Dan Geddes
Thank you, Phil. Let me start off by giving some additional color on our expansion results. As Phil mentioned, we continue to be pleased with the volumes we've been able to achieve. Looking at the fourth quarter, Linked quarter growth and expansion average loans and deposits were $130 million and $128 million, respectively, representing 32% and 22% annualized growth.
Now moving to the fourth quarter financial performance for the company. Regarding the net interest margin, through fourth quarter, net interest income was up $9 million or 2.3% on a linked-quarter basis. Our net interest margin percentage was down 3 basis points to 3.53% from the 3.56% reported last quarter. Our net interest margin percentage was negatively impacted by lower rates on balances held at the Fed in loans and offset by higher volumes of balances at the Fed and loans, together with lower rates on deposits.
Looking at our investment portfolio. The total investment portfolio averaged $18.6 billion during the fourth quarter, down $257 million from the prior quarter. During the fourth quarter, investment purchases totaled $840 million with $754 million being Agency MBS securities yielding 5.8% and $64 million being municipals with a taxable equivalent yield of 5.35%.
I'll note that approximately $500 million of the Agency MBS yielding 5.91% that we purchased did not settle until January 21, 2025. During the quarter, we had $500 million of treasuries mature at an average yield of 0.96%. The net unrealized loss on the available-for-sale portfolio at the end of the quarter was $1.56 billion, an increase of $429 million from the $1.13 billion reported at the end of the third quarter.
The tax flow equivalent yield on the total investment portfolio during the quarter was 3.44%, up 4 basis points from the third quarter. The taxable portfolio, which averaged $12.1 billion, down approximately $149 million from the prior quarter at a yield of 2.99%, up 5 basis points from the prior quarter.
Our tax-exempt municipal portfolio averaged $6.5 billion during the fourth quarter down $108 million from the third quarter and had a taxable equivalent yield of 4.33%, up 1 basis points from the prior quarter. At the end of the fourth quarter, approximately 69% of the municipal portfolio was pre-refunded or PSF insured. The duration of the investment portfolio at the end of the fourth quarter was 5.7 years, up from 5.4 years in the third quarter.
Looking at funding sources. On a linked-quarter basis, average total deposits of $41.9 billion were up $1.2 billion from the previous quarter. The linked quarter growth was roughly half in money markets, one-third in noninterest-bearing accounts with the remainder being savings in IOC accounts. Average noninterest-bearing demand deposits were up $393 million or 2.9% over the third quarter while interest-bearing deposits increased $759 million or 2.8% when compared to the previous quarter.
The cost of interest-bearing deposits in the fourth quarter was 2.14%, and down 27 basis points from 2.41% in the third quarter. Thus far in January, both current and month-to-date average deposits are in line with fourth quarter averages. Customer repos for the fourth quarter averaged $3.9 billion, up $168 million from the third quarter. The cost of customer repos for the quarter was 3.34%, down 38 basis points from the third quarter.
Looking at noninterest income and expense, I'll point out a couple of seasonal items impacting the linked quarter results. Regarding other noninterest income, as in years past, we received our normal annual Visa bonus during the fourth quarter totaling $4.6 million. Salaries and wages, including -- included approximately $8 million in higher stock compensation compared to the third quarter.
As a reminder, our stock awards are granted in October of each year and some awards by their nature, require immediate expense recognition. Regarding our guidance for full year 2025. Our current outlook includes 225 basis point cuts for the Fed funds rate in 2025 with a cut in June and September. Given that, we expect net interest income growth for the full year in the range of 4% to 6%.
For net interest margin, we expect an improvement of around 10 basis points compared to our net interest margin of 3.53% for 2024. Looking at loans and deposits, we expect full year average loan growth to be in the mid to high single digits and expect full year average deposits to be up between 2% and 3%. Based on current projections, we are projecting growth in noninterest income in the range of 1% to 2% and noninterest expense to be in the high single digits.
Regarding net charge-offs, we expect full year 2025 to be similar to 2024 and in the range of 20 basis points to 25 basis points of average loans. Regarding taxes, we currently expect the full year 2025 to come in between 15% and 16%.
With that, I'll turn the call over to Phil for questions.
Phillip Green
Thank you, Dan. We'll open the call up now for questions.
Operator
(Operator Instructions) Manan Gosalia, Morgan Stanley.
Manan Gosalia
I wanted to start on loan growth. The guide for mid- to high single-digit loan growth. It implies a little bit of a slowdown from last year. But judging by your comments, they were all fairly positive in terms of new commercial relationships, new loan commitments. So wanted to get a sense if there's any conservatism baked in there? Or are we just growing off of a higher base, which is driving that slowdown? Any thoughts you can share there would be great?
Phillip Green
Thanks. I would say without getting too granular about it. Overall, I would expect really good consumer loan growth to continue. That's the point where it's seen a little over 15% of our portfolio and the growth there has been, I think, a 20% plus growth for nine quarters in a row. I think C&I growth has been interesting in terms of what we've seen there. And I think that's going to continue to be good, especially based on what we've seen in new opportunities.
And I think the slowdown if it happens, would be with CRE, where you've got -- we haven't had the same velocity of new deals, particularly in multifamily and portal office. And what you're seeing with a lot of the growth we've had over the last several quarters has been really funding of deals that were put in place really a couple of years ago.
And so that I expect to slow a little bit of a headwind. I think maybe see that in the single digit -- low single-digit area. But that's really all I would say. I think we're really expecting to have a pretty good year with regard to loan growth and absent the slowdown with the CRE fundings that you'll see. It should be pretty good.
Manan Gosalia
And are there any paydowns being factored in on that CRE side? Or is it just a function of the value of the curve is higher, and therefore, you expect lower demand there?
A.B. Mendez
I think it's going to be more of a factor of expected paydowns that we have some projects, as Phil mentioned, that have funded up. And just by their very nature, we're primarily an interim construction lender. We help you get the projects built and stabilized and now they're likely ready to be either sold or moved into a permanent loan. So that's really just the factor.
And then what Phil mentioned earlier is we're looking at a fair amount of commercial real estate loans, but are -- we're just not booking at the same rate. They're just -- with interest rates higher for longer, they're a little harder to pin out -- and we're not going to itemize our credit quality either.
Operator
Will Jones, KBW.
Will Jones
Filling in for Kathryn Miller this afternoon. Just wanted to keep follow-up on that balance sheet growth conversation. It sounds like with the outlook for loan growth, maybe outpacing what you expect on the deposit side. Do you feel like the the investment portfolio really will hold more flat? Like in other terms, you don't expect to be a net purchaser of securities in 2025?
Phillip Green
Right now, we've had this, I'll call it, kind of optionality with our balance sheet, with our liquidity rates being close to 20%. And so we're going to look to invest some of that in the first quarter. And so you can look for our purchases to accelerate here in the first quarter of securities. We feel like we can utilize some of that liquidity to both support loan growth, as you mentioned, but also take advantage of the -- what the yield curve is giving us right now and with it being more positively sloping.
Will Jones
Yeah. Okay. And any way to quantify how aggressive you guys may be and kind of taking down from your liquidity?
Phillip Green
Yeah. So we're looking at about a little over $2 billion in securities that will either mature or expect to be called or for prepayments. And so we'll have that available to use. And so we're looking at around a $4 billion investment purchase strategy in 2025 with utilizing about half of that in the first quarter.
Will Jones
Okay. Great. That's awesome color. And just switching over to the margin and NII guidance. Just in terms of deposit betas, I know last quarter, we had kind of talked about landing in the 45% range, full cycle just just really kind of matching what you're able to do on the out cycle.
But if you look at where deposit costs came in this quarter, I mean you've already really nearly matched that beta -- so I guess the question is, did you kind of view that more as a pull forward bid? I know we talked about maybe a little bit of a lag effect.
But do you see like maybe you pulled forward a little bit of that beta this quarter and you kind of see that stabilize as growth picks up for the industry next year and deposit cost position is a little more fierce? Or -- do you feel like that beta has a little bit more staying power and you could even outperform on deposit costs as we move to this year?
Phillip Green
I do think that, that deposit beta will be in that 45% range on a cumulative basis. So I don't think we're too far off. And we're going to listen to the customers and competition and see what we need to do in terms of pricing for our deposit products. But right now, we feel good about -- we treated customers fairly on the way up, and we're kind of continuing that trend on the way down.
Will Jones
Yeah. Okay. And then, just lastly for me. I know when we talked historically in terms of each cut, have about $1 million a month impact NII. Do you guys still see it the same way? Is that still how we should kind of think about how rates have an initial impact to the income statement?
Phillip Green
Yeah. I think it's around about $1.7 million. That's kind of where we plan for that cut for one.
Dan Geddes
Yeah. I'd just say that's other things equal number there. So be careful with that. It remains to be seen what happens with deposits, positive or negative with all of that. So yeah. Well, the number is accurate. It is what it is. It's pretty linear in terms of the arithmetic. What else happens in the balance sheet and around all that remains to be seen. Just always need to say that.
Operator
Ben Gerlinger, Citi.
Ben Gerlinger
I think you guys said you start -- you opened your six branch in Austin. I mean you have probably another dozen more to go. And then '26 is the filling year.
When you think about just kind of growth in expenses, do you think kind of -- I know you're not going to get '26 guidance in '25, but what we should see this year should be kind of replicated a gain on growth and then expenses of '26 -- or is there something that's being pulled forward in the expense phase to get to the high single-digit records?
Dan Geddes
When I'm looking at '25, we're continuing to invest in technology and a lot of it is replacing legacy systems that we'll continue to do '25 and prior to '26. And then also just in terms of compliance, cybersecurity and then the people and our continued expansion.
So I think in terms of -- we've done a lot of the heavy lifting, I would say, in terms of a lot of the people component. And so that pace of growth in terms of us building out that infrastructure, especially in IT. And then you'll see growth relative to our growth and the expansion in terms of people.
But I think we feel good about that we've -- we're compensating people fairly and competitively and our benefits are in line with the market and actually really strong. So it's a great value proposition to have -- and we experienced kind of lower attrition than the industry. So that investment is paying off. But if that gives you enough color for '25, I hope it does.
Ben Gerlinger
Yeah. No, I want to understand, you guys are in growth mode. So it makes sense that you're investing. And then Phil or whoever wants to field the question, when you think about competition in the market, some of the banks that have seen a better pace of growth, whether it be footprint extension or expansion or just a faster growth in general kind of cited people or other banks or frankly, nonbanks, more aggressive in the space.
I was just kind of curious, is it largely just rate that isn't -- or is there something beyond that where the competition is increasing. I know you're not change your box on credit republics, but -- have you seen an increased pace in competition over the past 60 to 90 days?
Phillip Green
I would say the short answer is yeah, we have. And a few things going on. Some is from banks and some are -- is from nonbanks. The banks, I think, really represents from banks that had sort of put their pencils down on, let's say, the commercial real estate side. And for the good deals that you're seeing, you're seeing at least anecdotally, what I've seen on some of the deals we've lost, there's been sort of a drifting back some of these pre-COVID underwriting methodologies, which is kind of basically more money longer term. No guarantees kind of thing and pricing lower.
That's always going to be the case. And that will come in in wages, and then we'll receive a (inaudible). So that's one thing. I think the other thing that's a little bit different over the last thre months from what I've seen, as you've seen more private equity engage in the marketplace, the main place that we've seen that, and actually, it's been kind of a good thing in the short term has been private equity around real estate, commercial real estate bridge financing and mostly seeing that in the multifamily projects.
And the value proposition they typically give is the rate is not all that different, really, a little bit higher. They don't have the same rigorous criteria, at least the ones I've seen on debt service coverage ratios, maybe amortization or interest only. It's really -- it's in there to get that project where it is today to a stabilized situation.
Why don't you get to stabilization, and then you can see an agency lender, maybe a traditional permanent lender come in, that kind of thing. So a lot of options or sale. Cap rates are still really good for the multifamilies.
But that asset class has got well-known headwinds that it's been up against whether it's been higher rates, higher operating costs, more supply, which means slower lease-up and now they've got -- they're actually leasing up, but they're using more free rent. And all those things put pressure on the traditional bank metrics of debt service coverage ratio, et cetera. But if you just get to that stabilization, just get to that breakeven or a little bit higher on the coverage and the cash, man, there are lots of options available.
So that's a positive that we've seen. I think as we've asked ourselves, okay, well, where is this going? What might we be sorry about with the private equity entrance three years from now, it's probably that you're beginning to see them show up on some of the more, what I'll call, traditional construction lending, development lending.
And so there's a lot of money in that industry, and they're looking for things to do, and I think we'll see them more over time. But right now, that's kind of what we've seen competitively and as I said, in the case of the private equity and multifamily, is a good thing for us and for the lenders right now -- and borrowers.
Operator
Peter Winter, D.A. Davidson.
Peter Winter
I wanted to ask about the capital strategies going forward? Obviously, top priority is organic growth, but you did announce a share buyback. I'm just curious how active you plan to be with the buyback? And secondly, if there's any thought of maybe retiring some of the preferred securities as a use of capital?
Phillip Green
I would say right now, our focus is really plain vanilla. Maintain the dividend, keeping that solid. I think we've increased it for 31 years and Jerry Salinas has just retired at the beginning of the year and his parting words were, keep the dividend strong. So he's looking on the call right now and he'd be banging the table.
But -- so it's that -- we want to make sure we've got plenty of room for growth. And as far as other things, like you mentioned, the buyback is totally opportunistic. We utilized about -- what was it, down $50 million.
Dan Geddes
That's right.
Phillip Green
I think we bought in around $100 or so. And so it's been good for shareholders. But frankly, I hope not to have the opportunity to buy low on the company stock, really. And then with regard to the preferred, you just have to look at it and see what the numbers say. I'm -- just to be honest, we haven't really talked about it. But since you asked, we'll look at it. But thanks for the heads up on it.
Peter Winter
And then if we could just go back to expenses. I hear you about the investments that you're making with the branch build-out and the investments in technology. I'm just surprised it's probably a little bit higher than what I was expecting just thinking that it was going to moderate more than what we've seen the last few years, and it's still pretty elevated. I'm just wondering, just outlook with expenses, when we should see it kind of moderate from these type of levels.
Dan Geddes
The way we look at this is that these are investments that are going to set us up on this path of growth that we're on. And so certainly, we're going to look at 2026 as a time when we could see some abatement in that growth. And I had -- I look back and kind of look at our expense growth over the last four years and if I take out the FDIC limit from '21 to '22 as 16% and then 15% and then 10% and then now we're guiding kind of high single digits, so it's trending in the right direction. But -- and we're certainly mindful of expenses.
We're not -- just everything that any new FTE or CapEx over $100,000 still goes by my desk and Phil's for approval. So we're watching expenses where we can, but we're certainly -- there's certainly a risk of not making these investments as well. And so we're well on our way to replacing these legacy systems that if we didn't, we would regret it in the future.
Phillip Green
Peter, we're a pretty conservative group. And -- it kind of makes the hair stand up on the back of your neck when you look at how much money we're spending. I mean, just to be perfectly honest. I mean everything that we look at is there's a lot of accountability with it, and we are certain it's helping us get better. It's helping us grow. It's helping us reduce risk.
And so -- and as someone said earlier, we're in a growth mode, and we are. So -- and we've been building that up, right? So there's been some foundational things that we've done. But Dan and I and the management team spend a lot of time talking about it. We're not happy with this level of expense growth. But I don't think we're doing anything wrong with it.
It's just we'd like to see it moderate some because like I said in my comments, there's time for sowing it and time for reaping it, and we really are looking forward to getting to that point, that reaping point and to do that most effectively, we're going to have to bring those expenses down to a more moderate level.
I don't think that we're going to be in the mode of just cutting expenses or just growing at inflation because we are growing. I mean and I like that, and we want to do that. But as far as where we are right now, I mean our sense is that we're kind of choosing now what we had to do to this point. But we're really looking forward to getting returns on these investments, and we'll do that. Our team and our company will do that.
Dan Geddes
And just looking at where we're in money, we have our investments in technology, it's kind of the digital experience, modernization and transformation. We're looking, as I mentioned, security, fraud and compliance risk management. And then as Phil mentioned, we're just -- we're a growing company. And we're adding more branches, more people and more products with our mortgage product.
Peter Winter
That's perfect. And just to be clear, the expense growth of high single digit is on a GAAP basis for '24. Is that correct?
Dan Geddes
Yes.
Operator
Jon Arfstrom, RBC Capital Markets.
Jon Arfstrom
Question back on loan growth. You got some pretty strong pipeline growth. And I'm just curious what you're thinking on what would bring you in at the lower end of the range, what would take you to the higher end of the range?
Phillip Green
I'm just going to throw out, payoffs in commercial real estate. I mean there are a lot of people looking to utilize some of this private equity bridge financing and some people sell them things if they can't, but I'd say, it's mainly payoffs.
For example, let's take this quarter, I think we moved five multifamily deals to risk grade (inaudible), okay? So that's a problem loan category. But I'm not worried about any of them because most of them, 60% of them are in the process of working with private equity to pay it off.
There are -- they're going to work out, but part of them working out is those balances are going to leave, right? So if we had those five left, that'd probably be -- I'm going to guess around numbers, $150 million. So -- so if we see a lot of that, that could be sort of a onetime push down. That would be my main thing that I could see we're bringing it to little end.
The high end is, you know who knows. I think that the economy has been really picked up and activity has really picked up after the election. And you've eliminated some of that uncertainty that where we -- we think C&I loans go down for, I think, four months in a row, leading up the election. I think they're up every month since.
And so that's just beginning, and we'll see where that takes us. I don't think anybody knows it right now. But I think we do get just more activity and you get -- I hate to use the word animal spirits, but those find their way into people doing projects, and that's a real thing. We can see it maybe be a little higher.
I guess you might see energies grow a little bit there. It's been pretty -- it's grown a little bit in the near term, that always moves around a bit on what our borrowers are doing. But stuff like that, I think it would just see, in general, the water level would go up. That would be it.
Jon Arfstrom
When you guys say mid to high, you're you're saying 5% to 9% basically. And maybe it's safe to be in the middle. I don't want to pin you down, but that's the way I'm thinking about it?
Dan Geddes
That's a good range.
Jon Arfstrom
Okay. And to use full year average or period end, I know we're getting ticky-tacky, but?
Dan Geddes
That's full year average.
Jon Arfstrom
Full year average, okay. And then on noninterest income, you guys had a strong year, and you pulled back the growth rate a little bit. But anything you would call out in the '24 growth rates in the big categories, trust investment management, insurance interchange. Anything you would call out as unsustainable. It just seems like you could do a little better than -- I'm just curious on your guide?
Dan Geddes
I guess one thing I'll point out is Capital Markets had a tremendous year in '24. And so we're not necessarily expecting to duplicate that. We underwrote a lot of bond offerings here in Texas. And so they had a great year. That's one notable.
The other is just a little bit of unknown of interchange and overdraft regulation and when that kicks in. And so we have that baked into our '25 growth as well.
Operator
Ebrahim Poonawala, Bank of America.
Ebrahim Poonawala
Just one follow-up. I heard you on [refreshes] so getting some, I guess, payoff from all these investments -- but just talk about -- you talked about 200 branches this year, 131 in 2019. Based on I'm sure the work you all have done, is that enough? Or is there a point 2 years from now where you could go from 200 to 250? Just would love to hear your thoughts about how much you max the market opportunity with this branch expansion. And is there more to go? And is there a reason why you're not doing that today versus down the road?
Phillip Green
Yeah. Ebrahim, we're going to continue to do it. So you're going to see a regular cadence, I believe, in our identification of and our developing great markets in the state. And the way to think about it is we've talked about it, let's say, in the next two years, we're done with Dallas and we're done with Austin, okay? Well, at that time, that will be -- the Houston 1.0 expansion will be seven or eight years, I guess, to be eight years old, right?
And so if you look at Houston, it has grown a tremendous amount for the last eight years. So there's going to be the opportunity for us to take advantage of where the market's gone. And instead of plugging really big holes within the city like we did with 1.0 and 2.0, we're going to have the opportunity to move into markets where you're growing, for example, it's growing really strongly West. We finally got to Katy and now that we're in a Katy, Texas, everyone's saying, well, how about the communities west of that, for example. You see the same thing in Dallas and other markets.
So I think what we're -- we'll be doing is identifying where are those -- where the -- where we didn't get to take advantage the first time in the expansion in those markets and then also going to where -- where that market is growing.
One of the things that I've asked our team to do over the last year or so is just to be honest, is look where the puck is going. It's -- the state's growing. And I want to have locations that we have warehouse and what we believe will be great markets as they develop and have those in our hip pocket so that we can bring those out and not be -- not take a year or year and a half to scramble and find something in the market that's really starting to take off.
So -- that's why I say I think this is durable and scalable. I think we'll continue to be doing this for a good period of time.
One thing to keep in mind, Ebrahim, and I know you we've been with you on this a long time. You talk about it. But one thing to think about is the longer we do it, the higher and higher percentage of our market locations that are new and that are not so legacy that there's -- there's no development left, no growth in it.
And so if we continue to do, I don't know, let's say, 10, 15 numbers of locations a year, that number will be a smaller and smaller percentage of our current balance sheet. And so I think the -- we'll continue to do it, but I think that the impact of it is going to be relatively less as we continue to grow. And then the really good thing is as we talk about sowing and reaping, I have to give Dan credit for that one, is that -- it's -- we're finally going to get to see -- and our shareholders are finally get season pay off for this. And I think that it's going to be in place for a long time.
Dan Geddes
And the two markets that we're in, Houston and Dallas, in June of this year, we had a 2.5% market share in Houston and just over 1% market share in Dallas. So there's -- just in those two markets, there's plenty of room for us to grow there.
Operator
(Operator Instructions) Peter Winter, D.A. Davidson.
Peter Winter
Sorry about this. Just Dan, can I just clarify the point on the fee income outlook with the overdraft fees. You're assuming that some change to the way overdraft fees are calculated get reduced? And I'm just wondering if that's baked into the guidance and how much of an impact that is?
Dan Geddes
It is baked in there -- towards the back half of the year and then interchange as well. Just -- again, that may or may not happen. But we have it in there.
Phillip Green
We hope it doesn't.
Dan Geddes
Yeah. But yeah, it's -- especially on the overdraft, our overdrafts have been basically growing as we've been growing customers. We've been trying to do what we can to -- I mean, that's not something that is going to make our dreams come through this overdraft fees.
And we offer overdraft grace and other products to help, but you've seen just the consumer kind of spend the excess money that they received during the post-pandemic era. So you've seen that kind of tick up a little bit and go back towards -- closer towards pre-pandemic kind of per customer rates. But if that's changed, then we may not -- that may not be something that we can expect to get the same amount of fee income from.
Peter Winter
Can you quantify like how much you earned in '24 and what type of level you expect in '25?
Dan Geddes
Yeah. So -- and just looking at -- just in terms of what we did in in higher fee income, retail, this is from '23 to '24, it was about a $5.5 million component of that growth that we had. And so we have that basically kind of -- we have that limit in '25. And [interchange], we are reducing about $1 million a month starting in July.
Operator
We have reached the end of our question-and-answer session. I would like to turn the conference back over to Phil for closing remarks.
Phillip Green
Everybody, we thank you for your interest and for participating in this call today. And with that, it will be adjourned. Thank you.
Operator
Thank you. This will conclude today's conference. You may disconnect your lines at this time and thank you for your participation.
