Conditions in established housing markets and for new construction had continued to vary significantly across the country and between dwelling types. Sydney and Melbourne remained the strongest markets, consistent with relatively high population growth. Members observed that population growth had been particularly high in Victoria, because of high migration from overseas and interstate. In contrast, Western Australia had experienced a sharp decline in population growth following the end of the mining investment boom. Auction clearance rates in Sydney and Melbourne had softened recently, suggesting that conditions in these markets had eased somewhat. Housing prices in Perth and apartment prices in Brisbane had fallen further. Members noted that there had been several periods in the preceding decade in which housing prices had fallen, or growth had slowed significantly, in different parts of the country.

Private business investment had increased in the March quarter, driven by an unexpected increase in mining investment. Non-mining investment had declined a little in the quarter, but had been gradually trending up for a number of years. Over the previous five years, most of the growth in business investment had occurred in Victoria and New South Wales. Survey measures of current business conditions had generally remained well above average and profits of the private non-financial sector had risen again in the March quarter, to be 30 per cent higher over the prior year. Most of the increase had been accounted for by the mining sector, but other industries had also recorded higher profits.

Public demand had increased modestly in the March quarter. The most recent Australian and state government budgets suggested that fiscal policy would be more expansionary in 2017/18 than had previously been expected. Some of this expansion was expected to come from more spending on public infrastructure, particularly in New South Wales. Reflecting this, work yet to be done on public infrastructure had increased in recent quarters to a relatively high share of GDP. Members noted that infrastructure investment was expected to have significant positive spillovers to other parts of the economy. Non-residential building approvals had also risen in recent months.

The terms of trade had increased again in the March quarter, to be nearly 25 per cent higher over the prior year, but were expected to have declined in the June quarter. A temporary decline in the volume of resource exports in the March quarter had been offset to some extent by ongoing strength in service exports and a pick-up in grain exports as a result of strong winter crop production. The trade balance was recorded as having been in surplus for the second consecutive quarter. Coal export volumes were expected to have fallen in the June quarter as a result of Cyclone Debbie, while iron ore and liquefied natural gas (LNG) export volumes were expected to have increased.

Recent data had provided further confirmation that labour market conditions had improved since late 2016, consistent with signals from forward-looking indicators in previous months. Employment growth had been strong in May for the third consecutive month. Members noted that growth in the preceding few months had been driven entirely by full-time employment and that total hours worked had trended higher as a result. The unemployment rate had declined by 0.3 percentage points over the previous two months, to be at its lowest rate since early 2013. However, the underemployment rate, which measures the number of part-time workers wanting to work more hours, had remained elevated.

Over the preceding five years or so, the household services sector had contributed the most to increases in full-time and part-time employment. Full-time employment had also increased significantly in business services over this period, but had fallen in the goods-related sector. Employment growth had remained highest in Victoria over the year and had started to pick up in New South Wales in recent months, following soft conditions over the prior year. Labour market conditions in Western Australia and Queensland appeared to have improved.

Forward-looking indicators of labour demand, such as job advertisements and business hiring intentions, had remained positive and generally consistent with the patterns of employment across states and industries.

Wage measures in the March quarter national accounts had continued to suggest that labour cost pressures remained subdued. The Fair Work Commission had announced a 3.3 per cent increase in award wages and the national minimum wage, effective from 1 July 2017. This followed an increase of 2.4 per cent in 2016 and was likely to affect the wages of around two-fifths of workers.

Members noted that wholesale electricity prices had risen sharply over the first half of 2017 and that this had led to significant increases in prices for retail customers. Members discussed these increases in the context of efforts to address climate change and to alter Australia’s energy mix. Concerns about energy security, reliability and costs had been heightened over the preceding six months or so, partly reflecting policy uncertainty and its effect on the investment decisions of electricity generators. Members also discussed how developments in the LNG sector had affected the costs and decisions of electricity generators.

International Economic Conditions

Members observed that the improvement in the world economy was continuing and that output growth in some economies in the March quarter had been a little stronger than expected. Merchandise trade and industrial production had increased further in the preceding months. Higher trade volumes had spurred investment and supported growth, particularly in Japan and other high-income economies in east Asia. Members noted that the ongoing growth in business investment in the major advanced economies and east Asia was a positive sign for the sustainability of global growth in the period ahead. Labour markets in the major advanced economies had continued to strengthen, which was also a positive development for more sustained global growth.

Core inflation had remained low and headline inflation had turned down in a number of economies, as the effect of higher energy prices in 2016 had dissipated. Members noted that non-OPEC countries had increased oil production, placing downward pressure on oil prices and headline inflation.

The pace of growth in the Chinese economy had been maintained in prior months, assisted by the accommodative stance of policy. Growth in investment had been stable, as a solid rise in private investment growth had more than offset a slowing in public investment growth. Consistent with this, Chinese demand for commodities had been resilient. Imports of iron ore had increased since late 2016 and coal imports had stabilised at a relatively high level. Chinese domestic production had increased following a relaxation of policies to restrict output. Members noted that growth in business financing had been stable over 2017 to date, as higher growth in business loans had offset a moderation in the growth of securities financing.

The slowdown in GDP growth in the United States in the March quarter appeared to have been temporary. Consumption growth had picked up in recent months and investment intentions had remained high. The unemployment rate had declined further in May and was below most estimates of full employment. Members noted that wage and unit labour cost growth had increased over the previous two years.

In the euro area, robust growth in retail sales and very high levels of consumer confidence suggested that consumption growth had picked up in the June quarter. Conditions had been supportive of a pick-up in investment and surveys had suggested that firms intend to increase investment accordingly. Increased business confidence had translated into more demand for labour; employment growth had strengthened and had been reasonably broadly based, while the unemployment rate for the euro area had declined to its lowest level since 2009. However, wage growth had remained subdued.

The Japanese labour market had also continued to improve, with strong growth in employment and a large increase in participation by the 65+ age cohort and women. Although total average wage growth had remained subdued in Japan, wage growth for part-time workers had increased.

Financial Markets

Members noted that financial markets had generally experienced low volatility over preceding months. The implications of statements by central banks in the major economies for the future path of monetary policy had been a focus for financial market participants more recently.

In the United States, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) had increased its target for the US federal funds rate by 25 basis points in June, as had been widely expected. The FOMC had also outlined some details regarding the plan for a gradual and predictable reduction in the Federal Reserve’s balance sheet, which is expected to begin later this year. Members noted that financial market participants continued to expect further increases in the US federal funds rate to occur more slowly than implied by the median projections of FOMC members.

Following its meeting in June, the European Central Bank had removed the easing bias from its forward guidance on interest rates, on the basis of a more positive economic outlook. In response, financial market prices had shifted to suggest that a small increase in the euro area policy rate was expected by the end of 2018. Also, the market-implied probability of near-term policy rate increases in Canada and the United Kingdom had increased in the preceding month in response to statements by senior central bank officials in those economies.

Long-term government bond yields in most of the major financial markets had increased over the preceding month in response to changing expectations about monetary policy. Members noted that yields on 10-year Japanese government bonds had remained close to the Bank of Japan’s target of around 0 per cent under its yield curve control policy. Yields on long-term Australian government bonds had increased a little over June, as had their spread to US Treasury bond yields, although both remained at low levels.

Most foreign exchange rates were little changed over the preceding month. On a trade-weighted basis, the US dollar had remained around its level immediately prior to the US election, having depreciated over the first half of 2017. The euro had appreciated a little further over the preceding month in trade-weighted terms. The Australian dollar had appreciated somewhat since the previous meeting, consistent with slightly better-than-expected domestic economic news, but had remained in the narrow range of the prior year or so in both US dollar and trade-weighted terms.

Share prices in the advanced economies, including Australia, had been little changed over June. Members observed that Australian share prices had underperformed relative to those in other developed markets over preceding months, largely reflecting a substantial decline in bank share prices. There had been a small partial retracement of this decline in June.

Financial market conditions had remained favourable in most emerging markets, with the decline in government bond yields and the increase in equity prices since early 2017 having continued over the preceding month.

In China, financial market conditions had been tightened during 2017 as the authorities worked towards reducing leverage in the financial system. The renminbi exchange rate had been relatively stable in the first half of the year, following a depreciation over the preceding few years. The stock of foreign currency reserves had also remained steady at around US$3 trillion, after a period of persistent declines.

Members discussed trends in the composition and cost of Australian banks’ funding. Deposits, which are generally a relatively low-cost form of funding, had increased as a share of funding over recent years, to around 60 per cent, while the share of debt funding, particularly at short maturities, had declined. The cost of both types of funding had declined further since late 2016. Members noted that, over the same period, banks’ lending rates had increased slightly, driven by increases in housing lending rates for investors and on interest-only loans. As a result, the implied spread between the estimated average outstanding lending and funding rates for banks was estimated to have increased slightly.

Members observed that housing credit growth overall had been steady during the first part of 2017, with slower growth in lending to investors largely offset by a pick-up in the growth of lending to owner-occupiers.

Financial market pricing continued to suggest that the cash rate was expected to remain unchanged over the remainder of 2017, but had shifted to indicate some probability of an increase in the cash rate by mid 2018.

Considerations for Monetary Policy

Members discussed the neutral real interest rate and its decline over the preceding decade. The neutral real interest rate is the interest rate at which output growth is at potential and inflation is stable. Members noted that it is not possible to measure the neutral real interest rate directly, but that it can be inferred from the behaviour of other variables.

Members discussed the Bank’s work estimating the neutral real interest rate for Australia. The various estimates suggested that the rate had been broadly stable until around 2007, but had since fallen by around 150 basis points to around 1 per cent. This equated to a neutral nominal cash rate of around 3½ per cent, given that medium-term inflation expectations were well anchored around 2½ per cent, although there is significant uncertainty around this estimate. Members noted that some of this decline could be attributed to lower potential output growth, but the increase in risk aversion around the time of the global financial crisis was likely to have been a more important factor, given that the bulk of the decline in the estimated neutral real interest rate had occurred around that time. Estimates of neutral real interest rates for other economies had shown a similar decline. All estimates of the neutral real interest rate for Australia suggested that monetary policy had been clearly expansionary for the preceding five years or so. It was also noted that a reduction in risk aversion and/or an increase in the potential growth rate could see the neutral real interest rate rise again.

Turning to the immediate decision regarding the level of the cash rate, members noted that the broad-based recovery in the global economy had continued. There had been further signs that investment was increasing and labour markets had tightened further in many advanced economies. This was expected to lead to a pick-up in growth in wages and prices over time. In this context, members noted that a number of central banks had become more positive about domestic economic conditions, and financial market pricing suggested that there had been upward revisions to the expected path of future monetary policy in these economies.

Domestically, the data available for the June quarter had generally been positive, following the slower growth recorded for the March quarter. Although recent indicators suggested that consumption growth had increased in the June quarter, members noted that there were still risks to consumption growth should household income growth remain subdued, particularly given the high levels of household debt. Against this background, the recent improvement in labour market data had been a positive development. Members noted that the strength of recent labour market data had removed some of the downside risk in the Bank’s forecast of wage growth.

Business surveys had continued to suggest that business conditions were above average. Recent state budgets and data on non-residential construction suggested that the contribution to growth from infrastructure investment would rise. The pipeline of residential construction was expected to support dwelling investment over the forecast period. The economic outlook continued to be supported by the low level of interest rates. The depreciation of the exchange rate since 2013 had also assisted the economy in its transition following the mining investment boom. An appreciating exchange rate would complicate this adjustment.

Conditions in established housing markets had continued to vary considerably across the country. Members recognised that it was too early for the prudential supervision measures announced by the Australian Prudential (LON:PRU) Regulation Authority, which were designed to help address the risks associated with high and rising levels of indebtedness, to have had their full effect.

Members regarded the improvement in the world economy over the preceding months as a welcome development. Nevertheless, they assessed that current economic conditions in Australia, and the outlook for growth and inflation, meant that developments in the labour and housing markets continued to warrant careful monitoring. Taking into account all the available information, the Board judged that holding the accommodative stance of monetary policy unchanged at this meeting would be consistent with sustainable growth in the economy and achieving the inflation target over time.

The Decision

The Board decided to leave the cash rate unchanged at 1.5 per cent.

Related Articles

Industrial recovery drives China's second-quarter GDP as consumption slows

German growth outlook positive despite sentiment dip: ZEW

German investor morale deteriorated slightly in July: ZEW Institute