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R. Craig Bealmear

Thank you, Jake. As we move closer to commercialization, this transition reflects a natural evolution from the company's early-stage development into execution. Sam's departure also supports a shift of his role from that of an insider to a potential future commercial partner, removing a possible conflict of interest as we advance potential commercial discussions with OpenAI. Importantly, this change does not affect day-to-day operations.
In conjunction with this transition, Oklo's Chief Executive Officer, Jake DeWitte, has assumed the role of Chairman of the Board, providing continuity and clear leadership as we enter this next phase of growth.
At our last update just seven weeks ago, we discussed the additions of Dan Poneman and Michael Thompson to the Board. After now Secretary of Energy Wright's confirmation and departure from the Board, we are pleased with how we have grown the Board. The experience and expertise in NRC licensing, fuel supply chains, strategic finance, and technology commercialization that Dan and Michael bring to the Board are great additions to our team.
I will now provide a summary of our financials. Oklo's first quarter operating loss was $17.9 million, inclusive of non-cash stock-based compensation expense of $2.3 million. Oklo's loss before income taxes was $14.2 million, which reflects our operating loss adjusted for net interest income of $3.6 million. When adding back non-cash stock-based compensation charges and considering non-cash income tax benefit recorded for the quarter, you get cash used in operating activities of $12.2 million. We believe this puts us on track to deliver on our guided range of $65 million to $80 million for total cash used in operations for full year 2025. At the end of the quarter, cash and marketable securities were $260.7 million.
Lastly, we have filed our proxy statement and will be holding our Annual General Meeting on Wednesday, June 04, 2025.
To close, I'll briefly highlight why we believe Oklo stands out in the advanced nuclear and energy landscape. We are deploying proven fast reactor technology in a compact, scalable form, reducing cost, complexity, and time to market. Our business model is built around long-term power sales, delivering recurring revenue and strong margins. We look to drive superior economics through repeatable deployment of a common design asset that can be further enhanced with recycled fuel to drive capital efficiency and a competitive levelized cost of energy. Our customer pipeline totals over 14 gigawatts and spans sectors like data centers and defense, proof of strong and growing demand. We've developed a streamlined regulatory strategy backed by years of licensing expertise and a repeatable COLA process aligned to our business model. And finally, we're not just building powerhouses, we're building a platform that integrates generation, fuel recycling, and radioisotope production, unlocking multiple high-value markets.
Thank you for joining us today. Operator, we're now ready for questions. Thank you.

Question and Answer Session

Operator

Thank you. The floor is now open for questions. (Operator Instructions)
Ryan Pfingst, B. Riley.

Ryan James Pfingst

Hey, guys. Thanks for taking my questions. Jake, you mentioned the recent reports about additional executive actions expected to support nuclear power. It sounds like these could include the DOD taking on a greater role in ordering reactors and installing them on military bases. Can you talk about the regulatory authority for nuclear power that the DOD has today and your thoughts on the Department's ability to potentially accelerate reactor deployments whether through programs like the ANPI or otherwise?

Jacob DeWitte

Yeah. Thanks for the question, Ryan. I mean, I think, DOD does have authority to regulate nuclear plants on sort of for their use cases and for different opportunities around that. So, we see some interesting angles there. There's been kind of a mixed approach taken in the department, and I think what we've heard about some interest is looking at ways to make sure that they are not going to be held up or held back at all by any kind of -- from their needs sets, from any kind of regulatory permitting issues that could happen outside of sort of their control. Obviously, they have the ability to control it all. So, I think there's some appetite and some potential interest in doing that.
That said, their active infrastructure and their capabilities that hasn't been exercised a ton for these kinds of use cases in a while to put it somewhat, I guess, simplistically. So, I think there's some significant opportunities for them to step up and perhaps provide sort of an alternate pathway for some of those use cases, which is I think pretty exciting.
Additionally, I think it creates a pretty good dynamic to look at efficiencies where if you are [siting] (ph) these at military installations or other government installations, if you see the broad activities across the government today just trying to find ways to streamline and make the regulatory processes much more efficient and modern and quick and timely, I think you see opportunity for how these activities, these potential activities around sort of expanding DOD roles here could be done.
But DOD does have that capability set. They do have that authority. And so, I think it's a matter of looking at how they can sort of best use it to sort of push and accelerate these things.

Ryan James Pfingst

Great. Appreciate that, Jake. And then, the fuel slide was a helpful reminder of the actions you're taking on that front. Can you give us an update on other parts of the supply chain and your confidence in commencing a fairly near-term construction effort?

Jacob DeWitte

Yeah. I mean, this is a feature set for -- we've designed two supply chain capabilities and information heavily since the beginning. There's a lot of ways you can design a reactor, a lot of different materials, fuel types, coolants, all sorts of things you can do. Some of which obviously are technologies need a lot more R&D and development before they're ready to go. Some others just need a lot more supply chain development before you can procure the various parts needed in them. In our case, we've designed heavily to leverage what's out there as much as we possibly can.
Fuel is obviously the big watch point because that's kind of the biggest, I would say, sort of challenge and opportunity, if you will, that we see. But everything else, we try to leverage existing supply chains from in and also outside of nuclear as much as we can. And that's a real feature to sodium technologies, right? You can use common stainless materials. You can source those from many other industries, from the process side of things. When you look at, like, the steam generation side, that's partly why we partnered up with Siemens, to help drive that last year and kind of accelerate that for them to be able to deliver. And they do that very well, obviously.
So, generally speaking, this is a thing that we're going to be sort of pushing forward as we try to accelerate what we can do to actually break ground and start building as quickly as we can. And I think that's something that we see on the supply chain side. Most of the limitations are really centered around fuel, and the other long lead items are looking at 18-month kind of windows. And our ability to then also bring in sort of the order book and backlog that we have behind it helps us sort of be able to actually scale more of that as well. So, when we talk to suppliers, it's not just about one, it's about more, and that kind of motivates the right kind of partnerships, if that makes sense.
So that's how we're looking at this and thinking of it. But this avoids some of the challenges you see in the light water space where you need large pressure vessels or forgings that way. Obviously, there's some capacity for that, but there's a lot less of that. So, work done there needs to be done to sort of show that to get in front of that bottleneck and that constraint, given there's only a few places in the Western world that we'll be able to source that from, we as a -- not Oklo, we as America frankly. And so, for us, at Oklo, being able to not require those needs helps us actually diversify away from that, which is super, super helpful.
Similarly, on the turbine set, actually something that's a little bit underappreciated. You think about nuclear steam turbine systems, most of those are gigawatt scale systems for light water -- well, most -- all of those are hundreds of megawatts to gigawatt scale systems for light water reactors. And light water reactors operate at a relatively low steam temperature set compared to other power generation technologies. And as a result, like scaling that turbine down to sort of small reactors and smaller for water cooled conditions, not technically challenging, but requires some reasonable non-recurring engineering and sort of tooling costs to set up the infrastructure to actually make those. Whereas our systems operate at those temperature ranges and pressure ranges that look a lot more similar to where a lot of fossil fire plants operate. And that's kind of another feature about non light water systems is you tap directly into some of those supply chains, which is super helpful.
And just to kind of, like, emphasize the recent news of what the NRC did with their power is just an extraordinarily important validation of that model that applies also to us, right? Similar technology set shows that you can decouple the steam system, the power side from the reactor side, that opens up so much more flexibility in terms of how you can source, procure, and construct and install.

Ryan James Pfingst

Great. Appreciate all that detail. I'll turn it back.

Operator

Sherif Elmaghrabi, BTIG.

Sherif Elmaghrabi

(inaudible) the fuel MOU with Centrus, can you tell us when you might start taking delivery of that fuel? And is there a date by which you need to firm up that agreement?

Jacob DeWitte

Yeah. I think just to clarify, right, the first fuel we're getting for our first plant, that was awarded to us through a competitive process by Idaho National Laboratory and the Department of Energy. So that material is all from there. That's for our first plant. Everything with, like, commercial procurement happens for our second and beyond plans, and that's where we're looking at obviously working with Centrus and others.
What we see is we're in the process of kind of figuring out the right structures to supply for what we need and kind of the growth and scale. So, I think the idea is, as we look at partnering with different folks on the enrichment side, it's really working to sort of what's the sort of right ramp rates for them and for us given the customer offtakes and how customers might be engaging or not engaging on this is something that we're kind of watching as this develops, and we're helping develop and shape as we speak [life time].
So, we want to start receiving that fuel as soon as reasonably possible, but some of those pieces are going to be the things that we want to put in place to make sure we set the stage for kind of a long-term growth curve up and out. When you look at what our fuel needs are, they're pretty exciting and pretty heavy. But that's great for this enrichers on the supply side, but just structuring the right kind of early deals and then also coupling that with some of these customer bases where we have started customer partnerships where their ability is to sort of come in and help actually potentially, right, support some of the fuel offtake, that's how we're kind of looking at shaping some things right now. A lot of that's still developing, but generally speaking, that's how we're structured on that sense.
But it's super, super helpful and important, right? We have fuel. It's actually at Idaho. It's being we're setting up the fuel fabrication capabilities to actually be able to take that fuel and fabricate, put that in our first plant. But that material has all been -- it's all out there. It's all been produced from government reserves and inventories. And that's kind of another key watch point for us is some of the actions that are potentially coming from the government. Ideally, there's a lot that moves forward on the fuel side, and we're really well positioned to be able to benefit from a lot of that beyond just what we already have.

Sherif Elmaghrabi

Got it. That's helpful. And sticking with those, I guess, second and later plants, when we talk about the timeline for subsequent COLAs, I think in the past, you said six to 18 months, would that apply to reactors in different sizes, let's say, customer wants to do 75 megawatt design, or is the timeline the same as the first custom COLA that we're doing about to do?

Jacob DeWitte

Yeah. So, they'll be for the same general plant. What we see is -- the timing is going to depend a little bit, but, I mean, I think it'll be a staggered parallel fashion with the INL plant. The INL plant is a full commercial plant, right? We're building it on a national lab site because there's a lot of benefits of doing it, but it's a full commercial plant. And then, there'll be all these things that happen after that with respect to follow-on plants and follow-on sites that we're excited about how those are progressing and developing.
That said, like, I think the timing of those is sort of we see a couple major sites that we've obviously talked about, and we see the different customers that we've announced. And there's the very dynamic market in that sense. So, what we expect is that there'll be some COLA activity that we anticipate submitting additional applications in parallel to all the first ones under review that will see some acceleration benefits, but then the real benefits will really happen on the acceleration of the COLAs after that.
We're doing a lot of, like, kind of cutting-edge, leading-edge work with the NRC on doing some of the subsequent licensing at high volume, kind of high rates of deployment. They've been developing activity -- I'm sorry, capabilities and plan [that aligns with] (ph) sort of action around how they're going to review those things going forward. So that we're going to be one of the initial movers and one of the early kind of beneficiaries of those approaches, which is pretty exciting for what that looks like. But kind of that's how we see these things kind of playing out from there. But I think it's entirely likely that by sort of a year from now, we have additional COLAs under review on top of the INL one.

Sherif Elmaghrabi

Got it. Thanks, Jacob. I'll turn it over.

Operator

Vikram Bagri, Citi.

Hi, it's Ted on for Vik. Thanks for taking the questions. I wanted to ask about the funding needs for the business, just given the larger reactor size that was mentioned last quarter, the growth needed for Atomic Alchemy, potential costs from tariffs, and then also potentially higher HALEU prices than the initial plan. Just wondering whether given all those factors, additional capital will be needed. And if so, when we could expect roughly that might be raised?

R. Craig Bealmear

Jake, I can take --

Jacob DeWitte

I'll just start with -- I'll just start really quickly. I think, again, an important point is on the fuel, right? We have the fuel allocated and awarded to us. So that helps a lot with the first plant. And then, as we've looked at things, I'll turn it over to Craig here, but I think that's a big help with respect to how you sort of manage some of the HALEU pricing. But with that, I'll turn it over to Craig for kind of the dynamics on that.

R. Craig Bealmear

Yeah. And just to reemphasize the point the balance sheet got adequate capital on it for the deployment of INL. Now, it was almost two years ago since we announced the leaseback in a year since we closed. And since that time HALEU prices have gone up, as you mentioned, Ted. We've also dramatically grown the order book, and we've now got customers wanting a much higher size powerhouse offering that is more capital efficient, but it is going to cost more capital per unit. And then, we're two years on from the dispatch, which means we're two years on towards [indiscernible] to bring recycling forward.
So, we'll want to be positioned such that capital does not become a constraint as we look to progress those growth plans. And we'll make sure that if there is a need to raise capital, we'll do that when the time and circumstances are right so that we can do it in a strategic manner, not a reactive manner.

Got it. Thank you. And I had just one follow-up. On the VIPR facility that was mentioned, could you just elaborate on what the NRC process looks like for that? So, it looks like there'll be a construction permit submitted this year. How does that process differ from the process for the Aurora powerhouse? And then, also just in terms of intensity required with the NRC? And are there any additional costs for that over and above what's provided in the guidance?

Jacob DeWitte

Yeah. I think, I mean, the licensing process in progress is really centered around a Part 50 license application, which is a bit different. This is a non -- this sounds funny. This is a non-electric power producing reactor. So, it benefits from a different regulatory approach that looks a lot more similar to what university and research reactors look like. So, good news there is there's some benefits that happen from that from an efficiency side, but it is inherently built to a two-step process where you get a construction license and then an operating license.
However, given kind of the nature of the review of those systems and that we expect that the construction permit review will happen at first. You'll build significant amounts of the plant and you'll apply for the operating license thereafter. This is similar to the process taken by Kairos, which received their construction permit, and then a couple other active groups that are doing work in the space on that.
So that's what the application, like, review process looks like. Again, that's quite different than a Part 52, which is for power reactors, so electric power producing reactors, and doesn't have the repeatability functionality built into it because typically these kind of test reactors or these non-power producing reactors are built around kind of that not needing that repeatability.
So, what's kind of neat about it from the Oklo side is we're going to have a lot of experience and expertise around both those processes, and there's some efficiencies that we're looking at seeing as possible benefits to inform sort of future activities around either continued sort of regulatory modernization efforts, as well as potential legislative efforts around applying some of the best practices between the two to each other. And we'll obviously be kind of at the center of that experience set, which is kind of neat actually, but that's how we see those things going.
Generally speaking, there's it's considerable -- it's considered to be a simpler, more straightforward process to get a non-power license, right, than a power reactor license just given the relevant hazards around a non -- a low power reactor operating in that kind of environment. So, typically speaking, the regulatory process kind of reflects that.

Got it. Thank you.

Operator

Eric Stine, Craig-Hallum

Eric Stine

Hi, Jake. Hi, Craig. Hello?

Jacob DeWitte

Hey. How's it going?

R. Craig Bealmear

Hey, Eric.

Eric Stine

Good. I'm glad. I wasn't sure what was going on there.
Hey. So, just curious I know you've done the readiness assessment. You've had quite a bit of interaction with the NRC, but also know the NRC is known for that being a pretty onerous process on the licensing side. So, as you get closer to submitting the COLA, I mean, is your confidence higher, or what has maybe changed in your view, if at all, as to your prospects to move, as you said, into a commercial facility and not having to go through kind of the typical demonstration plant that might have to operate for three, four, five years?

Jacob DeWitte

Yeah. I mean, I think, generally speaking, so just to be clear, this is a full commercial plant, right? Like, this is a full commercial plant that will operate commercially, produce full power, do all of that. Obviously, it's the first plant, so there's some learnings you both design for and engineer around to be able to accommodate and be able to iterate through. But this is not kind of like a, "Oh, build it, see how it works." No. We're building off of technology that's done that already, right? There's been two noticeable -- notable examples on top of 20-plus reactors from before that around the world built around sodium fast reactor technology showing what works and what doesn't work. And the successes at EBR-II and FFTF are very significant sort of enablers for us to actually be able to take those technologies forward, apply those, right, take those lessons learned, apply them, and basically replicate what was done in many ways because they were so successful. So that's really important, right?
I think sometimes the facts and the realities of sort of the history around non-light water reactor technology development is often very underappreciated even in the nuclear industry. And a lot of that's just because a lot of that pioneering work happened between the '60s, '70s, '80s, and '90s, pre-digitization. Actually, I think there's a big part of the story to this, which is a lot of those lessons learned, a lot of the records, all that stuff were written in paper, and put in books, put in binders, put in reports that were literally printed and filed on shelves, like literally. I used to say left on the shelves of history, literally because they were. And that as a result had meant that like accessing all of the wonderful nuggets of information that had been out there about these things, well, it wasn't exactly easy to do unless maybe you're an academia or in the research and development communities, which Caroline and I were. So, we had the benefits of having a lot of the opportunity to see a lot of the amazing things about this technology set and how mature it really was, something that again is vastly underappreciated by and large. And so, that's a fantastic spot to be.
Now, one of the things we leaned into very early in the company's history was even starting with our first regulatory interactions, including getting the Department of Energy to help with this and the national labs to help with this -- working with the NRC back in 2016, was actually getting that old information, digitizing it, modernizing it, being able to use it in the regulatory space. And that we set off a bunch of activity and work in 2016 that really is continuing through today that pays significant dividends, right?
So that kind of dovetails into your question of, yeah, I mean, generally speaking, as we've seen our engagement with the NRC, we've had 600-plus meetings with them. I mean, we have a huge amount of interactions in history leading up to submitting an application, and being in a position that we feel pretty happy about.
So, obviously, we're doing a readiness assessment to make sure that we understand where there might be gaps so that we can work to address those. We've seen that had a lot of success with what TerraPower did. They also did a readiness assessment before they submitted their construction permit and -- or the construction permit application and they've seen that their review has been moving pretty well on pace. I think it's slightly ahead of schedule even. So, that's fantastic. We expect there to be some similar benefits for us. Obviously, each case is a little bit different, but generally speaking, that's why we've been at this for so long. Of all the non-light water companies active today with the NRC, we've had the longest engagement, right, dating back to 2016. And that's a very important thing for us for having sort of that history and that maturity and that kind of credibility and capability accordingly with the regulator.
I think the thing that's important is also how we take an approach isn't just about whether or not you get the license, but doing so efficiently and effectively. And I think that's that next level of depth and nuance that I think people are starting to fully understand the importance of, which is not just getting a license. That, I would say is something that's quite doable. It's also doing it efficiently and effectively, so it's scalable. And that's where we spend a lot of time trying to optimize for that.
Back in 2019 -- or 2018, when we first piloted an application with the NRC, they said they could review something like that. They thought that that made a lot of sense that we proposed all these novel things. Something they then built a novel review plan based heavily on -- based on doing things, I mean, heavily in-person in 2019. Obviously, when we submit an application for all this in-person review dynamics in 2020, that didn't work out so great given that the pandemic blew a lot of that stuff out. We couldn't have those in-person meetings and dynamics. We had to obviously change course and that became somewhat challenging. But since '22, when we started re-engaging with them in-person and pre-application on this, we've been able to kind of structure around addressing some of these open items and some of these items that we've tried to push the NRC to be forward leaning on. Frankly, we found that there's been a lot of things that they've been pretty receptive to.
Still a lot of work. It's not a like, hey, this is going to be a walk in the park. It's a lot of work. There's still a lot of existing inefficiencies, frankly, in the regulatory process, but we couldn't ask for a better setup right now amidst the drive and demand on the AI side, as well as bipartisan level of support coupled with a very -- an administration that's very focused on driving regulatory efficiency throughout the entire ecosystem. So, all in all, it creates a pretty favorable dynamic, I think, for where we sit and how we're seeing this come together.
So, I guess, I would say like the pre-application engagement is a way to -- that we've done continually more or less since 2016 and sort of re-upped in '22, if you will, into what we're doing now, like, has been quite, I think, constructive to preparing both parties to be ready for an application. I think some of the feedback we've had from the NRC has largely been around, "Okay, we're really getting ready for you guys to have an application now. We've done all this work, but I think we're getting ready for it."
So, we see that. We expect to see how that plays out with the Phase 1 readiness, and then we'll kind of move that to the next steps of the review, hopefully, with some of those efficiencies gained. That doesn't take care of all the bumps and problems. There's still going to be things that come up, of course, but at the end of the day, it gives us a great shot on a lot of those angles.
Yeah.

Eric Stine

Yeah, no, it's a great color. Thank you. And then just for my follow up, I mean, should we still think about timing of the actual cola submission to be, I think in in the past you'd said kind of coincide with the advanced act and in the October time frame.

Jacob DeWitte

Yeah, that's how we're looking at it. I will say that with all the pending activity around like executive orders and all these other things, there's, I would call it, good uncertainty, because it could motivate some reasons that things might move somewhat faster. But at the end of the day, like, that's how we're seeing kind of the timing evolve here. So, we expect to transition out of the readiness assessment with the feedback we get from that to be able to support us submitting for actually a Phase 1 application in a few months after kind of the feedback from that. And then that would position us to then do readiness on the Phase 2 part. And then, also with the feedback from that position us to be able to submit that sort of in the Q4 timeframe is what we're expecting.

Eric Stine

Okay, excellent. Thanks a lot.

Jacob DeWitte

And that would mean full applications then at that point, yeah.

Operator

Jeffrey Campbell, Seaport Research Partners.

Jeffrey Leon Campbell

Good evening, Jake, on Slides 9 --

Jacob DeWitte

Hey, Jeff.

Jeffrey Leon Campbell

Hey. On Slides 9 and 11, the fuel recycling and the feedstock preparing the submission to the licensing project plan for the Oklo Fuel Foundry, I like that name. Can you add some color on how this licensing effort might be different than that for Aurora? What the primary hurdles might be? And what the timing might be like?

Jacob DeWitte

Yeah, it's a good question. We've been engaged at the NRC on the pre-application activities to submit for large-scale fuel fabrication work that is outside, right? Just to kind of recap, we have fuel from the INL and the Department of Energy for fuel for our first plant. We'll fabricate that fuel at the Idaho National Laboratory. We're building a pilot fabrication facility there. By that I mean we're installing the equipment and existing building. But then, as we grow and we look at sort of this backlog that we've been accumulating, we're working to set up a full-scale fuel fabrication facility on a -- not full-scale, but I call it large commercial scale to help us kind of start to meet that demand set.
That follows a different regulatory path than the typical like Part 50, Part 52, because it's just materials handling, it's not reactors. And so, it depends a little bit on the specifics of the site and the infrastructure that we're taking advantage of, but that's something where as we've been engaging with them, you can expect a full sort of application review to be done potentially in the 24- to 30-month time period, possibly as long as 36. It depends on how much infrastructure you need to install.
Given the nature of kind of the regulatory environment today, there's some benefits that those timelines might be reduced. I do think there's a general view that this should definitely be done faster than reactors. So, everything that moves those timelines is probably going to help with this. So, that's kind of how we're seeing that progress. But we're going through evaluating different site opportunities accordingly for that. And as those things continue to progress, we'll have good updates for the market and for investors as those come together. But generally speaking, that's how we expect that to go to sort of unlock our ability to scale into the very exciting numbers and customer bases we have.

Jeffrey Leon Campbell

Right. And that's very helpful. And the point about being faster than a reactor license certainly makes sense.
And my follow up is, is this essentially somewhat similar to the way you've talked about your COLA licenses and having multiple applications, even as you're waiting for INL? Is this already an effort to create a blueprint for potential fuel founders in a variety of locations? And in other words, already thinking about scalability in the fuel foundry in the same way that you're thinking about (inaudible)?

Jacob DeWitte

Yeah, it's a great question. It's definitely something we think about here. We aren't baking in necessarily the same scalability, but the lessons learned to apply forward will be helpful. The reason I say that is because, like, we kind of expect this facility to be pretty large to meet a lot of our need sets for a while. And then, beyond that, well, we kind of are looking at how this can be built and done in different places potentially as needed. But generally speaking, like, this is all happening, which is like -- that's a really silly thing to say. This is all kind of progressing in a way to expect to build one, but understand that there might be like scalability for beyond that.
So, it's kind of a weird non-answer, but we're saying, yes, there's ability to have a scalability from it, but the infrastructure of the regulations themselves, the actual structure doesn't really allow for that same translatability for repeatability the way the reactors do, because it's not anticipated you'd build many of these. But there's going to definitely be lessons learned and there's things we're trying to do to allow for that where it makes sense to do. But generally speaking, that's kind of a thing that we'll keep watching as we kind of think through and get into the actual licensing process here.
But if -- as we think about the opportunity space for the business, it does make sense to think about having multiple locations most likely. But kind of not do all those at once, obviously, but that's stuff that kind of lags by probably by five to 10-year increments as we think about the long-scale growth and potential here.

R. Craig Bealmear

And Jake, I think the other trade-off is size of the facility and the scale economies you may get on one end, but logistics of having -- the difference between having one plant and -- one foundry in one location versus multiple locations, and what it could do around logistics.

Operator

Sameer Joshi, H.C. Wainwright.

Sameer Joshi

Hey, good afternoon Jake, Craig. Thanks for taking my questions. First, congrats on all the progress. My question is about the borehole drilling campaign that you just announced this morning. Does this -- I think the press release says that it will inform your detailed engineering design. I'm assuming this engineering design pertains to the building and building stability as against the balance of plant, like the steam generators and the power conversion system that may need any modifications. Will you confirm that?

Jacob DeWitte

Yeah, the way I understood that was really if we expect to see like what the data does or sort of the insights from the site characterization due to impact sort of the detailed design. Yeah, I mean, generally speaking it's really just to make sure that the site characteristics and where we're exactly going to be building, like we just engineer all the right like structural mechanical pieces in the right ways to support that, that are kind of bounded by how we take that sort of bounded kind of standardized approach as is. That's really how we kind of angle to incorporate that feedback. But it's important to have that information to support then also in the regulatory process, which is kind of why we do it, if that makes sense.

Sameer Joshi

Yeah. No, understood. And then, the second question I have is, and maybe this has been discussed in the past, but just I want to make sure I understand. Now that you are in the Phase 1 -- or initiated the Phase 1 of the pre-application readiness assessment, has this phase also included the specific size of the reactor in terms of whether it is 50 megawatts or 75 megawatts, or will this be needed to be included in Phase 2 or the next stage? Just wanted to understand that. Mainly in context of one of the previous questioners who asked if the subsequent COLAs can be of different sizes. So, just wanted to understand the Phase 1, Phase 2, and when you have to specify what the COLA is for, whether it is for 75 or 50 megawatt.

Jacob DeWitte

Yeah. So, most every -- so pretty much everything we're really doing is at a 75 megawatt size range. That kind of is the generalized design. And then, if we flex down from that, it's just because there's a customer need or specific need to do so, which would then, generally speaking, bound against largely speaking the same analysis and everything else that we do to support the 75. So, really just think of it as a kind of a consolidated single platform that we build off of from the licensing side.
Each site, then, if it does change a little bit, it's going to -- obviously each site has to get its own license, but the benefits of sort of the repeatability and scalability because of that approach should hold pretty heavily. Obviously, if we make significant departures by introducing major design changes, that changes some of that, but that's not exactly like in terms of the near-term deployment, that's not what we're intending or planning to do. And that's part of why we made that decision to kind of just centralize and focus around the size range.
What that means then is if a customer wants it to be a 60 megawatt variant, then it's the same plant that we're building. We're just basically, as we use the term kind of underrating it and running it at a lower power level and then maybe low then have the ability to potentially increase that power level with more fuel going forward. So that's really how we're trying to approach that.
With the Idaho plant, specifically, like that's the same approach we're taking. However, we have a fuel constraint, right? We've been awarded fuel and to sort of best use that fuel, we would be running that plant at less than 75 megawatts, but we're also pursuing options to perhaps get more fuel to run that up at a higher power level. That just depends a little bit on sort of how kind of some of these activities are going to play out with respect to the fuel supplies, especially given the fact that there's another 5 tons of that material that we requested that's available potentially. So, like, some of that material we could use to help us run all the way for a full cycle at the full power level, but that's kind of how we're approaching this right now. But yeah, everything really centralizes around kind of that 75 megawatt level.

Sameer Joshi

Understood. May I squeeze in one more for the Oklo Fuel Foundry? Will this facility be also able to handle recycled fuel for the fabrication facility?

Jacob DeWitte

It's an interesting question. So, what we're talking about with the fuel foundry piece here is specific to fresh fuel fabrication. However, next to, like -- not next to physically, but in terms of in addition to that, we've been ongoing on the regulatory front for, I think, dating back to at this point, 2021 and pre-application preparing for the fuel recycling facility, that fuel recycling facility would also include -- that would include the actual recycling, as well as the fuel fabrication facility for recycled fuel.
The fuel foundry we talked about here, that's really specific to fresh fuel. The same techniques and approaches in terms of facility design and process design, generally speaking, will be used to handle recycled fuel. It's still metal, it's still casting based, but it has to be done obviously in a different environment given the nature of the recycled material it's casting. In other words, the transuranic bearing kind of feedstock that we're fabricating the fuel out of. So that's a really important thing here, right?
The recycling means you don't need HALEU. You're not using HALEU. You're instead using the transuranics and the uranium from recycling itself. And as a result, the material is more radioactive. It's also thermally hotter. So, you need to fabricate that in a different way or in a different kind of set of constraints, but it sets a really good stage for how we can like apply some of the technologies for it.
So, to answer your question, the activities going on the regulatory side for recycling are different than the fuel foundry side, but of course, there's some relations.

Sameer Joshi

Got it. Thanks for that color. Have a good one.

Operator

Craig Shere, Tuohy Brothers.

Craig Shere

Good afternoon. Thanks for fitting me in. So, let me jump on that same line of questioning. So, what exactly is the CapEx delta between a commercial scale fuel foundry versus recycling facility? And while the licensing for fuel may be quicker than for the plants, the Aurora powerhouses, how long are we talking about constructing a foundry or recycling facility or constructing?

Jacob DeWitte

Yeah, just a couple of things. So, basically you've got -- if you think about this, right, you have basically two major centers for fuel for Oklo plants going forward. You have one center which is around fresh HALEU. We procure that material and then we fabricate it in our fuel foundries to make fuel to go into our reactors. Then, you'll also have the recycling side that comes in and we'll start to be able to recycle fuel from existing plants that are producing power today as well as Oklo plants, as well as other advanced reactors actually. We can take all that material and recycle it, produce a new feedstock, we can make fuel out of that actual recycling facility and then have that material go fuel some Oklo plants as well.
So, generally speaking, like we see those, like, the fuel foundry will most likely come into existence in terms of being operational before the recycling facility, just given the nature of kind of licensing and the technology development and everything else needed for that. And then, from there, we kind of see that staged approach of you get the fuel foundry going, fabricating fuel for our plants, you get recycling, it comes in later, produces fuel. All the benefits kind of play forward in those areas.
But generally speaking -- and I'm not saying they're staggered on purpose, it's just kind of the nature of sort of how we think about the infrastructure build out and the planning on that. So, a lot of exciting stuff coming, but generally speaking, it sets the foundation for like things that then allow us to kind of grow and scale.
Now, important thing to come from this too. Fuel fabrication is great, allows us to make fuel. Also opens the door for us to look at potential partnerships with others, to make fuel with or for others. Additionally, on recycling, similar kind of thing. So, good nice opportunities to touch in and tie into different pieces there, which is pretty important. If you have a licensed facility to actually fabricate fuel, of which currently in the United States, there's really like -- there's just not -- it's pretty significantly under supplies for advanced reactors. There's just not that much out there. A big opportunity obviously for us to be able to have that facility and perhaps support some other activity that others are doing in addition to what we're doing.
So, some cool things all kind of come together on that. And one illusion just points you between both obviously stuff we did earlier in the year, but a couple months ago we obviously announced a partnership with Lightbridge, just kind of an example of how these things kind of can tie together now with the infrastructure facility work we're doing. But generally speaking kind of the focus we have is, okay, we know we're going to -- like, those things support us for after what we have going on right now with Idaho, with the pilot fuel fabrication facility we have there as well as with the first plant we're building there. So that's kind of how we think about sort of the staging and order of operations.
Craig, I'm not sure if you want to add anything specific to the commentary around kind of the incremental CapEx, but that's kind of how we're thinking of the phasing and the structure of this.

R. Craig Bealmear

Well, I'd say, Jake, there will be incredible CapEx there, but really, we'll have more to say as we've kind of completed some of this appraised work on both the foundry and the recycling. And so, I think it'd be too early at this point for us to talk about what that could look like.

Craig Shere

That's fair. Could we just presume that the recycling takes more capital and longer to construct versus just the foundry?

Jacob DeWitte

The recycling facility?

Craig Shere

Yes.

Jacob DeWitte

Yeah. I mean, generally speaking, because you're putting in fuel fabrication as well, yeah, it's going to be -- it's going to take longer to build and take more capital, generally speaking, than the fuel foundry will, is how we think about it. Now, the thing with the recycling, though, is you also open up all these massive opportunities for additional potential revenues, right, from additional radioisotope co-product sales, additional uranium sales, additional actual true-bearing fuel feed sales. So, there's a lot of things that kind of come from that too. So, it kind of diversifies that piece, which is something that we're particularly excited about, not to mention the massive savings it gives us compared to fresh fuel, which is pretty huge. But yeah, we expect that to be something that takes longer and will cost more than the fresh fuel foundry.

Craig Shere

Great. And my last one, you touched on this a bit in Sherif's questioning, but it kind of feels like the foreshadow new executive orders and Department of Defense involvement to grease the rails on U.S. nuclear could by far be the most meaningful on the fuel side, not government property and other things. Would you agree with that? And if so, what tangible perspective federal steps would you want to see on that front?

Jacob DeWitte

Yeah, I'll kind of -- I'll give you a long-winded answer to this. But I think it's -- there's a huge amount of like, I'll call it, greenfield opportunity right now in terms of the policy landscape and in terms of the appetite to use, I'll call it, the national resources and assets we have as a country with respect to deployment between significant federal land, like at the Department of Energy, requesting information about how they might be able to support building data centers at existing DOE sites. That could also tie over potentially to benefits of them being able to actually be the regulator on some of those sites potentially. I mean, some of this depends on a lot of moving parts, but that could provide a significant accelerated benefit. At the very least, it provides an interesting competitive alternative dynamic to the NRC, which I think is good, right? Competitive dynamics are kind of good for everybody. So, it's pretty cool.
And just for us, one benefit we have, right, like we kind of -- we often have -- we haven't actually talked about this as much as maybe there's some interesting opportunities to do so, but the Department of Energy was going through the process of designing and building out and therefore included their having to prove they're having to go through a regulatory process of their internal regulatory authority and authorization of the sodium-cooled fast reactor for neutron radiation testing purposes.
A lot of the work that they did in that process and for that project, the safety evaluations and all those pieces have significant carryover and benefit to us. And as a result, we've seen some of that actually place forward some benefits on the NRC side, because I think generally speaking, it's safe to say that regulators in general, like -- well, I think all of us, it's not just them. It's all nice when you can build off of work that others have done as well, and you don't have to do it all kind of from scratch yourself. So, if that's the case, then as we've seen there, there's some benefits.
So, if some of that activity and some of these potential ideas that we've heard kind of circle around and we know there's been appetite in Capitol Hill from conversations and also in different NGOs and think tanks and activities around how to best leverage the regulatory authorities that the Department of Defense, the Department of Energy and the NRC have kind of in a cooperative but also maybe somewhat competitive dynamic, that's pretty favorable.
If you think about what we're doing too, at Idaho, we have a great head start on some of these activities given we have a site use permit. We're deep in the process of deploying and developing there. It's also there's an opportunity to perhaps bring in folks like hyperscale partners to there and maybe build more plants there and then have some benefits because we're doing that, whether it be the Department of Energy as a regulating body or some piece like that. Like there's some significant benefits that can kind of come from all those pieces together.
Another side of this, look at the work we're doing out that we've -- we announced some time ago, but part of our partnership with Centrus was looking at building two plants, right, to build two plants in Ohio to help support sort of what they're doing. And that has some carry over from Department of Energy, environment management, kind of legacy land that they've been turning over for development.
So, a lot of cool opportunities between the different things we've been doing on the DOE and DOD sites. Obviously, our selection and the DIU process is part of the ANPI program. It is also helpful for unlocking some opportunities to provide power direct there, given that AI and energy are considered pretty important things for the national security perspective. There's also opportunities to do stuff at defense land that could be constructive here as well.
So, I'm kind of giving you this wraparound answer to say, right now there's a lot of the art of the possible on the table that could be really, really attractive and pretty exciting in an accelerative manner. But we'll see, like all this stuff is actively evolving and it's going to be iterative and dynamic, I think over the next couple of years, frankly, but especially over the next couple of months. So, we're excited to see what might be there and what might happen with this. And we're trying to kind of thread the needle and push where things make the most sense to sort of accelerate getting plants built and scaling accordingly and bringing the right resources to the table, but that would be pretty constructive and helpful.
And then, I think another dynamic that ties to that, we talked -- I just talked a lot about siting and regulatory side, but the government also owns a lot of material that could be used as fuel. And ideally, there's some opportunities to sort of accelerate that and build off of what they've already done with us, what they just did in the next round of those things for other companies building kind of small-scale test plants. We're excited about hopefully these things continuing to scale and ramp up for more opportunities there as well.

Operator

Thank you. I'd now like to pass the call back over to Sam Doane for a question from Oklo's retail investors. Please go ahead.

Sam Doane

Thank you. Yeah, we had one question come through. The question is, can you elaborate on the current stage of your discussions or agreements with data center operators or hyperscale customers? And how these conversations are shaping Oklo's deployment timeline and reactor siding strategy?

R. Craig Bealmear

Yes, I can take that one. So, as we said at our last call that we continue to have active discussions with all of our customers, especially those in the data center space. We are exchanging term sheets, and we're talking about commercial terms. And I think it's really about how do we optimize what we do commercially around, as I hold it three factors, there's power purchase pricing itself, but there's also trying to structure deals with customers that could include some form of investment in Oklo, either kind of a prepayment like what Equinix did, or potentially some sort of like asset level investment, and also just trying to work with customers that can help us share and manage risk better.
In addition to one of our new hires that Jake talked about earlier, Patrick, we've also had Mike Donohue join Oklo as the person leading our business development activities focused specifically on our data center solution customers. And I think -- and Mike has been with the company a couple of months, and I think he's kind of reinforced that think about this strategically and do it in a thoughtful manner approach that we've been taking.
Now, Jake did talk earlier about the ability for us to file and have more permits on file as the first permit for Idaho site is being reviewed. One thing we do need to have in order to file a permit is to kind of know which -- where we would be locating that site beyond Idaho. So that does kind of become an important step in terms of our contracting strategy, linking into our permitting strategy. But we're making a lot of progress. And I think it's fair to say that our business development team is one of the busier teams in Oklo.

Operator

Thank you. That concludes our Q&A session. I'll now turn the conference back over to CEO Jake DeWitte for closing remarks.

Jacob DeWitte

Great. Thank you all, and thank you for the time as always.
I think it's only been about seven weeks since the last call. A lot of different things kind of transpiring in the broader sort of macro environment. And since then, and what we see though is kind of a consistent steady drumbeat on the AI kind of theme around energy need and sort of on the hyperscalers coming to the table and seeing a massive set of opportunities for growth for compute, but massively constrained by power.
At a congressional testimony just a few days ago, I guess last week, our former Chairman Sam Altman made it pretty clear that energy is probably one of the best things, and most important things the government can invest in. And I think -- and just generally speaking, be invested into. And so, pretty exciting opportunity space to see all of those come together, and couple that with a broad policy backdrop and an administration that has a heavy focus on driving infrastructure development, growth, investment, and driving the regulatory process to be conducive to that. Also it's a stage for, I think, a lot of things to actually exceed expectations in some ways with the potential of ideas out there, but a lot of challenges obviously against that.
However, we're in a different world today than I think nuclear's ever seen before. And coupling our sort of distinction with the business model we afford, our approach in technology, and kind of the integrated model we have, we're starting to see some of the clarity of kind of the alignment of what those things unfold and enable, as well as just generally speaking, the ability to move technology development and deployment more quickly and significantly change the paradigm that has in some ways challenged nuclear, which had a lot of misaligned incentives, had a lot of different parties and transactional dynamics that made nuclear really hard to scale and build.
These things are all a different world today. You have some of the biggest companies in the world needing power in almost insatiable amounts, having deep pocketbooks and the ability to support paying prices needed to get early plans built with a clear sort of angle on cost declination beyond that down the road, and then be able to also couple that with best practices from other industries and supply chains to really kind of be able to deliver what nuclear long has in terms of its potential and promise.
So, we remain, I think -- the mission here is one that transcends even just kind of the quarterly basis or the yearly basis, but something that we're working to unlock is the actual capabilities afforded by splitting atoms, which when you think about heavy metal reserves that we have in the planet, a couple of the fast reactors and recycling, you can talk about billion-plus year energy reserves available to us with technologies that have quite a bit of maturity behind them. So, we're excited to be working on that and leading the charge on a lot of those fronts and looking forward to the next update here in a few months.

Operator

This concludes today's conference call. You may now disconnect.