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Loan revenue increased by 38% (+$13.2 million) in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to an increase in the weighted average number of systems with loan agreements, which increased from 85,800 for the year ended December 31, 2023 to 103,400 for the year ended December 31, 2024 (+21%). Loan revenue, on a weighted average number of systems basis, increased from $405 per system for the year ended December 31, 2023 to $464 per system for the same period in 2024 (+15%) primarily due to an increase in higher priced products being placed in service. Service revenue decreased by 27% (-$4.4 million) in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to a decrease in the number of one-time transactions for repair services related to third-party solar energy systems.

Solar energy system and product sales revenue decreased by 13% (-$44.1 million) in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to decreases in inventory sales revenue, which is non-core to our business operations, and direct sales revenue, partially offset by an increase in cash sales revenue that increased due to an increase in customers. Inventory sales revenue decreased by 43% (-$79.6 million) in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to our strategic focus to shift away from buying inventory to resell to our dealers or other parties in order to focus on our core business of providing energy services to our customers. Direct sales revenue decreased by 19% (-$11.2 million) in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to a 20% decrease in the number of direct sales solar energy systems and energy storage systems placed in service in 2024 when compared to the same period in 2023. This decrease is partially due to a reduction in our direct sales resources that have been redeployed to other functions and partially due to a change to our in-service methodology in mid-2024 to require additional procedures; thus, these projects now take longer to be placed in service. Cash sales revenue increased by 49% (+$46.7 million) in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to an increase in the number of cash sales customers. This increase in customers is primarily due to more cash sales of storage and solar systems in 2024 whereas only solar systems were sold in 2023. The number of cash sales customers increased from 5,800 for the year ended December 31, 2023 to 7,200 for the year ended December 31, 2024 (+24%). On a per customer basis, cash sales revenue increased from $16,564 per customer for the year ended December 31, 2023 to $19,831 per customer for the same period in 2024 (+20%) primarily due to larger system sizes with more storage included and thus, higher revenue (and higher associated costs).

Cost of revenue—customer agreements and incentives, which is core to our business operations, increased by 43% (+$64.2 million) in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to an increase in depreciation related to solar energy systems and energy storage systems, which increased by 46% (+$60.0 million). This increase is aligned with the related revenue discussed above, which increased by 53%, and is primarily due to an increase in the weighted average number of PPA and lease systems from 168,500 for the year ended December 31, 2023 to 230,600 for the year ended December 31, 2024 (+37%). On a weighted average number of systems basis, depreciation related to solar energy systems and energy storage systems increased from $773 per system for the year ended December 31, 2023 to $825 per system for the same period in 2024 (+7%). This overall increase is primarily due to a higher percentage of solar energy systems with storage and slightly larger average system sizes.

Cost of revenue related to service customers, loan agreements and underwriting costs (such as credit checks, title searches and the amortization of UCC filing costs) for new customers and solar energy systems increased by 22% (+$4.2 million) in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to increases in costs related to SRECs of $3.2 million, loan agreements of $1.6 million and UCC filings of $1.1 million, partially offset by a decrease of $1.9 million in internal labor costs to perform maintenance services in-house for third party contracts due to lower activity.

Cost of revenue—solar energy system and product sales decreased by 10% (-$28.7 million) in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to a decrease in inventory sales costs, which is non-core to our business operations, partially offset by increases in cash sales costs that increased due to an increase in customers and direct sales costs. Inventory sales costs decreased by 41% (-$73.0 million) in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to our strategic focus to shift away from buying inventory to resell to our dealers or other parties in order to focus on our core business of providing energy services to our customers. Cash sales costs increased by 62% (+$32.6 million) in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to an increase in the number of cash sales customers. This increase in customers is primarily due to more cash sales of storage and solar systems in 2024 whereas only solar systems were sold in 2023. The number of cash sales customers increased from 5,800 for the year ended December 31, 2023 to 7,200 for the year ended December 31, 2024 (+24%). On a per customer basis, cash sales costs increased from $9,077 per customer for the year ended December 31, 2023 to $11,835 per customer for the same period in 2024 (+30%) primarily due to larger system sizes with more storage included and thus, higher costs. Direct sales costs increased by 24% (+$11.5 million) in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. This increase is primarily due to an increase in direct sales leases and PPAs installed, which have a higher cost basis than the direct sales loans we principally sold in 2023. Cost of revenue related to service customers, loan agreements and underwriting costs (such as credit checks, title searches and the amortization of UCC filing costs) for new customers and solar energy systems increased by 22% (+$4.2 million) in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to increases in costs related to SRECs of $3.2 million, loan agreements of $1.6 million and UCC filings of $1.1 million, partially offset by a decrease of $1.9 million in internal labor costs to perform maintenance services in-house for third party contracts due to lower activity.

Operations and maintenance expense increased by 8% (+$8.0 million) in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to an increase in charges recognized for non-recoverable costs from terminated dealers of $11.5 million. We recognized impairments on costs paid to certain terminated dealers for work-in-progress solar energy systems and energy storage systems that have cancelled or are estimated to cancel and are not expected to be recovered, along with unearned portions of exclusivity and bonus payments tied to such dealers, which we estimate are not recoverable. We may continue to incur charges of this nature. The increase is also due to (a) charges recognized for non-recoverable prepaid design and engineering costs of $4.0 million, (b) an increase in property insurance costs of $3.6 million due to more assets to insure and an increase in overall premium costs and (c) an increase in other impairments of $2.5 million. This increase is partially offset by decreases in costs related to the maintenance and servicing of solar energy systems and energy storage systems of $7.7 million and inventory-related impairments of $5.5 million. We consider the inventory-related impairments of $20.0 million and $25.6 million in the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, to be non-core in nature and do not expect these types of impairments in the future to be as significant due to our shift in strategic focus in the latter half of 2023 to pivot away from buying inventory to resell in order to focus on our core business of providing energy services to our customers.

General and administrative expense increased by 19% (+$74.8 million) in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, which was reflective of our commitment to proactively expand our platform to serve a consistently growing base of customers and other stakeholders. Payroll and employee related expenses increased by 15% (+$28.4 million) primarily due to the additional employees we hired to serve our growing customer base and to perform maintenance services in-house rather than by third parties (which increased by 12%, or +$6.2 million) related to maintaining and servicing solar energy systems. We believe expanding our team in this area will position us to reduce third-party expense that supports our core business. However, our number of employees decreased by 12% from 2,047 at December 31, 2023 to 1,796 at December 31, 2024. Payroll and employee-related expenses for employees not related to the operations and maintenance work for our customers increased by 16% (+$22.3 million) in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. Depreciation expense not related to solar energy systems and energy storage systems increased by 67% (+$15.6 million) primarily related to our software and business technology projects, for which depreciation on those assets increased by 72% (+$15.0 million) primarily due to an additional $24.7 million of capitalized software and business technology projects being placed in service during the prior twelve months. Financing deal costs increased by $12.8 million primarily due to non-utilization fees for certain tax equity funds. Consultants, contractors and professional fees increased by 22% (+$8.1 million), software and business technology expense increased by 25% (+$6.7 million), and legal, insurance, office and business travel costs increased by 4% (+$1.5 million) all due to the growth in our customers.

The provision for current expected credit losses decreased by 24% (-$11.1 million) in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to a lower volume of loan originations in 2024 compared to 2023 and the sale of certain accessory loans in 2024.

Other operating (income) expense changed by $21.5 million in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to a loss on sales of customer notes receivable of $43.4 million, partially offset by changes in the fair value of certain financial instruments and contingent consideration of $20.5 million.

Interest expense, net increased by 32% (+$119.2 million) in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. This increase was primarily due to (a) an increase in interest expense of $125.2 million primarily due to higher levels of average debt outstanding in the year ended December 31, 2024 by 25% (+$1.6 billion) compared to the same period in 2023, resulting in an increase in interest expense of $67.7 million, and an increase in the weighted average interest rates by 0.73%, resulting in an increase in interest expense of $55.3 million, (b) an increase in amortization of deferred financing costs of $34.0 million, (c) an increase in amortization of debt discounts of $11.0 million and (d) a decrease in realized gains on derivatives of $5.6 million, partially offset by a decrease in unrealized losses on derivatives of $63.5 million.

Interest income increased by 29% (+$34.0 million) in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. This increase was primarily due to an increase in interest income from our loan agreements of 32% (+$31.7 million). The weighted average number of systems with loan agreements, including accessory loans, increased from approximately 120,400 for the year ended December 31, 2023 to approximately 128,800 for the year ended December 31, 2024. On a weighted average number of systems basis, loan interest income increased from $821 per system for the year ended December 31, 2023 to $1,014 per system for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to the sale of certain accessory loans during 2024, which generate less interest income than non-accessory loans.

Income tax benefit increased by $143.5 million in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to ITC sales that resulted in an increase to income tax benefit of $141.2 million.

Net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests decreased by $4.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily due to a decrease in loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests from tax equity funds added in 2022, 2023 and 2024. In addition to the net loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests, total stockholders' equity is increasing as a result of the equity in subsidiaries attributable to parent. This is a result of solar energy systems being sold to the tax equity partnerships at fair market value, which exceeds the cost reflected in the solar energy systems on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Liquidity & Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2024, we had total cash and restricted cash of $548.1 million, of which $211.2 million was unrestricted cash, and $623.8 million of available borrowing capacity under our various debt financing arrangements. As of December 31, 2024, we also had undrawn committed capital of $537.3 million under our tax equity funds, which may only be used to purchase and install solar energy systems.

Term Loan Agreement

On March 2, 2025, Sunnova Solstice Borrower, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (the "Borrower") and an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Sunnova Energy International Inc. (the "Company"), entered into a Term Loan Agreement (the "Loan Agreement"), by and among the Borrower, the lenders from time to time party thereto (collectively, the "Lenders" and each individually a "Lender"), and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Agent (the "Agent"). The Loan Agreement provides for a $185 million secured term loan facility (the "Facility"), subject to customary closing conditions. The scheduled maturity date of the Loan Agreement is the earlier of (a) three years from the closing date and (b) acceleration following the occurrence of an event of default, as defined in the Loan Agreement. The Company intends to use the proceeds from the Facility for general working capital purposes.

The Facility bears interest at a rate of 15.00% per annum. Interest may be paid in kind to the extent cash flows are insufficient to make cash interest payments on any scheduled payment date. The Borrower may prepay the Facility in full or in part at any time, subject to a minimum repayment equal to a Minimum Multiple of Invested Capital ("MOIC") of 1.30x.

In connection with the transaction, the Company has agreed to provide the Lenders $10 million in the form of original issue discount or a cash fee. Such amount would be included in the calculation of any MOIC that may be payable in connection with any prepayment.

The Facility will be secured by, and payable from the cash flow generated by, among other things, (a) a pledge of the membership interests of the Borrower by its direct parent entity, Sunnova Solstice Pledgor, LLC, (b) a pledge of the membership interests in the Borrower’s subsidiaries at closing that directly or indirectly own the membership interests in the issuers of the Company’s existing securitization transactions (other than 2023-GRID1 (Hestia I), 2024-GRID1 (Hestia II), RAYSI 2019-1 and RAYSI 2019-2 (RAYS I)) and (c) all assets of Borrower, its direct subsidiary Sunnova Solstice Holdings, LLC, its direct subsidiaries Sunnova Solstice ABS HoldCo, LLC and Sunnova Solstice ABS HoldCo II, LLC and each of their respective direct subsidiaries up to the parent of a subsidiary that is a "Depositor" under an existing securitization transaction, in each case who collectively, indirectly own the membership interests in the issuers of the Company’s existing securitization transactions, but in each case of (a), (b) and (c), excluding certain equity interests for regulatory risk retention purposes.

The Loan Agreement includes (i) customary affirmative covenants including, but not limited to, reporting, notice and information obligations, maintenance of existence and insurance, compliance with laws, payment of obligations, use of proceeds, further assurances and assistance in involuntary bankruptcy proceedings, distributions, additional collateral, and certain tax matters and (ii) customary negative covenants including, but not limited to, restrictions on incurrence of indebtedness, liens, modification of collateral documents, fundamental changes, asset sales, restricted payments and investments, change in business, affiliate transactions, activities related to sanctions, money-laundering, bankruptcy and similar matters, ERISA plans and employee matters, settlement of disputes, separateness, and certain tax and accounting matters.

The Loan Agreement includes events of default including, but not limited to, (a) failure to pay accrued interest subject to the applicable cure period, (b) failure to pay principal, any unpaid MOIC or any accrued interest on the applicable maturity date, (c) failure to make other payments within 5 business days of the due date, (d) any representation, warranty or certification is incorrect when made, subject to applicable cure periods, (e) default under applicable covenants in the loan agreements, subject to applicable cure periods, (f) certain events related to insolvency, bankruptcy or liquidation, (g) certain final judgments, subject to applicable cure, (h) change of control of the Borrower, (i) cross-defaults, subject to applicable grace periods, to the securitization transactions and other indebtedness of the Borrower’s subsidiaries whose indirect residual equity interest are pledged as collateral under the Facility, (j) replacement or removal of securitization or project company manager or servicers, and (k) failure to comply with certain covenants in favor of the Lenders during the occurrence of certain insolvency events of securitization or project company manager or servicers. Upon the occurrence, and during the continuance, of an event of default, the Agent may, in addition to other customary rights and remedies, declare any outstanding obligations under the Facility including the MOIC Amount immediately due and payable.

Going Concern

Our unrestricted cash, cash flows from operating activities and availability and commitments under existing financing agreements are not sufficient to meet obligations and fund operations for a period of at least one year from the date we issue our consolidated financial statements without implementing additional measures to manage our working capital, secure additional tax equity investment commitments or waivers of conditions to access existing tax equity commitments, and refinance certain of our obligations. Management's plans to address these conditions are described in Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, to our consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K as of December 31, 2024, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. While management has fully implemented certain aspects of its plan at this time, management cannot conclude completing future components of its plans are probable at this time as certain aspects of these plans are, at least in part, beyond management's unilateral control. Therefore, substantial doubt exists regarding our ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least one year from the date we issue our consolidated financial statements.

Management's plans to address these conditions include certain or all of the following: (a) refinancing certain of our obligations due during the look-forward period, (b) executing additional debt financing that can be used for general corporate purposes, (c) reducing expenditures, (d) revising dealer payment terms and (e) obtaining tax equity investment commitment that is sufficient to continue operating our business model. We can offer no assurances we will be able to successfully implement any of these plans or obtain financing at acceptable terms or at all. To support executing elements of this plan, we have hired a financial advisor to help us manage certain aspects of our debt management and refinancing efforts. See Note 7, Long-Term Debt of our Annual Report on Form 10-K as of December 31, 2024, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, for further discussion of our debt obligations.

Conference Call Information

Sunnova is hosting a conference call for analysts and investors to discuss its fourth quarter and full year 2024 results at 8:00 a.m. Eastern Time, on March 3, 2025. The conference call can be accessed live over the phone by dialing 833-470-1428 or 404-975-4839. The access code for the live call is 601536.

A replay will be available two hours after the call and can be accessed by dialing 866-813-9403 or 929-458-6194. The access code for the replay is 736946. The replay will be available until March 6, 2025.

Interested investors and other parties may also listen to a simultaneous webcast of the conference call by logging onto the Investor Relations section of Sunnova’s website.

Forward-Looking Statements

This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Forward-looking statements generally relate to future events or Sunnova’s future financial or operating performance. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as "may," "will," "should," "expects," "plans," "anticipates," "going to," "could," "intends," "target," "projects," "contemplates," "believes," "estimates," "predicts," "potential" or "continue" or the negative of these words or other similar terms or expressions that concern Sunnova’s expectations, strategy, priorities, plans or intentions. Forward-looking statements in this release include, but are not limited to, statements regarding our level of growth, customer value propositions, technological developments, service levels, the ability to achieve our operational and financial targets, operating performance, including our outlook and guidance, demand for Sunnova’s products and services, future financing and ability to raise capital therefrom, and liquidity forecasts. Sunnova’s expectations and beliefs regarding these matters may not materialize, and actual results in future periods are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected, including the substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern and risks regarding our ability to forecast our business due to fluctuations in the solar and home-building markets, availability of capital, supply chain uncertainties, results of operations and financial position, our competition, changes in regulations applicable to our business, and our ability to attract and retain dealers and customers and manage our dealer and strategic partner relationships. The forward-looking statements contained in this release are also subject to other risks and uncertainties, including those more fully described in Sunnova’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including Sunnova’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, and subsequent quarterly reports on Form 10-Q. The forward-looking statements in this release are based on information available to Sunnova as of the date hereof, and Sunnova disclaims any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, except as required by law.

About Sunnova

Sunnova Energy International Inc. (NYSE: NOVA) is an industry-leading adaptive energy services company focused on making clean energy more accessible, reliable, and affordable for homeowners and businesses. Through its adaptive energy platform, Sunnova provides a better energy service at a better price to deliver its mission of powering energy independence. For more information, visit sunnova.com.

Key Terms for Our Key Metrics

Number of Customers. We define number of customers to include every unique premises on which a Sunnova product or Sunnova-financed product is installed or on which Sunnova is obligated to perform services for a counterparty. We track the total number of customers as an indicator of our historical growth and our rate of growth from period to period.

Weighted Average Number of Systems. We calculate the weighted average number of systems based on the number of months a customer and any additional service obligation related to a solar energy system is in-service during a given measurement period. The weighted average number of systems reflects the number of systems at the beginning of a period, plus the total number of new systems added in the period adjusted by a factor that accounts for the partial period nature of those new systems. For purposes of this calculation, we assume all new systems added during a month were added in the middle of that month. The number of systems for any end of period will exceed the number of customers, as defined above, for that same end of period as we are also including any additional services and/or contracts a customer or third party executed for the additional work for the same residence or business. We track the weighted average system count in order to accurately reflect the contribution of the appropriate number of systems to key financial metrics over the measurement period.

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Contacts

Investor Contact:
Rodney McMahan
IR@sunnova.com
281-971-3323

Media Contact:
Russell Wilkerson
Russell.Wilkerson@sunnova.com
203-581-2114