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Myriam Mendila

Thank you, Alexander. Moving on to slide 7, I would like to provide an overview of our development pipeline, which prioritizes high-value programs where our mRNA technology can make a substantial difference in addressing diseases with significant unmet medical need.
As Alexander already mentioned, our oncology pipeline is led by our Phase 1 glioblastoma study with CVGBM an off-the-shelf precision immunotherapy, encoding eight segments from four known tumor-associated antigens with demonstrated relevance in this indication. The promising initial data we presented from the completed dose escalation Part A of the study at a scientific conference in September and November last year demonstrated successful induction of cancer antigen-specific T cell responses and 77% of 13 evaluable patients.
84% of these immune responses are generated de novo, meaning T cell responses are successfully induced in patients with no pre-existing T cell activity against encoded antigens prior to treatment with CVGBM.
As the recommended 100-microgram dose for the expansion part of the study, the majority of responses were sustainable over a 99-day monitoring period. The treatment was generally well tolerated with no dose-limiting the toxicities reported. The dose expansion Part B of the study is ongoing and has already completed enrollment of 20 additional patients who are treated at the selected dose of 100 micrograms.
First data from this part are anticipated to be available in the second half of this year. Our new off-the-shelf multi-epitope precision immunotherapy candidate for patients with squamous non-small cell lung cancer encodes established antigens as well as novel antigens derived from our collaboration with myNEO Therapeutics. I will provide more detail on the study later in this presentation.
In infectious diseases, please recall that we are directing our proprietary research and development efforts towards new nonrespiratory indications. As mentioned, our program targeting respiratory indications are fully licensed to GSK. In our proprietary nonrespiratory infectious disease portfolio, our program for prophylactic vaccine against uropathogenic E. coli bacteria to prevent urinary tract infections is well on track.
The clinical candidate targets FimH, a highly conserved protein which facilitates adhesion of the bacteria to bladder tissue and biocell formation, thus enabling invasion of the cells in the urinary tract. The candidate mRNA design applies a unique technology resulting in an in vivo self-assembly of a protein nanoparticle with clustering of FimH antigen on its surface, which has shown superior immunogenicity in preclinical studies.
In the respiratory infectious disease area, license to GSK programs for seasonal influenza, avian influenza and COVID-19 are currently in Phase 2 development. The newly initiated combined Phase 1/2 study for a seasonal influenza COVID-19 combination vaccine is in Phase 1 development.
All current candidates of the GSK trials are based on CureVac's proprietary second-generation mRNA backbone. We believe that there's great potential of our growing pipeline and look forward to reporting on its further development in the future.
On slide 8, we'll dive deeper into our oncology strategy. Over the last decade, there has been significant progress in treating solid tumors with immunotherapies either alone or in combination with chemotherapy. However, achieving significantly better patient outcomes remains elusive due to genetic differences in tumors, their ability to develop resistance, the complexity of the tumor microenvironment, and the weakening of the patient's immune system over the course of various therapies.
In this complex landscape, we see tremendous opportunity for our mRNA therapeutics to revolutionize immunotherapy for large patient populations with more precision. We are confident that our mRNA therapeutics could be a game changer based on two factors.
First, our unique mRNA technology, which uses our second-generation mRNA backbone. This backbone is optimized for strong and broad immune responses and most importantly, targets also cellular immune responses and has been clinically validated in Phase 1 and 2 studies in both infection diseases and oncology.
Second, our proprietary and highly differentiated whole genome-based antigen discovery platform. This platform provides access to new classes of tumor antigens, enhancing the precision and effectiveness of our therapies. In our upcoming clinical development, we plan to combine our precision immunotherapies with checkpoint inhibitors. Checkpoint inhibitors release the brakes on the immune system, thereby boosting the ability of our mRNA therapeutics to trigger powerful and precisely targeted immune responses.
Timing is critical in this approach. Intervening earlier when patients' immune systems are healthier, tumor burden is lower and resistance to therapy is less established, offers the best chance for improved and durable outcomes. Accordingly, we aim to apply mRNA therapeutics at early stages of cancer in the adjuvant of perioperative setting. We believe by intervening early, we have the potential to increase the chances of improved outcomes of patients whose tumors are surgically resected when their immune system is still strong and tumors are easier to control.
Let me show you on the next 2 slides how we intend to make a difference with our physician immunotherapy approach. Specifically, how we expect to deliver strong and precise immune responses in combination with the checkpoint inhibitor in our new program for squamous non-small cell lung cancer.
Worldwide, there are more than 2 million patients diagnosed every year with lung cancer. In the United States only, there are approximately 225,000 new cases of lung cancer each year. 87% of which are non-small cell lung cancer or NSCLC according to the American Cancer Society.
Squamous non-small cell lung cancer represents approximately 20% to 30% of all NSCLC cases, making it one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. It's considered a more aggressive form of non-small cell lung cancer with five-year survival rates of patients with advanced disease just around 20%. And even if diagnosed in earlier stages and treated if perioperative immunotherapy, about 30% to 40% of patients relapsed within two years.
Squamous non-small cell lung cancer thereby poses significant challenges in disease control and treatment contributing to the high unmet medical need in the indication. Importantly, squamous non-small cell lung cancer has shown a particularly high prevalence of shared tumor antigens among patients, providing a unique opportunity for developing targeted precision immunotherapies. We aim to leverage this opportunity with an mRNA precision immunotherapy to improve outcomes for a larger patient population.
Our selected investigational precision immunotherapy candidate is built on our advanced second-generation mRNA backbone. It features two different mRNA constructs encoding eight tumor-associated antigens with high prevalence across squamous non-small lung cancer patients. Four of these antigens are known with established relevance in solid tumors, providing a strong foundation for efficacy.
The remaining four antigens were discovered within our collaboration with myNEO Therapeutics and are uniquely derived from myNEO Therapeutic's cutting-edge AI power technology platform. All four of these novel antigens were discovered outside the exome and have not been previously tested in cancer immunotherapy trials.
Our patient population coverage calculation for our candidate predict that approximately 95% of patients will express and present epitopes from at least one of the encoded antigens. Approximately 50% of patients are predicted to express and present epitopes from at least four of the encoded antigens.
For our Phase 1 study, this high patient coverage means that we can proceed without the need for specific patient selection beyond the squamous non-small cell lung cancer diagnosis. The general setup of the Phase 1 dose-finding open-label study is illustrated on slide 10. In this study, we will assess the safety and tolerability of our candidate as first-line maintenance treatment in combination with the checkpoint inhibitor pembrolizumab in patients with advanced squamous non-small cell cancer.
In the dose escalation Part A, our candidate will be tested in doses ranging from 100 to 400 micrograms in combination with pembrolizumab maintenance therapy for up to 12 months or until disease progression or undue toxicity occurs. In Part A, we expect to include patients with metastatic stage 4 squamous non-small cell lung cancer who have received at least three cycles of pembrolizumab, either as monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy.
Following Part A, an optional dose expansion Part B will be conducted. The primary endpoints of the Phase 1 study includes the incidence of dose-limiting toxicities and treatment-related and treatment-emergent adverse events, and secondary endpoints include overall response rate, progression-free survival, duration of response, and disease control rate. A positive outcome from this study would enable us to evaluate this combination in earlier stages of the disease aligned with our goal to apply mRNA precision immunotherapy at early stages of cancer.
Moving on to infectious diseases on slide 11, let me provide you with a brief overview of the details of the respiratory disease programs, which were fully licensed to GSK under our new licensing agreement from July last year. The most advanced program for seasonal influenza read out positive Phase 2 headline data last year.
As Alexander already mentioned, GSK confirmed earlier this year that the program is in preparation for a Phase 3 study which will be associated with a significant milestone payment for CureVac. The program for a pre-pandemic vaccine against avian influenza is currently in Phase 2 of the combined Phase 1/2 study initiated in April last year.
As previously mentioned, a new program for a seasonal influenza COVID-19 combination vaccine entered Phase 1 in November last year. And lastly, Phase 2 of the standalone COVID-19 vaccine program was completed. Please note that disclosure of study timelines and availability of clinical data is at the discretion of GSK.
By having licensed these programs to GSK, we leverage their expertise in vaccine development and commercialization to bring innovative vaccine based on our mRNA technology to market. The new licensing agreement strongly validates the potential of our proprietary mRNA platform, while the financial and strategic benefits from the agreement support our continuous innovation and development efforts.
To further enhance mRNA effectiveness in oncology and infectious diseases, we are advancing our proprietary mRNA delivery technologies with improved proprietary lipid nanoparticles or in short, LNPs. As highlighted on slide 12, specific requirements apply to develop efficacious precision immunotherapies in oncology and prophylactic vaccines in infective diseases.
LNPs are critical in meeting these specific requirements, underscoring the potential for LNP systems that are tailored to the respective therapeutic area. Prophylactic vaccines for infectious diseases treat healthy individuals, necessitating activation of the immune system with minimal reactogenicity and side effects.
In contrast, cancer immunotherapies treat seriously ill patients, requiring robust activation of cellular signaling pathways to induce strong systemic immune responses and allow greater tolerance for reactogenicity.
Prophylactic vaccines often target induction of high antibody titers and T cell responses only were relevant. For cancer immunotherapies, activation of tumor killing T cells is critical even if this is associated with increased reactogenicity.
Additionally, prophylactic vaccines need to be stable for longer periods at refrigerator or room temperature given their seasonal use. For precision cancer immunotherapy applications, maximized efficacy is key with stability being the secondary goals.
We previously reported a proprietary LNP system for infectious diseases, featuring a PEG-free lipid composition that demonstrated strong humoral and cellular immune responses in preclinical models, and highly localized biodistribution in the immune compartment, showing no or very low expression in distant organs such as the liver, spleen, and lung, avoiding potential side effects by maximizing immunogenicity.
Focusing on the additional need for stability in prophylactic vaccines, we have now advanced our infectious disease LNP system to achieve promising thermal stability as well. On slide 13, you can see data from our ongoing STABILITY study with a bespoke infectors disease LNP system over a period of 12 months.
mRNA encoding a rabies antigen was formulated within the new LNP system and stored either as a freeze-dried powder at room temperature of 25-degree Celsius equivalent to 77-degree Fahrenheit or under refrigeration at 2 to 8-degree Celsius, which equates to 36 to 46 degrees Fahrenheit. The formulated mRNA was also stored as a frozen liquid at minus 80 degrees Celsius or minus 112 degrees Fahrenheit as a control.
The data on the left shows that with the new LNP system, mRNA integrity remains stable with the mRNA being intact and securely formulated for at least 12 months under all three storage conditions. As shown in the middle, LNP size also remained stable over time and under different storage conditions.
In vivo experiments in mice, confirm that throughout the test period, the vaccines start under the different conditions maintain their ability to induce strong neutralizing antibodies. These findings provide a competitive advantage in addressable patients as our vaccines can be utilized globally without the need for complex cold stain storage requirements.
On slide 14, let me now summarize our upcoming pipeline catalysts, which provides a strong development path through the end of 2026. On the oncology front, starting with our most advanced Phase 1 off-the-shelf program in glioblastoma. As already mentioned, Part B of the study is fully enrolled, and first data is expected in the second half of 2025. This data will provide the basis for potentially continuing to a Phase 2 study, which could start in the second half of 2026.
Following FDA clearance of the IND submission, the Phase 1 study of our off-the-shelf program in squamous non-small cell lung cancer is expected to start dosing patients in the second half of 2025. With our antigen discovery were continuing, we intend to disclose additional off-the-shelf programs and select new clinical candidates in different indications in 2026.
Lastly, the first clinical Phase 1 study with a personalized cancer vaccine candidate is expected to start in the second half of 2026. In infectious diseases, for our proprietary UPEC program, we expect to file an IND application in the second half of 2025 and to start Phase 1 clinical development in the first half of 2026. Additional discovery work in other nonrespiratory diseases is ongoing, and we anticipate expanding our pipeline in this area with additional programs in 2025 from which clinical candidates could be selected in the second half of 2026.
For the respiratory program, licensed to GSK, as stated in GSK's fourth-quarter and full-year earnings report in February this year, the seasonal Influenza program is in preparation to progress to Phase 3. Taken as a whole, this slide illustrates that we have before us a strong path of pipeline catalysts in both oncology and infectious diseases.
With a substantial set of anticipated upcoming milestones, we are in a strong position to make lasting impact on the future of mRNA medicines. I would now like to conclude the portfolio update and hand over to Axel for a review of the financial data.

Axel Sven Malkomes

Thank you, Myriam. Looking at the significant progress we have made in streamlining our operations and focusing on strategic priorities on slide 15, I would like to provide context to key financial metrics in 2024, demonstrating our financial health and enabling us to reinvest in key areas of growth and innovation.
Today, we report a strong cash position of EUR481.7 million at the end of 2024 and reaffirm our expected cash runway into 2028. Our results are driven by the new licensing agreement with GSK, which positively impacted our cash position as well as revenues.
The EUR400 million upfront from the agreement was received as a nonrefundable payment for granting licenses to GSK and the exclusive right to use CureVac's intellectual property relating to applicable vaccine programs with no further R&D work obligation on our side. As such, it was fully recognized as revenue in 2024.
Given that under the terms of the new licensing agreement all obligations from prior collaborations relating to R&D services had expired, remaining contract liabilities amounting to EUR80.4 million were also recognized as revenue in 2024. Additionally, in 2024, a development milestone of EUR10 million was reached under the new license agreement for the initiation of a Phase 1 for the combo vaccine, which was also fully recognized as revenue.
Setting the course for increased future financial stability, our strategic redesign is key to enhancing our operational efficiency to further reduce costs. The 30% workforce reduction was completed by end of 2024, with incurred costs 70% below the allocated budget.
From 2025 onwards, we anticipate a substantial decrease in operating expenses by over 30%, including a notable EUR25 million reduction in personnel costs. Our licensing agreement with GSK and renewed focus on innovation and R&D activities have also eliminated the need for commercial buildup and large-scale manufacturing activities.
Streamlining of our in-house manufacturing capacities to provide a new manufacturing footprint better suited to our needs was accompanied by impairment of our large-scale production facility. Lastly, we have successfully terminated all remaining raw material commitments and closed all contract manufacturing organization, or CMO, related arbitrations for our first-generation COVID-19 vaccine, ensuring no further related payments for CVnCoV going forward.
Taken together, in 2024, extraordinary payments related to CVnCoV, our strategic redesign and ongoing patent litigation amount to a total of EUR137 million. Moving on to our condensed financial statement on slide 16, you can see that our cash position of EUR481.7 million increased from EUR402.5 million at the end of 2023 based on the EUR400 million upfront payment from GSK in August 2024. The increase is partially offset by our ongoing R&D activities as well as a total of EUR137 million one-off payments related to our first-generation COVID-19 vaccine as already discussed.
Revenues decreased by EUR8.1 million to EUR14.5 million for the fourth quarter and strongly increased by EUR481.4 million to EUR535.2 million for the 12 months of 2024 compared to the same periods in 2023. As the year-on-year increase was primarily driven by the new licensing agreement with GSK, such increase must be considered to be a positive onetime event.
Operating loss was EUR43.8 million for the fourth quarter of 2024 compared to an operating loss of EUR88 million for the same quarter of 2023. For the full year 2024, operating profit was EUR177.7 million compared to an operating loss of EUR274.2 million for the same period in 2023. The operating result was affected by several key drivers.
First, cost of sales decreased year on year, mainly due to the change in strategy associated with the new license agreement with GSK, resulting in adapted R&D activities. The cost of CureVac's manufacturing organization are no longer supporting revenue-generating activities and are thus no longer classified as cost of sales.
Additionally, high material costs appeared in the prior year, which were driven by write-offs of raw materials, originally purchased with stockpiling of the terminated pandemic preparedness agreement. Second, R&D expenses increased due to the strategic change mentioned, classifying CureVac's manufacturing organization, R&D rather than in cost of sales, with higher investments in oncology development programs as well as increased expenses related to the litigation to enforce intellectual property rights and higher personnel expenses related to the redesign of the organization.
Third, general and administrative expenses decreased compared to the prior year period, mainly driven by lower personnel expenses. Lastly, other operating expenses increased year on year due to the impairment of one production line within our GMP IV production facility, which was initially planned and set up for commercial large-scale production and cannot be scaled down to provide products for clinic production in alignment with CureVac's refocus on R&D.
Financial results increased by EUR3.7 million to EUR5.2 million in the fourth quarter of 2024, and decreased by EUR1 million to EUR13.2 million for the 12 months of 2024 compared to the same periods in 2023. The decrease was mainly driven by lower interest income on cash investments. For the fourth quarter, pretax loss was EUR38.6 million. For the full year, pretax profit was EUR190.9 million. This compares to pretax losses in the same periods of 2023.
With this, I'd like to reinforce those key strategic decisions made to conserve resources throughout 2024 has had positive impact, moving us into a position of strength as we work towards key milestones and continue to reshape what's possible in medicine. I'll now hand the call back to Alexander for today's key messages.

Alexander Zehnder

Thank you, Axel, and thank you all for your attention. the fourth quarter of 2024 closed out a year of remarkable change for CureVac. The potential of MRNA to transform medicines is enormous, and our agility as an organization and ability to pivot has enabled us to further build upon that potential and unlock new areas in which mRNA technology can make a meaningful impact for patients.
Financially, we closed the fourth quarter 2024 with a cash position of EUR482 million, providing us with a solid expected financial runway into 2028. This gives us the stability needed to continue to drive innovation. We are making great progress in oncology or off-the-shelf and personalized precision immunotherapies and with encouraging results for our lead candidate in glioblastoma, we are eager to show continued progress with an anticipated Part B readout as well as advancements of our off-the-shelf program in squamous and non-small cell lung cancers.
In infectious diseases, we are quickly moving forward with the UPEC vaccine in urinary tract infections, eager to make a new medical breakthrough in an indication where great unmet [medical needs]. We continue in 2025 with our focus on high-value mRNA opportunities from a well-financed position and supported by strong strategic partnerships and a broad IP portfolio. With that, I conclude our presentation and open the floor for your questions.

Question and Answer Session

Operator

(Operator Instructions) Alec Stranahan, Bank of America.

Alec Stranahan

Hey guys, thanks for taking our questions and congrats on the progress to close '24. Two questions from us. Maybe first -- actually, both are on the squamous program. The use of the antigens outside of the exome is pretty unique to this program. What would you say maybe the early signs you point folks to in the first-in-human clinical readout as evidence that including these antigens is maybe having a preferential effect on activity?
And is it safe to say that the first patient dose in the second half of this year would set you up to maybe a mid or second half '26 readout from the Phase 1. Didn't see this on your catalyst slide in your prepared remarks. Thank you.

Myriam Mendila

So I didn't quite get the last part of the question, but I'll start with the first part. So in -- with our antigen discovery platform, especially for off-the-shelf antigens, they usually run them through an extensive set of validation assays, where we basically look whether the antigens is selected, especially the novel ones outside the exomes, whether they are expressed on the tumor, whether they are not expressed on healthy tissue, whether human T cells or immune cells can recognize them, and whether basically they are presented via MHC complexes, and whether they basically lead to tumor cell killings.
And we have internally company-defined algorithm with very clearly set criteria to when we say an antigen passes the selection criteria or not. And based on all of the preclinical experiments we have done with these novel antigens, we remain optimistic that we would see basically strong immune responses to this quite novel and again, also very foreign proteins to the -- in cancer patients.
There is right now no clinical evidence, right, because we said this is the first time we ever testing for this novel antigens in cancer patients. But there is also preclinical evidence from other groups in cancer animal models showing that when you vaccinate animals -- this was a colon cancer model when you vaccinate animals who have a colorectal cancer with the vaccine against these novel antigens that you see cancer regressions.
So that's preclinical evidence from others that are supporting is our own, again, experiments have suggested that these antigens are immunogenic and that's why we are taking them into the clinic. Would you mind repeating the second part of the question? I'm sorry, I didn't quite understand it because you said something about the dosing of the first patient and what that mean of what indication that would give?

Alec Stranahan

Yeah. No, just more in terms of data readout time. Obviously, pace of enrollment is probably the biggest swing factor here, but I just didn't see a data catalyst on, I think, of a slide 14, if you prepared that?

Myriam Mendila

We want to be a bit cautious here, right, because it's a first-in-human study. And we have to do the dose escalation, of course, with a quite broad dose-limiting toxicity window. And that's why we sort of like have our internal projections, but right now, do not feel comfortable to share them because you never know.
We want to see -- like you said, we want to see how recruitment goes in the first cohort and then maybe at the next update, we can give better projections when you will see the first data next year. But you probably can know that we will do everything to speed up, get recruitment on track or even faster, and then, of course, analyze the data as quickly as possible.

Alec Stranahan

Got it. Thank you.

Operator

Mani Foroohar, Leerink Partners

Hey guys, you have Ryan on for Mani. Thanks for taking our question. Just hoping you could provide a bit more detail on what you see as the regulatory path for the CVGBM asset. Have you had conversations with regulators at this point on steps to approval and what that would look like? And then I guess just to pivot off of that, do you see the recent changes that the FDA influencing any prior conversations that you guys have had? Thanks.

Alexander Zehnder

Maybe I'll start with the second one and then, Myriam, you can comment on the regulatory path. On your question on whether we've seen any impact yet with the FDA so far, not for our program. We have the IND cleared for our squamous program on time and without any major surprises. So no negative impact on that so far. But we all understand it's quite a fluid situation with everything that's going on.
But so far, at least in our own programs, we have not seen any negative impact. Myriam, if you want to comment on GBM potential regulatory path and how to move forward with the (multiple speakers).

Myriam Mendila

Maybe one point to add. We also interacted with FDA on our UPEC program, and it was the same, right? We don't see any impact. We get responses quickly. Same quality unbiased, absolutely no changes compared to the past.
For CVGBM, right, I said, if the data from Phase 1 and the expansion cohort show meaningful clinical activity, then -- and we would go for Phase 2, of course, we would do as a next step, I'm discussing. Again, this is all just under discussion, a randomized Phase 2 with an appropriate comparator arm and an appropriate endpoint.
And we haven't yet had any discussions with regulatory authorities so far because we wanted to await more data from Phase 1 knowing that this is a high-risk population. And we sort of like wanted to have more confidence that we will have indications as we go forward.

Great. Thank you.

Operator

Roger Song, Jefferies.

Roger Song

Thanks for that day. And then taking on question, a couple of questions maybe the first one related to GBM given the Part B data can be second half and then you will have -- you will make go-forward decisions. So just curious what is the criteria to make that decision?
And then on the squamous small cell lung cancer, this multi-complex antigen selection is very interesting. Just curious, given you say 95% of the patient, they have a one-plus antigen, 50% have four-plus. Just curious in your preclinical model, do you see the difference when you -- the model only have for one versus four plus? You see the difference on the activity anti-tumor activity.
The last part of the question is regarding your cash runway guidance into 2028. Just -- can you give us some color around how much operation is included in this cash runway guidance given you have a couple of ongoing pipeline and then new pipeline coming like GBM, squamous lung, and UTI? And then this cash will incur the Phase 1, Phase 2 implant? Thank you.

Alexander Zehnder

Okay. So Myriam three questions. One on GBM, I guess where the bar is or how we would assess go, no-go decisions? And the one on squamous on the number of antigens? And when do we see differences? And then maybe one for Axel on the cash runway.

Myriam Mendila

Okay. I'll start with the GBM question. And so yes, we have set basically high threshold for GBM. And basically, I would expect to see in our population immediate overall survival of 50 months or longer to say if it go or and/or also an overall response rate of about 20%. If we would see that in our population that would give us confidence to say, look, this could look promising and potentially warrant an investment into a Phase 2.
Regarding your question on coverage for squamous program, which is I think it's a really interesting question. But I have to tell you that the animal models do not allow us to actually investigate how clinical efficacy in those animals would look like if they have a response to two antigens or four antigens. The animal model is actually -- or in our animal models, we cannot vaccinate against the targets we use to vaccinate human beings, right, because we have to vaccinate for murine antigens. And that's why no animal model would give you the answer to this.
And the question you asked is the sort of like a million-dollar question, right? Do you -- do we need to have a broad immune response against multiple antigens to achieve maximum clinical efficacy or a deep and strong responses to few antigens that are the right ones enough to give you clinical efficacy?
And based on the data from other not our own, we have seen some promising data. We are basically -- immune responses against on average four antigens showed a difference. And other trials suggested that two antigens are enough. So we don't really know the answer, but we would say based on all of our knowledge that some kind of diversity in terms of immune response would be good.
And so hopefully, again, we would see responses to two more or more of those antigens that would then translate into clinical efficacy. So I cannot really give you an answer to the question because that's a one million question that we have to address in our clinical trials in the future.

Axel Sven Malkomes

Yeah. In terms of the cash runway into 2028, so what I can tell you is that -- and we also want to be a little bit cautious here, but what I can tell you is that the current -- for the current core program, meaning our IND portfolio preparing for clinical start in 2026 as well as our oncology programs, GBM and squamous non-small cell lung cancer as well as our personalized cancer vaccine, the clinical phases are included.
But always, please remember that some of these clinical phases are also after the cash out. So everything, of course, is planned as the clinical pipeline is developed and planned for, but not all Phase 1 and Phase 2s are prior to the potential cash out. Hope that answers your question.

Roger Song

Thank you.

Operator

Eliana Merle, UBS.

Hi. This is Jasmine on for Ellie. Thanks so much for taking our question. Wanted to ask about your latest strategy on collaboration. So across oncology and the nonrespiratory infectious disease programs, what's your latest thinking about where you would want to potentially partner versus keep developing yourselves? Thanks.

Alexander Zehnder

That's a good question. I think in general, what we tried to do this year is really focus CureVac on what we are really good at, which is mostly technology innovation, research and I would say, early development. Of course, we have a few collaborations already in place. That's the one with GSK for the respiratory infectious disease program. We have a collaboration in place as well with MD Anderson Cancer Center or next generation shared off-the-shelf cancer vaccines.
And I think in general, as Axel just outlined, I feel we are in a position from a financial perspective, but also from a capability and manufacturing perspective to run the early clinical trials. Phase 1s and maybe depending on the indication also in Phase 2.
But I think the goal, especially for the large PAs such as oncology would be clearly to partner than the late-stage development program with somebody that has real muscle in the field that really has the need to develop it more broadly and then eventually also commercialize worldwide.

Eliana Merle

Great. Thank you.

Operator

Roy Buchanan, Citizens.

Roy Buchanan

Thanks for taking the questions. I had a few on the European patent proceedings. I guess can you give us a sense of the timelines for the infringement hearing and possibly that assuming that's positive, the damage proceedings for the 668 and 755, that was just upheld and solid.
And then does Pfizer and BioNTech, do they have a chance to appeal the validity decision for 668? And then can you give a little bit of more detail on the subject to amendments comment in the slide 14, I think, or 6? Thanks.

Alexander Zehnder

Sure. I mean, the highlight kind of the key overarching timelines on slide 6, after financial presentation, right? So the kind of next milestones is we have a further European Patent Office hearing for our second poly-A patent, the 775 patent, which takes place on May 13 to 15. And then as it's a bifurcated process, should that validity be confirmed as well. It goes back to the infringement court.
In this case, it's the infringement court in Dusseldorf where the hearing is scheduled for July 1. And as I mentioned, it includes the 668 and if the validity is confirmed as well the 775 poly-A patent, then yes, there is no opportunity for the opposing partner to appeal.
But if infringement is confirmed, that validity has been converted prior, that would nevertheless start at least the damages process in Europe, which -- don't call me exactly this, but my understanding is it can take up to one year to be completed. In the US, of course, it's different in the US you have one legal case, which will start in September 8 this year. And in the US, you have 1 process that covers validity, infringement as well as damages at the same time.

Roy Buchanan

Yeah, I'm just curious to subject to amendment comment on the --

Alexander Zehnder

Yeah. So the amendment was mostly related to the length of the poly-A tail, i.e., the number of adenine nucleotides that were included. It's quite technical, but I think we don't believe that this amendment will weaken our infringement position. I think that's the key point.

Roy Buchanan

Okay. Great. And then maybe just throwing one on the Genmab collaboration that was terminated. Can you just give us the crux of why that was terminated and what stage it got to? Thanks.

Alexander Zehnder

Well, I think it's -- the question was with the Genmab and Genmab collaboration. So I think it was dormant for quite some time. It didn't really lead do anything -- so also in our interest to really focus on the most promising programs, I think we terminated the program in kind of mutual agreement.

Roy Buchanan

Okay. Thank you.

Operator

Jonathan Miller, Evercore ISI.

Jonathan Miller

Hi guys, thanks for taking the question and congrats on the recent progress. Maybe i'll start with one on the non-small cell program. Obviously, you like others are trying to develop this primarily in early-stage setting. But of course, the Phase 1 is in later-stage patients and metastatic patients. So I'd just love to get a sense for what you're hoping to see in that Phase 1 data that would move you to early-stage setting?
Do you need to see efficacy signs of early efficacy in metastatic setting beyond maybe immune engagement or T cell induction for instance? Do you need to see increases in ORR, increases in PFS to drive early stage or would safety and immune engagement be sufficient to make that decision? And then secondly, maybe on the IP case. But I'll let you answer cancer first, please.

Myriam Mendila

Okay. No, it's a great question. So as we said, right, we do believe that the precision immunotherapies will work in earlier cancer settings because the immune system is functioning, and you have less tumor burden to control. And so with that, basically, our criteria and primary objectives for the Phase 1 trial in squamous non-small cell lung cancer would be to see immune responses against the encoded antigens. So that would be sort of like the primary hurdle.
If we see then, of course, clinical activity, that would be most encouraging. But we also basically really want to test this treatment in earlier stages of cancer because we have seen with other programs, sort of like similar platform that in advanced metastatic stages of cancer, these immunotherapies do not work that well.
So immune response is our primary target to see that we see strong immune responses against the encoded antigens. And that would be encouraging and all we want to see because we would then sort of like to do an expansion cohort in earlier settings and from there, then look for clinical activity signals in the earlier cancer settings that would then determine whether we go for Phase 2 and beyond in that setting. Does it answer your question?

Jonathan Miller

Yeah, absolutely. I guess one more then on that. On the novel X-exome antigens, I'd be really curious to see more of that preclinical data, more that antigen development data. Do you have plans in the near term to discuss that antigen selection process more to get deeper into the contribution of those X-exome novel antigens to immune engagement and efficacy?

Myriam Mendila

So we are discussing that we would like to discuss and disclose more. We have to see when is what's possible. It's too exciting, and I know everybody is interested right? There are some, let's say, internal checks we have to take before we can go public and share all the data around that.

Jonathan Miller

Okay, makes sense. On the IP front, the poly-A patent that was just held up in the EPO, is this the same set of IP that was struck down in the UK court last year, I believe it was in the last year? And if so, can you discuss maybe some of the differences between those two cases and whether we should be reading through from some prior that they brought into the potential for the patents in the US court?

Alexander Zehnder

John, this is quite a complex question, and maybe we can do a follow-up call on this. But I mean, the UK, the situation is different. The assessment is different. I mean -- and just the fact that the German Validity Court came to a different conclusion, I think, highlights some of these differently. But Jon, very happy to set up a follow-on call with our IT team to go more into the details.

Alec Stranahan

All right. Fair enough. I look forward to that.

Operator

[Kiara Manitroni, Kempen].

Kiara Manitroni

Hello team. Thanks a lot for taking my question. This is Kiara. I am on for Suzanne van Voorthuizen. Congratulations with the progress. I was wondering on the glioblastoma program. How should we think about the translation of immunogenicity data to tumor responses? And then I was curious to know for the next indication for the shared antigen vaccine, how do you usually go about selecting indication besides, let's say, having a common expression of the antigen on these tumors?

Myriam Mendila

Okay. So I'll start with the GBM question. So we have shared at the congresses that in that first Part A of the trial, a dose escalation part of the trial where we were able to analyze 13 patients. We also saw in 7 patients who entered the trial with a residual tumor mass, we saw one partial response. Unfortunately, we couldn't -- unfortunately, this passion didn't have enough material to do the immune -- immuno-assessment. And that's why it's hard to correlate.
But normally coming to your question, if we see new responses, we would like to, of course, see a translation into a growth control or clinical overall response. But it's not happening in all cases, right, because we know that sometimes immunotherapy just controls the tumor growth and can keep the tumor stable and -- but still by doing so can prolong overall survival.
So why, again, it would be highly encouraging with any of our precision immunotherapy treatments, if we see more clinical responses, the real benchmark to make a decision go, no-go is based on overall survival because if you don't have too much shrinkage, you can still have tumor more growth control and with that prolonged overall survival. Does that answer your question?

Kiara Manitroni

Yes, very clear. Thank you.

Myriam Mendila

Okay, on GBM. And then the selecting indications. So in our antigen discovery approach, we sort of like screen antigens and then run them through our algorithms using like everybody else, but our unique proprietary sort of like selection and ranking criteria. And only for antigens when they sort of like has, we would basically pick them and consider them to be encoded on one of our candidates.
What we usually do is then, in oncology, we have designed one year or so ago, a strategic therapeutic area strategy where we looked across different cancer types. A ton of cancer types had a certain criteria in terms of are these cancers responding to immunotherapy, is there a high unmet medical need, competitive landscape, commercial case and so on and sort of like prioritize the cancer cases.
And then in those highly prioritized or higher ranked cancer indications, we drove antigen discovery activities that then led to the identification of potential antigens that we ran through our algorithm and then came up with the antigens.
And of course, as you can imagine, when you look at all cancer types, lung cancer comes up as the number one priority often highly responding to immunotherapy. And that's where basically some of our antigens discovery efforts initially focused on lung cancer, but also in others. But we prioritize this program for the reasons I mentioned. So I hope this answer your question.

Kiara Manitroni

Yes, absolutely. Thank you.

Operator

Max Star, Goldman Sachs.

This is Max on behalf of Rajan Sharma. The first one is about R&D. How do you expect cost to progress through 2025 given your clinical development plans? And the second question is about the lung cancer trial. Do you plan to check how the response rate could change after patients receive the vaccine because I believe the first treatment is supposed to be pembro or pembro combined with chemo. Then you inject patients with a vaccine. Just curious how the clinical trial design is for that part?

Myriam Mendila

Okay. So maybe I'll start with the second question because I have a question or clarifying questions for your first one. So in our Phase 1 trial, again, we select patients with metastatic disease who are on pembro9 maintenance. These patients, usually with lung cancer, very few will have a complete response, so they will have some sort of like residual tumor that is stable under pembrolizumab monotherapy, and we are adding the vaccine.
And again, what we would look at is immune responses. And we will also monitor clinical efficacy. So if we do see a partial response or tumor shrinkage by adding the vaccine, we will definitely measure that and also report that. We look at progression-free survival, duration of response, and other sort of like endpoint-driven parameters in that setting.
But basically, patients come in are stable under pembrolizumab. And we are adding the vaccine. And from that moment on, we will measure -- we'll have regular tumor measurements to see the impact of adding the vaccine. And then for your first question, R&D cost, can you please repeat because I wasn't sure what you were asking.

Alexander Zehnder

The question was on R&D spend '25 moving forward. I don't know if you want to comment if you want to comment in detail, Axel?

Axel Sven Malkomes

I think there is -- as I said earlier, there are two things maybe to this equation. As I said earlier to another analysts that we included our core pipeline into also the early clinical phases into the cash runway. Of course, very important to recognize is that as you know, we came from a transformation in 2024, and we continue to try to have more efficiency -- more cost efficiency and reduce our overall expenses.
And that, of course, applied. And on the other side, as you know, we move this company being more of a biotech pipeline company, meaning that we focus very much on our -- from a cost -- R&D cost perspective on our pipeline programs. So there, of course, we try to be as efficient and focused as possible. I don't know if that answers your question.

Got it. Can I slip in another question. I noticed that one of your charts still declining mRNA integrity at 25 degrees Celsius. Could you talk about that? I think it's slide 13.

Myriam Mendila

Yes. Okay. So you're talking about our proprietary LNP where I introduce the data on slide 13, right? where I showed RNA integrity and on the left side, right, where basically the data there -- I guess your question is about the blue line where free strike and RNA integrity decreased to something around 58%, 60%. Is that the question?

Yeah.

Myriam Mendila

This is still with specifications. Right? This is still with a specification. If you look at integrity and where the specifications are with regulators. And so that's why this is encouraging because remember, this is at room temperature. Our mRNA at room temperature. And after one year at room temperature, it's still in terms of integrity within the specifications agreed with regulators today.

Got it. All right. Thank you.

Operator

We have reached the end of our question-and-answer session. I would like to turn the conference back over to Sarah for closing remarks.

Sarah Fakih

Thank you. With this, we would like to conclude this conference call. Thank you very much for your participation. Stay safe, and please don't hesitate to contact us, should you have any further questions.