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Leroy Ball

Thank you, Quynh. Good morning, everyone. I'm pleased to report that despite a decrease in sales in the first quarter, we delivered solid profitability on an adjusted basis. Now, as previously announced, we began taking steps in late 2024 to combat some market share loss and lingering softness in some of our end markets by resizing our employee base and improving our cost structure in anticipation of the challenges we knew were coming in 2025.
Unsurprisingly, our first quarter results benefited from these actions and enabled us to offset the transitory headwinds. Through Q1, our global employee base has been reduced by 5%, and our SG&A finished the quarter $4.1 million lower than Q1 2024. We're also realizing cost benefits at the plant level that also helped Q1.
And we'll continue to focus on improving our business performance and margins through actions we're developing from the initial performance assessment we recently completed and we'll share more with you as plans get finalized and implemented.
Slide 4 highlights key metrics for the first quarter. We achieved consolidated sales of $456.5 million compared with $497.6 million in the prior year. First quarter adjusted EBITDA was %55.5 million compared to $51.5 million in the prior year quarter. Our overall adjusted EBITDA margin was 12.2%, which compared favorably with 10.3% in the prior year quarter and represented our strongest Q1 margin since 2021.
First quarter diluted loss per share was $0.68 compared with diluted earnings per share of $0.59 in the prior year quarter, driven by restructuring charges and a loss recorded from terminating the bulk of our US defined benefit pension plan.
Adjusted earnings per share for the quarter were $0.71 compared with $0.62 in the prior year quarter, primarily due to benefits realized from cost actions. Cash flow used in operations in the first quarter was $22.7 million which included a $14 million payment associated with the termination of our US pension plan. By comparison, we use $12.3 million cash from operations in the prior year quarter.
Capital expenditures, net of insurance proceeds, and sales of assets were $10 million for the first quarter compared with $25.8 million in the prior year quarter. Gross CapEx is now down to a normalized level and will provide a significant positive benefit to future free cash flow.
On slide 6, we had 31 out of 41 facilities worldwide operating accident free for the quarter. Our European CMC, European PC, and Australasian PC businesses completed the quarter with zero recordable incidents.
Leading activities designed to identify and eliminate hazards increased this quarter compared with last year, which is a good thing, and that led to reductions in recordable injuries and serious safety incidents. At Kopper's, we continue to take our responsibility to operate sustainably seriously, and as shown on slide 7, our 2025 zero harm plan includes improving our environmental performance across our operating footprint and reinforcing the foundational elements of zero harm to bring us closer to our goal of zero injuries.
Zero harm continues to be a core element of the Kopper's culture and will remain so as we continue to look for ways to push our performance to new heights. As seen on slide 9, it's my pleasure to visit with two of our most recent additions to the Koppers Network in Mathiston, Mississippi and Kennedy, Alabama.
These two facilities joined Koppers last year with the acquisition of Brown Wood Preserving Company, expanding our capabilities in the manufacture and sale of pressure treated wood utility poles while growing our geographic reach in the Midwest and central regions of the US. And this expansion of our operating footprint greatly improves our ability to expand our product offerings and penetrate underserved geographic markets in a more cost effective way than we were able to before the acquisition.
Moving on to slide 10, we issued our 2024 annual report and 2025 proxy statement, which are available on the Kopper's website. You can also access these materials using QR codes as shown. Our commitment to sustainability continues to garner positive attention, as shown on slide 11. For the third consecutive year, Kopper's was named to USA Today's list of America's climate leaders, which recognizes companies that set a meaningful standard for emissions reduction in the US.
In addition, Koppers gained further recognition by our customer CSX as they honored us with a Chemical Safety Excellence Award for safely transporting hazardous materials with zero non-accidental releases in 2024. In summary, there continues to be a lot of positive development on multiple fronts at Koppers.
I'll now turn the discussion over to our Chief Financial Officer, Jimmi Sue Smith.

Jimmi Sue Smith

Thanks Leroy. Earlier today we issued a press release detailing our first quarter 2025 results. My comments this morning are based on that information. As seen on slide 13, we had consolidated first quarter sales of $457 million a decrease of $41 million or 8% from the prior year quarter.
By segment, RUPS sales increased by $10 million or 4% compared with the prior year, while PC sales were lower by $29 million or 19.5%, and CM&C sales decreased by $22 million or 18%. On slide 14, adjusted EBITDA for the first quarter was $56 million with a 12.2% margin. By segment, RUPS generated adjusted EBITDA of $26 million with an 11% margin, PC delivered adjusted EBITDA of $20 million and a 17% margin, while CM&C reported adjusted EBITDA of $10 million with a 10% margin.
On slide 15, our RUPS business generated first quarter sales of $235 million compared with $225 million in the prior year. The sales increase was primarily due to higher volumes of Class 1 cross size, $4.6 million of price increases, and a 9% increase in domestic pole volume driven by the Brown Wood acquisition and higher activity in the railroad bridge services business, partly offset by lower volumes of commercial crossties.
Market prices for untreated crossties remained stable. Year over year, first quarter crosstie procurement was down 19%, with crosstie treatment lower by 3%. RUPS also delivered a EBITDA of $26 million compared with $18 million in the prior year. Profitability improved primarily due to increases in net sales volume and prices, along with a $2.2 million lower operating expenses, primarily in our crosstie business, partly offset by $2.5 million of higher raw material and allocated SG&A expenses.
On slide 16, our performance chemicals business reported first quarter sales of $121 million compared to $150 million in the prior year. We saw a 21.5% volume decrease of residential and industrial wood treatment preservatives in the Americas resulting from a market share shift in the US associated with the residential preservative market, lower activity due to winter weather, and an unfavorable impact of $2.4 million from foreign currency.
Adjusted EBITDA for PC came in at $20 million compared to $30 million in the prior year. Profitability was impacted by the decrease in sales, as well as higher raw material costs, partly offset by $3.7 million of lower logistics and SG&A expenses, primarily in North America.
Slide 17 shows first quarter steam and sea sales of $101 million compared to $122 million in the prior year. This decrease was driven by about $11 million of lower volumes for phthalic anhydride as we exit that business, as well as approximately 8% lower sales prices for carbon pitch as a result of market dynamics, primarily in Australasia, and $2.3 million of unfavorable foreign currency impact.
Adjusted EBITDA for CM&C in the first quarter was $10 million compared with $4 million in the prior year. This improvement in profitability was due to $7 million of lower raw material and allocated selling, general and administrative expenses, particularly in North America, a favorable sales mix, and improved plant performance as a result of a plant outage in North America in the prior year period, which combined to more than offset the price decreases.
Compared to the prior quarter, the average pricing of major products increased by 5%, and average coal tar costs were higher by 6%. Compared to the prior year quarter, the average pricing of major products was lower by 8%, while average coal tar costs decreased by 5%.
As shown on slide 19, we continue to pursue a balanced approach to capital allocation. Net of cash received from insurance proceeds and asset sales, we invested $10 million into our business in the first quarter. For 2025, we're targeting $65 million in net CapEx.
We repurchased $19 million through stock buybacks, including tax withholdings in the first quarter. We have approximately $85 million remaining in our $100 million share repurchase program. We also return capital to shareholders through our quarterly dividend of $0.08 per share this quarter.
In terms of leverage, we finished the quarter with $948 million of net debt, $320 million in available liquidity, and net leverage of 3.6 times at March 31, reflecting our typical seasonal cash flow patterns. We remain committed to our long-term target of 2 times to 3 times net leverage ratio.
On slide 20, total capital expenditures for the first quarter were $14 million gross or $10 million net. We spent $12 million on maintenance, $1 million on zero harm, and $1 million on growth and productivity projects. By business segment, we spent $5 million in RUP, $3.5 million in PC, $5 million in CM&C, and under $1 million in corporate projects.
And finally, on slide 22, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.08 per share on Kopper's common stock on May 8. This dividend will be paid on June 17, to shareholders of record as of the close of trading on May 30. At this planned quarterly dividend rate, which is subject to review by the Board of Directors, the annual dividend is expected to be $0.32 per share for 2025, a 14% increase over the 2024 dividend.
And with that, I'll turn it back over to Leroy.

Leroy Ball

Thanks you, Sue. Now on to a quick review of each of the businesses. The scene on page 24, our performance chemicals business finds itself in a challenging spot that it hasn't experienced in a few years, as we've seen some residential preservative volume move away from Koppers after many consecutive years of market share gains.
To compound matters after a solid start to the year, demand seemed to lose steam as the quarter progressed, partly due to a colder winter throughout the country and partly we believe the broader economic uncertainty, stifling individuals' decisions to spend discretionary dollars on outdoor projects.
Now nothing in the external data gets us really excited that spending on home projects will turn around soon. The continued backdrop of economic uncertainty driven by tariff activity and the direct and unintended consequences remain a concern that could continue to weigh on near term demand, and we're hearing mixed messages from our customer base in regards to their optimism for volume improvement this year.
And we've enacted several tariff mitigation actions that have reduced the overall exposure from our cross-border transactions across all our business segments. As a result, at this point, we feel the situation is manageable, but as we know, it remains fluid. On the cost front, we've pared back spending quite a bit and realigned costs to better fit a smaller top line in the near future, and we'll continue to be aggressive in order to combat any potential market slowdown.
Moving on to our utility and industrial products business shown on page 25. Demand in the early part of this year has been similar to 2024 levels, which was a softer year compared to '23. While the second quarter isn't expected to look a whole lot different than the first, we continue to hear that volume is expected to pick up in the back half of the year.
Like our PC business, I do have some worries that persistently high interest rates and fiscal policy uncertainties could dampen enthusiasm in the industry to move forward with projects. That, however, does not change my long-term view on this business as various demand drivers remain in place to support a bullish outlook.
We're starting to see greater interest from the customer base in our new geographic markets, and we continue to invest resources to build out our sales team and distribution network to support our expected growth in those underrepresented areas.
As I mentioned earlier, the sites acquired from Brown Wood a little over a year ago play a key role in accessing some of these markets, and they're performing solidly. On a final note, our Australian pole business had its best Q1 since 2021, and we're anticipating another year of steady profitability.
Our railroad products and services business is summarized on page 26, and while volumes in Q1 weren't quite where we expected them to be, the combination of small contractual price increases and lower operating costs led to our best profit metrics in the crosstie part of our business since 2016.
Now if our sales reach the 8% improvement we planned for coming into this year, then 2025 should represent one of our strongest years ever for the rail business. Presently we have no major capital needs for this business, and our inventory is at a good level, which means it should be back to generating significant free cash flow.
We've been able to avoid tariff impact for this business thus far, but we do worry about the tariff effect on some of our sawmill suppliers who rely heavily on hardwood exports to China, which have dried up. Our shift away from the disposal part of our crosstie recovery model is already generating positive benefits, and we expect greater consistency in our financial performance from that piece of RPS as a result. Overall, our maintenance of weight business was a solid contributor to the RPS results in Q1 and as of now are on pace for their best year since 2016.
Next onto the CMC business, which is summarized on page 27. Like last year's fourth quarter, the first quarter for CMC represented significant improvement over the prior year performance. That improvement came despite a lower sales figure, with some due to the ramp down of our phthalic anhydride production and the other half due to lower product pricing.
As in all our businesses, we remain focused on driving down costs to support better operating performance. Our exit at the phthalic anhydride business in the US supports that concept through reducing the complexity of our operations, which will improve our cost structure as well as the safety and environmental footprint of our Stickney plant.
We recently ceased production of phthalic slightly ahead of our May target date and are working through the next steps of our closure. We recently extended our raw material supply in Australia and are looking to do the same in North America and Europe. While there's much we can do to improve the performance of the CMC business that we're actively working on, the coal tar carbon products industry overall is in need of further rationalization to improve its overall health, and it's times like these that we've experienced in the past couple of years, which many times lead to that happening. So it's something we will definitely be keeping our eyes on.
Moving on to our outlook for 2025. As shown on slide 29, we expect consolidated sales to reach to $2 billion to $2.2 billion in 2025 compared with $2.1 billion in 2024, with lower volumes in PC and lower volumes in pricing in CMC partially offset by higher volumes and some pricing improvement in RPS -- and RUPS, I'm sorry, being the most likely outcome.
On slide 30, we're maintaining our adjusted EBITDA forecast of $280 million compared with $262 million in 2024. In line with the sales changes reflected on the previous page, we expect to see significant year-over-year improvement in RUPS, which we've already begun to realize in Q1, while PC will take a hit in profitability in line with its reduced sales volumes.
Despite the lower top line from CMC, we expect to see its profitability improve due to lower raw material costs and lower operating costs, and the Q1 results from this year are already reflective of that. As mentioned on our previous call, our entire organization underwent a comprehensive performance assessment to determine how high our potential performance could be, and the initial output of that assessment uncovered quite a bit of opportunity.
We're now in the process of prioritizing and developing the detailed plans for how we turn these opportunities into results. And I expect that we'll have more shares as the year progresses and the impact that could have on the remainder of this year and future years.
Slide 31 shows our 2025 adjusted earnings per share bridge and the improvement we expect in 2025 driven by higher operating earnings and lower interest expense. Accordingly, we're continuing to expect $4.75 per share in 2025 compared with $4.11 in 2024.
On slide 32, we're projecting net capital spending of $65 million in 2025 compared with $74 million in 2024 and based upon the run rate we saw in Q1, we're moving comfortably towards meeting that target or even coming in a little less.
Now the final point I will make before moving to Q&A is that despite the extreme uncertainty that exists in the markets right now, we are fighting our way through it and we'll come out the other side in an even stronger position due to the measures we've already taken as well as others that are near term actionable.
With no major capital expenditures looming and a portfolio of opportunities to act upon at our disposal, we find ourselves in a position to generate significant free cash flow over the next few years., which will be put to good use, delevering the balance sheet and returning capital to shareholders.
Now I would like to open it up to any questions.

Question and Answer Session

Operator

(Operator Instructions)
Liam Burke, B. Riley Securities.

Liam Burke

Thank you. Good morning, Leroy. Good morning, Jimmi.

Leroy Ball

Hey, good morning.

Jimmi Sue Smith

Good morning.

Liam Burke

Leroy, on the RUP business, you saw double digit EBITDA margins. You highlighted some of the reasons why you're driving good year over year profitability results. Expectations for the rest of the year are better. I was just curious, how much does the utility pole product mix help your margins going forward?

Leroy Ball

That's a good question, Liam. I mean, the utility piece of the business, utility pole piece of the business is one that structurally -- has historically generated better margin performance. So as we continue to grow that business, we would expect that to have a positive impact on our margins for that segment. At the same time, in the rail piece of that business, again, we're active -- we've been actively working on a number of things both commercially as well as on the cost side, that are already starting to bear fruit and had a pretty good impact here in the first quarter and we expect that to continue as well.
So we're seeing improving margins in the rail piece and certainly as we continue to grow utility, as that proportion becomes a bigger piece of that segment, we would expect to see margin improvement as well.

Liam Burke

Okay. And just staying on RUP, your contracts with the Class 1s, are you satisfied with all of them, or do you still have work to do there?

Leroy Ball

Look, I think there's certainly still work to do there and things that we would like to see improved. So it remains a work in progress, but we're in a better spot than we were, Liam, but I'd say there's still some more work to do.

Liam Burke

Great. Thank you, Leroy.

Leroy Ball

Yeah, thank you.

Operator

Gary Prestopnio, Barrington Research.

Gary Prestopnio

Hey, good morning, Leroy, Jimmi Sue, Quynh. How are you guys?

Leroy Ball

Good. Hey, Gary.

Gary Prestopnio

A couple of questions here, Leroy, and I'm going to refer to the state of the business and looking at the RUPS utility and industrial products. I mean, you're saying a pick up in the second half of the year which you're also saying for the RUPS business. Is that based on business quotes that you have in hand from your end customers or is there something going on there that is going to drive that growth that you're expecting, I guess is what I want to get at.

Leroy Ball

Yeah, I understand. I think -- look, a lot of it is related to feedback from the market and so like any of our businesses, we are somewhat subject to, what we're hearing from our customer base, but there has continued to be a common refrain of the back half of this year seeing an expected volume pick up and moving forward of projects.
As I mentioned, I do have some worries about that just in terms of the overall economic uncertainty that's out there. But that's one of the bigger drivers. We are seeing some improvement in increased activity in some of the newer markets that we've been going after. So I'd say a combination of those two things is really what is -- is what we're relying upon.

Gary Prestopnio

Okay. Was it -- a lot of the companies that we're speaking to and on the conference calls, they basically had said that, starting in March things just fell off a cliff once Liberation Day came and it became clear. What the tariff impacts could be, and then after that, there was a lesson and they're starting to see a reinvigoration on their pipelines. Were your customers really impacted by this as well?

Leroy Ball

Well, I think that's probably -- it's really consistent, I'd say, with more or less what we've seen, and I kind of refer to that particularly in the PC business where we seem to begin the year on a stronger note and then sort of solve that wane as the quarter went on.
I would say in the other two segments it's been a little more consistent throughout the quarter. I think, I don't know of an industry that's not experiencing some impact from the tariffs and the constant changing and moving of the ball there. So some of it comes directly, some of it comes in the form of some unintended consequences that you end up having to deal with, and I -- again, I sort of mentioned the one on the RUPS side where our sawmill suppliers are having to deal with export volume that drying up, which will ultimately end up having an impact on hardwood prices for crossties that they more or less produce as a byproduct of their regular production.
So those are the things that we're still going to have to see, how they ferret out as time moves on. But overall, as we've assessed the current situation, there's several mitigation plans that we've already put in place for the things that are actually happening and obviously we're planning and doing some actions to try and get in front of other potential changes that could occur.
But it's very tough, right, because again, things seem to change -- lately it seems to be a little bit more settled down, but certainly for a period things were changing day by day. So yeah -- so it's the unintended consequences that tend to jump up and get you and right now, like I said, the one that is near term on the radar is what's going on in the hardwood market.

Gary Prestopnio

Yeah, I don't envy you having to try to run a business in this environment.

Leroy Ball

Yeah, easy.

Gary Prestopnio

Yeah, and then I just wanted to drill back down to your forecasts here. $2 billion to $2.2 billion of sales, which is I think you were $2.17 billion in your prior forecast.

Leroy Ball

Yeah.

Gary Prestopnio

But you really didn't give us -- you really didn't change your adjusted EBITDA guidance, you're still at $280 million. So I guess what I want to ask you is, if you're trending more towards the low end of that guidance range on sales, do you have additional flex down on costs that would help you get to that $280 EBITDA.

Leroy Ball

We do. We're actively going after a number of different cost measures there. Yeah, obviously the closer it gets down to the two, the tougher that will be and the tougher it'll make it. But we do have a number of items that again are already in process and some of that you saw reflected in the first quarter. And we expect that to continue moving forward.
So yeah, like you would expect, the closer it gets to the lower end of that range, the more challenging it will be to reach the number and the closer it ends to the higher end of that range, I'd say we have pretty good room, but that's not going to stop us from continuing to try and drive the performance improvement through the various businesses.

Gary Prestopnio

Okay, great. Thank you very much.

Leroy Ball

You're very welcome.

Operator

David Marsh, Singular Research.

David Marsh

Hey, thank you guys so very much for taking the questions. I have to say that the EBITDA thought result in the CMC business in light of the revenue is really pretty impressive, and it really speaks to the efforts you guys undertook to cut costs. Could you talk about -- to the extent that you see recovery there, what the kind of incremental revenue dollar looks like on the EBITDA line.

Leroy Ball

Yeah, that's so -- that's been a challenged business certainly in the past couple of years as we've talked about, and I even referenced in my prepared comments how the industry really is at a point and it's been at a point for a while where, it does need some further rationalization.
We feel like we did our part back in the 2015 to 2020 time frame where we took a bunch of capacity out of the industry. We feel that it's past time for some others probably to consider doing the same, but as end markets get stronger and pricing improves, obviously that will work its way down to the bottom line in terms of volumes you certainly throughput's an issue as well. And while we did overall -- overall we did pretty well in Q1 from a volume standpoint, we've taken a hit on volumes in the past, a 1 year to 18 months, as again things have gotten more challenging, but there's no question if we can see, the health of our end markets improve, which will enable us to get more throughput through the plant. We're going to be able to improve efficiency, drive down our unit costs, and improve profitability.
So all that is absolutely connected at the same time, simplifying our operations as we're in the process of doing its dignity and trying to make that operation very similar to our other two, the one in Australia and the one in Denmark, I think the more that we can drive improved margins through that business. So we've seen that business before at its peak, being in the high teens. In terms of margins, there's no reason we can't get back to that point in a healthy environment, especially with some of the actions we're taking out to simplify our operating footprint.

David Marsh

I appreciate that. It's helpful. Your debt did tick up a little bit year-over-year, would you talk about priority uses of cash flow and how managing your leverage factors into that place.

Leroy Ball

Yeah. So actually -- I think the first quarter I was pleased with where we ended up in the first quarter considering we had the pension termination and put $14 million in to do that, taking that out we actually had better cash flow, operating cash flow or, a lower negative operating cash flow with that out of the picture.
We have that behind us, so even though our contributions have been lower in the past few years, we now have that and any potential volatility from that behind us. First quarter is always a working capital draw, so absolutely that had an impact as well. We're going to -- we're still expecting a pretty strong cash flow year, and the focus -- the near term focus is in two areas as we continue to remain undervalued, certainly we will allocate -- we will allocate cash to repurchase shares.
It's the reason why we enacted the $100 million share repurchase program last quarter. And of course we will put the remainder towards delevering the balance sheet. So those are the two primary focuses in the near term as it relates to cash.

David Marsh

Yeah, that's fair. And then just, -- as we have this little bit of economic uncertainty here, are you seeing any disruption that might lead to some attractive M&A opportunities for you?

Leroy Ball

Yeah. I mean, potentially, because as you point out, yes, right, it's times in this sort of disruption where those sorts of opportunities do tend to surface. We always remain active in our conversations and looking at opportunities and so it takes two parties obviously and a meeting of the minds in terms of what fair value is, so that's always tends to be the toughest point, but we continue to remain active in our discussions and maybe this current environment will shake some things out, but we'll just have to wait and see.

David Marsh

Okay. Is there -- I mean, would you be most interested in looking at potential targets in the RUPS business, or are all businesses really --

Leroy Ball

Well, definitely not. Yeah, no, I'd say certainly our focus is we have been talking about now for several quarters is on growing our utility and industrial products business. So if there's ways to do that faster with acquisitions that makes sense, we'll look to do that. The acquisition of Brown Wood preserving was an important acquisition for us here a year ago, and it's opened up opportunities for us to expand our product portfolio, expand our geographic reach, and we're going to see significant returns from that as the overall market improves if we have other sorts of opportunities, that will help us get into markets faster and those sorts of things we would absolutely entertain that.
I don't think we wouldn't say we have a broad M&A strategy as it relates to across the business segments, but again, we'll always remain open to opportunities and so there's no absolute no's in any particular area. It'll come down to what makes sense at what price.

David Marsh

Got it. Hey, thanks so much, appreciate it.

Leroy Ball

Thank you.

Operator

Jamie Weiland, Weiland Management.

Jamie Weiland

Yes. I think it's truly amazing that you're able to take $4 million year-over-year out of SG&A. I think it's fantastic to have that reduction. Given the new cost structure and a strong outlook looking forward and a stock trading at 5 times to 6 times what you expect in EBITDA this year. I know that stock repurchase is part of the program, but why would you not at this point in time accelerate what you're doing and buy back stock in greater quantities today while you do have an unusually depressed share price.

Leroy Ball

Well, we don't speak specifically about any intentions that we have in any particular quarter. We did repurchase 15 million shares in our open window period in the first quarter from the new plan. We do have limitations within our credit agreements in terms of what we're able to do on an annual basis, so we try to manage that, but I share your interest in taking advantage of the opportunity when we're in the position that we're in.
And I think we stated that actually when we announced the share repurchase plan that, as long as we view Our Future or certainly at least our near term operating performance is being improved over prior periods, and we remain at historic low trading multiples that we're going to use that lever and so, we didn't enact --we didn't approve the share repurchase program to have it sit on the shelf. And so, we will continue to monitor the situation and I think be consistent in our approach to repurchasing shares as the year goes on.

Jamie Weiland

Very good. I hope you can be as aggressive as possible in the near term, while you have this window that probably will not be your longer term. Thank you.

Leroy Ball

I appreciate that, Jamie. Thank you.

Operator

This concludes our question and answer session. I would like to turn the conference back over to CEO, Leroy Ball for any closing remarks.

Leroy Ball

Yeah, I would just like to thank everybody for your continued interest in Koppers, and we'll continue working on improving the results of the overall business. We really do believe we have a bright future ahead of us, not just this year, but beyond that in terms of free cash flow performance, operating performance, and we're looking forward to executing. So look forward to talking to everybody again in August. Thank you.

Operator

The conference is now concluded. Thank you for attending today's presentation. You may now disconnect.