Mark Slicer
Thanks Mike, and Good afternoon everyone as Mike highlighted, we had another strong performance by the on two team wrapping up 2024 exceeding the midpoint for revenue and exceeding the high end of our EPS guidance for Q4, fourth quarter revenue of $264 million increased 5% versus the third quarter and up 21% versus the prior year with fourth quarter EPS increasing 13% sequentially to a [dollar 51] up 42% versus the prior year.
Specialty devices and advanced packaging continue to be the growth driver during 2024 as well as strengthening of advanced nodes exiting Q4 with sequential quarter over quarter growth throughout the year.
Before going into this further details on our Q4 performance and our outlook for Q1. I'd first like to quickly highlight the full year financial performance by the team in 2024 we achieved 21% revenue growth, 37% operating income growth, cash from operations and EPS both achieved 43% growth twice the rate of our earnings growth for 2024.
Now shifting back to Q4 and looking at the quarterly revenue by markets, our biggest market remains specialty devices and advanced packaging which increased 5% from Q3 with record quarterly revenue of $170 million and represents 64% of revenue.
Advanced nodes which had revenue of $48 million increased 12% over Q3 and represents 18% of revenue, software and services with revenue of $46 million decreased by 4% compared to Q3 representing 18% of revenue.
As Mike stated, we achieved 55% gross margin for the fourth quarter at the high end of our guidance range of 54% to 55% while achieving 300 basis point improvement since the beginning of the year.
As reflected in our GAAP gross margin during the quarter, we incurred merger and acquisition related expenses and restructuring charges relating to the exit and impairment of certain assets. As a result of the acquisitions, we announced in October.
Fourth quarter, operating expenses were $68 million at the high end of our guidance range. As we continue to accelerate R&D investments within the quarter, our operating income of $75 million was 29% of revenue for the fourth quarter compared to 28% for Q3.
We achieved quarter-over-quarter operating margin improvement throughout 2024 totaling approximately 300 basis point improvement since the start of the year, our net income performance improved 200 basis points to 28% of revenue for Q4 supported from favorable investment income and tax rate within the quarter.
Now moving to the balance sheet, we ended the fourth quarter with cash and short-term investments of $852 million cash remained relatively flat to Q3 as we executed $25 million of share buybacks at an average price of 159 per share under our existing $200 million authorization. In addition, we finalized and closed the two previously announced acquisitions.
We achieved operating cash flow of $56 million or 21% of revenue down from previous record levels for Q2 and Q3. Primarily due to the timing of shipments in the quarter inventory ended the quarter at $287 million down $21 million versus Q3 and achieving six quarters of consecutive decline in exiting 2024 below $300 million as projected.
We expect to stay relatively flat for the first quarter and expect to maintain inventory levels at 1.7 to 1.8 turns in line with external benchmarks. Now turning to our outlook for the first quarter, we currently expect revenue for the first quarter to be between $262 million and $174 million.
We expect gross margins will be 54% to 56% for operating expenses. We expect to be between $69 million to $72 million for the full year. We expect our effective tax rate to be between 14% to 16%.
We expect our diluted share count for the first quarter to be approximately $49.8 million shares. Based upon these assumptions, we anticipate our non-GAAP earnings for the first quarter to be between $40 and $54 per share.
And with that, I will turn it back to Mike for additional insights into Q1 further commentary on 2025. Mike?
Michael Plisinski
Thank you, Mark. Specific to our outlook for the first quarter, we see strong growth in advanced nodes from both logic and memory. We expect dram to see the most significant growth in the first quarter, partially in support of the $69 million VPAs.
We announced last month, we expect gate all around demand to grow as well even after a very strong fourth quarter. And we also see NAND orders increasing to support expansion and demand for high stack 3D NAND.
As mentioned earlier in packaging, we see orders picking up for HBM as our customers and market demand becomes clear and they ramp to support the growth in 2.5D logic. We expect these additional tools to be required mid-2025.
For power We expect the first quarter to see a seasonal dip followed by growth in each of the subsequent quarters. Similar to the pattern we saw in 2024 for the year. We expect total power revenue to exceed the record year in 2024 overall. We continue to see three secular end markets driving our business over the next two years.
First, the demand for AI continues to grow at a very high pace. Recently, [TS MC] forecasted that its revenue growth from AI accelerate will grow at a mid 40% CAGR in the next five years.
Similarly, NVIDIA described the demand for its Blackwell processors as staggering more recently, the US government announced a $500 billion Stargate project over the next four years to build new AI Infrastructure in the US.
New and more efficient AI Deep Sea could proliferate the use of AI and edge devices which could be a catalyst for mobile refresh, increasing demand for advanced packaging logic and memory and specialty devices. Overall, we expect AI to be a multiyear growth driver for us.
The second, secular driver is for gate all around DDR five memory and high stack high stack 3D NAND. This is increasing since these technologies contribute to more powerful and energy efficient system designs to support performance and energy starved AI and enterprise server applications.
Which leads us to our third secular driver. The electrification of everything. In addition to electric vehicles, smart grids and infrastructure, there's an urgent need to reduce power consumption for all the AI infrastructure that is expected to be built out over the coming years.
According to studies by various government agencies and consulting firms, our consumption by data center is expected to increase from 4% of US electricity generation today to 7% to 12% by 2030 new technologies such as gallium nitride-based power semiconductors are being adopted because of the benefits and power efficiency density and size, when compared to silicon.
In conclusion, we believe our products today are well positioned to support the demands from our leading customers who through their process innovations are enabling these new markets. We expect our recently announced products will extend our ability to serve our customers as they invest in the new innovations required for the future.
And that concludes our prepared remarks. Rachel, please open the call for questions from our covering analysts.
Operator
Thank you. (Operator Instructions).
We will take our first question from Matthew Prisco with Cantor Fitzgerald.
Matthew Prisco
Hey guys, thanks for taking the question. I guess we'll start off with HBM. Given the pickup in demand, you're seeing there any more color you can on that front and then just maybe given the robust growth in '24 based on the industry capacity.
A how do you think about growth potential for on to off that higher level in 2025? Thanks.
Michael Plisinski
So, on the HBM front. I think it's, playing out largely as we described in the last quarter. If we look at the amount of capacity HBM, capacity required to support the co growth, we weren't seeing the level of expansions we expected.
We sort of surmised that this was because we're and custom, our customers were waiting for allocations from the essentially the big driver, NVIDIA. As that's become clear, we're starting to see those customers expand and start to place orders and work with us on timing of shipments, et cetera for the mid to second half year.
I think one of the one of the important points here though, to try and understand the HBM demand is how much capacity was added in 2024 we estimate about 230,000 wafer starts per month was added in 2024. Roughly half of that was required by the market.
So, what we're seeing right now is a little over, that half being added, which implies the market is doubling in order to meet the demand of the co and we see actually our tax rates at the same level or even increasing as we see more adoption of our front-end metrology equipment in this market.
Matthew Prisco
Helpful. Thank you. And then, and then for the follow up, maybe you can help us think through the moving parts for advanced node into 2025 given that gate all around strength, the dra growth and early signs of life. And man, would it be realistic to kind of return back to those prior peak levels? [You saw XY MC C?]
Thanks.
Michael Plisinski
We’re approaching it. So, we're I don't think we're quite going to get to the prior peak levels, but we're definitely getting within the shooting range.
Operator
Thank you. Your next question comes from Craig Ellis with B Riley Securities.
Craig Ellis
Yeah, thanks for taking the question. And my congratulations to you and the team on the robust execution in 2024. I wanted to start with a high-level question. So, the business starts the year with strength, really in all three businesses and, and some digestion and specialty, but then sequential growth.
As you look at that and as you factor in the benefit from new products, and you mentioned that may be more second half weighted, how do you think on to will stack up versus what some larger companies are saying might be 5% year-on-year, industry growth.
Michael Plisinski
Well, first, the new products will have a kind of an incremental effect on this year and a much larger effect on next year. So take, taking those to the side, I think those are, kind of exciting drivers for our future.
We've based on the position we've articulated in our prepared remarks in the growth in the secular growth drivers we're aligned with, we would expect to continue to outperform, the WFE numbers that have been talked about. Certainly, above 5% well, about 5%.
Craig Ellis
Well above. Okay, I'll get out the decoder ring and see if that's 300 basis points or 500 basis points or better. And in any color. They're welcome, Mark. I'll follow up with a question from you. So, I really like the implications of what Mike said earlier about advanced nodes continuing to rise and becoming a more material part of revenue because that's key to continued gross margin expansion.
I think through the year last year, we were up about 100 basis points, not looking for specific guidance, but as you look through calendar '25 and the potential mix of business and your ongoing cost reduction efforts. Can you give us any color on how much gross margin expansion is possible? And any key puts and takes would be helpful? Thank you.
Mark Slicer
Yeah. No, thanks Craig for the question gross margins. I mean, certainly our goal is, as we did in 2024 quarter-over-quarter improvement. Certainly, the mix of advanced nodes is going to help propel that and accelerate that. You know, our goal is to continue to take 55% as the baseline and, move that forward throughout the year.
I think the mix helps as I said, but also the effort of the team to continue to work with the suppliers and, execute, efficiencies within our, plant network. So, all that together we should, as Mike said in his remarks and I said, we should see improvement.
You know, I won't give specific ranges but, as we said, quarter over quarter improvement, 50 basis points or more is the goal?
Operator
Thank you. Your next question comes from the line of Charles Shi with Needham.
Charles Shi
Yeah, good evening. Can you hear me?
Great, So Mike, we're at the beginning of the year. Obviously, you talk about a few moving parts. This year paid all around something new I heard from you this time was the end. Didn't hear you a couple of months ago about the end AI packing, HBM.
What's your current visibility? I mean, if I look at everything all together for your overall business through the rest of the year, what is your visibility right now?
And based on the order based on the pipeline, what's your expectation for, for the for the growth? Let's say the profile of the year for your overall business. You, I mean, give us as much color as possible. Go going into the outer quarters. Thanks.
Michael Plisinski
Yeah. Well, as you know, there's a lot of moving parts in the outer quarters are going to be the least visible for us. And that's traditional semiconductor business so that nothing's changed there. I would say directionally, what we're seeing is continued investments in those areas that I mentioned.
So certainly, the advanced nodes and frankly, it is fairly healthy across the board. So, gate all around DRAM especially, I think that'll lead the growth. And then three demand is also growing pretty nicely from again from a bottom but, but pretty healthy compared to prior years through and except for 2022.
So that's, a directional on the AI packaging, there's quite a bit going on there. You see lots of gyrations, there's concerns or let's say questions around tariffs and chip tariffs and what's that going to do to markets? And so, I think that's you know, a handicap that I'm not willing to place bets on, but the general trend, the general demand, the share we have and the expanding position we have with growing our metrology applications in there.
New applications for our sensors like the sub surface defect inspection capability. All that adds to our, let's say, opportunities to continue to outperform the overall market as we look ahead to 2025.
Charles Shi
So maybe a quick follow up. Mike, you gave some of your own internal market research numbers on HBM. You, I think you said that $230,000 capacity for HBM was added in 2024, and the half was required by the market. I believe you said something a little bit more forward-looking about '25.
Maybe it's not, but what's your expectation for '25? How much capacity you think will be needed based on your, your current view on how much order or how much in the pipeline you're seeing right now.
Michael Plisinski
Yeah. So, if you take the $230,000 you say if about half wasn't, leveraged or used, then, then that implies 100 and 15,000, roughly 115,000 wafer starts were required to match last year's co-op capacity. Roughly if you're doubling that, then you're doubling the other. And so, you're essentially seeing, we're essentially seeing the 115 or more 1,000 wafer starts being added in 2025 which matches the demand profile that we would expect.
Operator
Thank you. Your next question.
Michael Plisinski
Go ahead. Sorry.
Operator
Thank you. Your next question comes from the line of Edward Yang with Oppenheimer & Company.
Edward Yang
Hi Thanks Mike and congrats on the AI packaging revenue growth. 180% over 2023. Was that above your target? I thought in your January presentation you had something along lines of 160%.
Michael Plisinski
It might have been the I don't recall specifically.
Yeah, so I might have said over 160% and then we ended up at 180%.
Edward Yang
Okay. And can you size the magnitude of the revenue pick up? You see in demand for, the incremental? HBM. Doesn't seem like it's in the first quarter guide, as you mentioned, it's more mid to second half, '25.
Michael Plisinski
Yeah, that's correct. And I think that's still being worked out. Meaning I think there's some upside to what we're seeing. The customers are talking to us about their, their needs, both for inspection and some growing metrology needs. We're also looking at some of the potential for 3D as well. So that's, all going to be probably maybe some little bit in Q2, but mostly in the second half.
Operator
Thank you. Your next question comes from Brian Chin with Stifel.
Brian Chin
Hi there. Thanks, for making us ask a few questions. So, we get questions a lot about whether process control intensity for HBM will decline. It's been pretty high these early phases. I do understand that thinking, but I think what we hear however, is that yields are getting more challenging when you stack 12 [die] or you move to HBM four.
So, are you actually seeing process control intensity really sustaining or maybe even increasing some of this same expansion? Is that also some of what you know, 12 [high die] HBM four is that part of what maybe is driving some of the upward thinking on the HBM demand profile into mid-year, second half.
Michael Plisinski
Yeah, I think you're exactly right. I do believe that process control intensity is increasing, and I think it's going to continue to increase. Not just because as you're stacking the risk of yield loss for you know, the final layer is going to cost significantly more but also the complexity of shrinking the interconnects and more dense interconnects means the interfaces between the interconnects is more critical.
And that's, that's going to be a very a new set up new challenges for process control that, some of our echo scan and some of our new products, the 3DI are designed to address.
Brian Chin
Great. And then maybe I think when I eyeballed your January Investor slide deck, it, kind of just eyeballing. It suggests maybe you have around 60% share of existing AI packaging SAM. And then on top of that, you're adding 300 million incremental SAM.
It with some of those new products like 3D is, as you just mentioned, I guess what are you targeting for that in terms of share for that new $300 million of incremental SAM through 2026? And do you also think you'll retain kind of that 60% share on the existing SAM.
Michael Plisinski
You know, our intention is of course to grow our share, so not just maintain and of course our competitors intend to take. So that, that that's the nature of the beast on the incremental.
And, and I think if anything the competition is creating an opportunity for us to accelerate some of our road maps and, and really get some new products released sooner to market than, than we had anticipated, which is also exciting for the team and happening now.
But on the incremental SAM, that's a good question. In the case of echo scan there, we don't really see an alternative if you want to measure voids one micron below in atmosphere or without having the risk of additional yield loss due to immersion.
And you know, immersing these, these samples, we think this is one of the only technologies. So, we would be targeting a very high percentage share of that SAM on the 3D bump. That's a different question. There's a very embedded competitor there.
Strong incumbent, then we'll see. So, any incremental share gain there could be viewed positively. And you know, depending on where the bump technology goes as they get smaller and denser, the strength of our 3DI technology becomes greater and we think that then we should have a greater share, greater entitlement.
Operator
Thank you. Your next question comes from Vedvati Shrotre with Evercore.
Vedvati Shrotre
Hi, thanks for taking my question. The first one I had, you know, you provided a good amount of color on the HBM ramps. One of the things that came from TSMC earnings was the big increase in CapEx and it's mostly driven by a big increase in the spending towards the advanced packaging pieces of the of the advanced packaging capacity expansion.
So, if I if I think about TSMC, advanced packaging cap expense doubling into 2025 does, how, how should I think about the linear linearity to your revenue growth from the 2.5D integration point of view?
Michael Plisinski
Yeah, I don't have, they, so generally speaking, I'll just answer, generally speaking, if someone's going to double capacity, they're going to bring in more of the process control, it'll be more front loaded in order to use the process control to qualify the equipment as it's coming online and then monitor the processes as well.
So that's just the general nature of the process control. I would expect that to be the same for you know, the co-loss as you described it, the 2.5 logic packaging. And I think that's what we're seeing in our, in our forecast as well.
That the reason I hesitate is because we're also seeing new opportunities. So, there's new applications where, we're working on with customers that are being qualified, that could change that, that trajectory as we, as those applications come online, right?
They're new. So, they haven't been, in process in previous ramps which goes to, Brian's increasing capital intensity. We're seeing it across the board, an increase in process control, capital intensity.
Vedvati Shrotre
Got it and, and just to follow up on that, does your offering change drastically with like the COL versus cost kind of lines? how does that impact your intensity?
Michael Plisinski
Not too much. We don't see any significant differences.
Operator
Thank you. Your next question comes from David Duley with Steelhead Securities.
David Duley
Good afternoon. Thanks for taking my question. I was wondering if you might be able to help us understand a couple of things first as far as the new product contribution in 2025.
But what can we expect? I think from, the void detection, the 3D bump there might be a couple other ones maybe just help us understand what the contribution might be in calendar 2025. And then could you just elaborate a little bit more on the lithography business?
And you talked about glass panel adoption? I was just wondering if you could give us some more details there. Thank you.
Michael Plisinski
Okay. So, what I mentioned earlier is that the new product adoption we had incremental revenues Previously I talked about the Prima scan being at least $20 million in revenue for 2025. We'd expect some incremental additional revenue.
If you know, if we ship an echo scan, we'd hope to close that in the, in the calendar year, we'd hope to close maybe one other one. So, you're talking about incremental tool orders. So, not huge in the grand scheme of things, but those qualifications mean successful application and tool of record positions established for the next ramps which would be expected in and most likely 2026.
So I think that's you know, that's where we really see the benefit from the new products. Going to lit though. The, what we're seeing is a fairly significant increase in the application studies coming out of our, Pace Lab.
So, the work we're doing with our new HRP stepper that's, that's being qualified or, or let's say running demos down in the Pace Lab. We also have a customer that has a hybrid tool. I believe we shipped it 6 months ago.
That's been running really well and they're starting to qualify customers and hopefully we'll start to see some ramp additional orders from them, but most likely for ramping and delivery in early '26. And then we're, talking to several customers about tools and qualifications later in this year and into early '26.
So, the panel market it's still I'd say in its infancy, but definitely growing and we're seeing more and more customers engaged in defining their road maps to include glass or panel processing.
Operator
Thank you. We will take our next question from Mark Miller with Benchmark company.
Mark Miller
Congrats on another great quarter. You mentioned that you were seeing some increase in the NAND. Was that a surprise? And what are your expectations for NAND? I know, research had a very strong increase in NAND shipments. I just wonder what you're, thinking about NAND this year.
Michael Plisinski
Yeah, I'd say it was a bit of a surprise, -- we've seen some increases, but they were very, small. So, as a percentage basis. But, you know, the base was so small.
But now it's becoming a more meaningful part of, 2025. Largely we're seeing the, at least 22 primary customers ramping to support high stack 3D demand applications. And that's, driving a lot of the upside we see in 3D demand market.
Mark Miller
Okay. You saw a large increase in R&D expenses. Will that continue in 2025? Sequentially, it was a large increase.
Mark Slicer
Yeah, I mean, we're, continuing to look at the portfolio and as Mike said, we do have the new products launching, but there's certainly, expenses and certain other, areas where we'll continue to, place dollars to continue to drive the portfolio road maps with the customers.
Michael Plisinski
The customers are driving a much higher pace of innovation requirement from us. As I mentioned, the process control intensity in the applications challenges they're having are requiring us to pull in road maps for inspection for even for lithography for metrology as well.
So yeah, I don't think that there's going to be a significant increase in 2025 but of course, there is incremental increase.
Operator
Thank you Thus, conclude today's question and answer session. I would now like to turn the call back to Sidney Ho for any additional or closing remarks.
Sidney Ho
Thank you. We will be participating in a number of investor conferences throughout the quarter. We look forward to seeing many of you there.
A replay of the call today will be available on our website at approximately 7:30, Eastern Time, this evening. We'd like to thank you for your continued interest in onto innovation Rachel. Please include this call.
Operator
Thank you. This concludes today's call. Thank you for your participation. You may now disconnect.
