up the U.S. economy for its first recession since the Covid crisis of 2020.BRENDAN SMIALOWSKI/Getty Images
President Donald Trump's trade policies could be setting up the U.S. economy for its first recession since the Covid crisis of 2020.BRENDAN SMIALOWSKI/Getty Images

U.S. stocks extended declines following the data release, with futures contracts tied to the S&P 500 indicating an opening-bell decline of around 71 points and the Nasdaq called 350 points lower.

Benchmark 10-year Treasury note yields, meanwhile, rose 5 basis points to 4.212% following the release and the faster-than-expected PCE reading, while 2-year notes edged 3 basis points higher to 3.671%.

The U.S. dollar index, which tracks the greenback against a basket of six global currencies, was last seen 0.2% higher on the session at 99.429.

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