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Badrinarayanan Kothandaraman

Good afternoon, and thanks for joining us today to discuss our first quarter 2025 financial results. We reported quarterly revenue of $356.1 million shipped approximately 1.53 million microinverters and 170.1 megawatt hours of batteries and generated free cash flow of $33.8 million. Our Q1 revenue included approximately $54 million of Safe Harbor.
As we exited Q1, our battery channel inventory was normal, while our microinverter channel inventory was a little elevated. For the first quarter, we delivered 49% gross margin, 22% operating expenses and 27% operating income all as a percentage of revenue on a non-GAAP basis and including the net IRA benefit.
Mandy will go into our financials later in the call. Our customer service NPLs are steady at 77% in Q1 as compared to 78% in Q4. The average call wait time increased slightly to 3.5 minutes, largely due to the winter storms in the US. We are continuing to invest in AI and machine learning to make our support experience faster, smarter and more helpful.
Let's cover operations. Our global capacity is around 7.25 million microinverters per quarter, $5 million of those are in the US. In Q1, we shipped approximately 1.21 million microinverters from our US contract manufacturers, booking 45 times production tax credits. Our domestically produced micro inverters health residential, lease/PPA providers and commercial asset owners to qualify for the 10% domestic content ITC error.
We expect to ship approximately 1 million microinverters from the US in Q2. Q1 was our second quarter of building the IQ batteries in the US using domestically manufactured microinverters, battery management systems and packaging while sourcing cell packs from China. We shipped 44-megawatt hours of batteries from our Texas facility, a strong step forward as we continue scaling US production.
Let's cover tariffs. The newly announced 145% tariffs on products from China, along with the 10% reciprocal tariffs on imports from other countries is expected to have minimal impact on our microinverters and accessories, thanks to the excellent work our team has done to diversify the supply chain. However, our batteries will be more impacted as we currently source battery sell-backs from China. These tariffs are expected to reduce our gross margin by approximately 2% in Q2 of '25. The effect of the tariffs is limited in Q2 due to us having pre-tariff inventory.
Starting in Q3, we anticipate a 6% to 8% total gross margin impact after accounting for pricing adjustments. We expect the gross margin impact to gradually lessen over the subsequent quarters as our mitigation efforts take effect. We are moving with urgency. We have already identified tangible sourcing options outside China, and we are fast tracking the qualification. These efforts are progressing quickly, and we expect to fully offset the impact starting in Q2 '26. As always, tariff policy remains fluid and may evolve with future government decisions.
Let's come to the regions. Our US and international revenue mix for Q1 was 74% and 26%, respectively. In the US, our revenue decreased 13% in Q1 compared to Q4, primarily due to seasonality and softening in customer demand, partially offset by safe harbor revenue of $54 million. The overall sell-through of our product was down 18% compared to Q4.
In addition to seasonality, installation activity was negatively impacted by one of the large national lease providers facing financial challenges. The US solar market remains under pressure from high interest rates and many installers, lease providers and distributors are navigating through a tough environment. That said, there are encouraging signs. In California, installers are growing more confident selling NEM 3.2 systems supported by strong battery attach rates.
At the same time, power prices continue to rise across several key regions. We are staying focused on product innovation, quality and customer experience. Our upcoming fourth-generation battery is designed to lower total system cost for backup. Our complementary offerings like busbar PCS and NEM expansion software help customers unlock even more value.
In Europe, our revenue increased 7% in Q1 due to shipping the Flex phase battery in Germany as compared to the prior quarter, while our overall sell-through declined a little by about 9%. The overall business environment across the region is still challenging, but we are maintaining our discipline on controlling the channel as well as expanding our served available market by introducing a number of new products. I'll provide additional color on our key markets in Europe, the Netherlands, France, Germany and UK.
In Netherlands, the demand softened slightly in Q1 in line with typical winter seasonality. The market continues to shift from solar only to solar plus battery solutions, which help avoid export penalties and enable participation in retail energy markets. We started shipping our new IQ EV charger into the region and recently introduced backup capability for our batteries, further strengthening the value proposition.
In France, the market has slowed down following the recent utility rate cuts and we expect the demand to be muted over the next two quarters. However, a significantly lower VAT is set to begin in October, which should help spark the rebound and solar.
France remains a key long-term growth market for us, given our leadership position and the country's low solar penetration. We started shipping our new IQ EV charger into France, and we also plan to introduce hot water heater compatibility in the second quarter, allowing homeowners to increase their self-consumption. We also added backup capability for our batteries, further strengthening resilience offering.
In Germany, we are ramping sales of our new IQ Battery 5P with Flex pace and the new IQV charger. The typical installations are three phase in Germany, and we are seeing a 30% backup attach for our batteries, a strong indicator of the growing demand for resilience. We are also preparing to launch our balcony solar product imminently in Germany in Q2, which expands our addressable market by approximately 400 megawatts annually. We believe these product introductions position us well for meaningful growth in both sell-in and sell-through over the coming quarters.
The UK market continues to perform well for us as we strengthen our relationships with the retail energy providers in the region. We already started shipping our new IQ EV charger, and we plan to introduce backup capabilities in Q3 of this year, further expanding our energy resilience offering. We remain underpenetrated in several European countries, including Italy, Spain, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Sweden, Poland and others. And we see them as important pillars of our long-term growth strategy.
Over the coming months, we plan to introduce our full product portfolio across more of Europe, including IQ microinverters, IQ battery flex space with backup, our latest in the greater EV charger, AI-powered energy management software and the solar graph installer platforms.
We continue to make steady progress in other regions. In Puerto Rico, we are seeing a very sharp price in demand for our higher domestic content battery driven by an increased need for resilience. In India, Sales of our IQ microinverters continue to grow, and we are also shipping our batteries into the region. We are encouraged by the early signs of strong product market fit in both the urban and rural areas. In Brazil, new fire safety recommendations such as rapid shutdown should support continuous growth of our IQ microinverters.
Now let's turn to our Q2 guidance. We expect Q2 revenue to be in the range of $340 million to $380 million. This includes approximately $40 million in safe harbor revenue, which we define as sales made to customers who plan to install the inventory over more than a year. We are currently about 80% booked to the midpoint of our revenue guidance. For IQ batteries, we expect to ship between 160 and 180-megawatt hours during the quarter.
Let's talk about new products, starting with IQ batteries. Our fourth generation IQ battery is all set to ramp up production in this quarter. This system includes the IQ Battery 10C, the IQ combiner 6C and the meter color. The IQ Battery 10C delivered the same 10-kilowatt hour capacity while using 60% lesser walled space, thanks to its fully integrated battery management and power conversion.
When paired with the IQ combiner and the color, the system significantly simplifies backup, eliminating the need to relocate loads, install current transformers or run high current wiring. For both homeowners and installers, the improvement is substantial. What once took four boxes in the wall can now be done with just two. We have successfully completed the required meter color testing with PG&E and four other utility companies. We expect to begin pilots in May. We have now expanded the IQ Microinverter family into 58 countries and plan to grow that number further by the year-end.
In Japan, we expect to begin production shipments this week. through a distribution agreement with Itochu Corporation, one of the country's largest trading companies. Recently, Tokyo became the first Japanese city to mandate rooftop solar on new home builds. Given the typically small roof areas in Tokyo, system design can be complex, which is exactly where our Enphase IQ8 microinverter shine offering the flexibility and scalability needed to maximize production and reliability from every rooftop.
In Q2, we plan to launch our IQ balcony solar product in Germany and Belgium, with additional countries in Europe and Asia to follow in 2025. The product offers a simple, efficient way for apartment dwellers to harness solar energy from their balcony. Built on our proven AC-coupled architecture, the system allows the users to plug in one to four panels directly into a standard wall outlet. We plan to offer prewired kits that include IQ microinverters and the balcony Gateway, enabling fast setup and seamless monitoring through the Enphase app. In the event of grid outage, the system also supports Sunlight backup via an auxiliary socket located on the IQ Balcony Gateway product.
Let's come to our IQ8P-3P commercial microinverter, a product that is steadily gaining traction. We have over 650 commercial sites live across the US, averaging about 35 kilowatts per system with consistent positive feedback from the field. These 3-Phase microinverters now ship from the US with increased domestic content that help qualify for the 10% ITC added, meaningful advantage for commercial asset owners. And we expect the momentum to grow with the upcoming IQ9 microinverter, which is purpose built for 480 volt, 3-Phase systems unlocking even more of the commercial market.
Let's talk about IQ9. So IQ9, micro inverters are powered by cutting-edge gallium nitride technology. These microinverters are engineered for the future with support for 18 ampere DC input current higher AC voltages and 3-Phase configurations. Designed specifically for small commercial systems, IQ9 will support 480-volt, the most common commercial voltage in the US. The first model will deliver peak output power of 427 watts and 548 watts, making them ideal for pairing with today's most powerful residential and commercial solar talents.
IQ9 uses GaN-based bidirectional switches that allow us to reduce conduction losses and increased our density. While we are currently operating at similar switching frequencies to maintain compatibility with our existing transformer design, gallium nitride again gives us the foundation to enable much higher frequencies and even greater efficiency in future products like IQ10. Thanks to GaN, IQ9 already delivers efficiencies that meet or exceed prior generations with the sleek compact footprint. We expect to begin internal installations at Enphase facilities soon ahead of a full production launch in Q4.
On the portable power front, we began shipping the IQ Powerpack 1,500 to customers in US and Canada. This compact 1.5 kilowatt hour solution brings together our core strengths Enphase and above. which is advanced power electronics, battery management and intelligent software into a smart portable product designed for home backup, travel and emergencies. IQ Powerpack marks our entry into the portable consumer energy market.
We see this as a meaningful growth vector and plan to expand the product family in 2025 to address many more use cases and reach many more countries.
Let's dive into EV charging. In late 2024, we began shipping our next-generation IQ EV charger into Europe. We are now active in 14 countries across the region. This is one of our most advanced residential chargers till they designed to work seamlessly with the Enphase Energy system or as a high-performance stand-alone system, smart features like green charging help homeowners maximize solar usage, while intelligent scheduling reduces energy costs during peak hours, delivering both sustainability and savings.
We are excited to expand the availability of the IQ EV charger throughout this year into more European countries as well as into Australia, Brazil, India, and the US, where we will position it as a premium feature rich offering. With strong early momentum, we expect continuous growth this year and beyond.
Our IQ Energy Management software supports grid services programs VPPs in regulated markets like the US and energy market participation in deregulated markets like Europe and Australia. In the US, we are active in 26 programs across key states such as California, Colorado, Massachusetts, North Carolina and Texas.
These programs discharge batteries during peak demand supporting the utilities as electricity rates become more complex. We believe our AI-powered software differentiates us maximizing ROI and reducing the payback period.
Let's cover Solar graph, our all-in-one installer platform. we are investing in major enhancements, including a one-click Express editor for customized proposals, Gen AI powered and map assisted integration with racking and expanded C&I capabilities, all aimed at making solar graft even more intuitive.
The platform is now available to residential and commercial installers in the US, Canada, Brazil, Germany, Austria, Netherlands and France, with plans to expand into additional countries in the coming quarters. Solar graph continues to evolve as a strategic part of our software ecosystem helping installers sell faster, design smarter as well as scale efficiently.
Let me conclude. While the global policy environment remains fluid with tariffs, with interest rates and subsidies constantly evolving. We are moving quickly to realign our supply chain to minimize downside across a range of scenarios. While we cannot control the macroeconomic conditions, we can absolutely control our response. This means doubling down on what we have -- what has always made Enphase successful, relentless product innovation, world-class reliability and exceptional customer service.
Looking ahead, our strategy is clear. We are driving revenue growth through a wave of new products, starting with our fourth generation system which delivers the lowest installation cost of any Enphase solar plus battery solutions to date. In Europe, our SAM is expanding rapidly with the launch of our flex space battery with backup, the IQ EV charger and the upcoming IQ Balcony Solar Kit.
We are empowering installers with tools like NEM expansion software to expand legacy systems, busbar PCS software to avoid main panel ingrate and dynamic tariff optimization software in European markets to help save money for the home more. And with our upcoming IQ9 microinverters, we expect to unlock a 10 gigawatt opportunity in commercial solar, while driving cost per watt improvement across our residential business.
As the world faces rising power prices and increasing grid instability, Enphase is becoming leaner, faster and more innovative. We are energized by the future and firmly focused on delivering value for our customers, partners and shareholders.
With that, I will turn the call over to Mandy for her review of our financials. Mandy?

Mandy Yang

Thanks, Badri, and good afternoon, everyone. I will provide more details related to our first quarter of 2025 financial results. as well as our business outlook for the second quarter of 2025. We have provided reconciliations of these non-GAAP to GAAP financial measures in our earnings release posted today, which can also be found in the IR section of our website. Total revenue for Q1 was $356.1 million. We shipped approximately 688.5 megawatts DC of micro inverters. -- and 170.1 megawatt hours of IT batteries in the quarter. Q1 revenue included approximately $54 million of Safe Harbor revenue.
In December 2024, we signed a Safe Harbor sales agreement for a total amount of approximately $95 million to ship in the first half of 2025. As Badri mentioned, we define Safe Harbor revenue as any sales made to customers who plan to install the inventory over more than a year.
Non-GAAP gross margin for Q1 was 48.9% compared to 53.2% in Q4, primarily due to lower bookings of 45 times production test credit and product mix. Gross margin was 47.2% for Q1 compared to 51.8% in Q4. Non-GAAP gross margin with our net IRA benefit for Q1 was 38.3% compared to 39.7% in Q4, primarily due to product mix and non-GAAP gross margin for Q1 included $37.9 million of net IRA benefit.
Non-GAAP operating expenses were $79.4 million for Q1 compared to $83.3 million for Q4. The decrease was the result of restructuring actions initiated in the fourth quarter of 2024. [Ship] operating expenses were $136.3 million for Q1 compared to $143.5 million for Q4. GAAP operating expenses for Q1 included $50.9 million of stock-based compensation expenses, $2.9 million of amortization for acquired intangible assets, and $3.2 million of restructuring asset impairment charges. On a non-GAAP basis, income from operations for Q1 was $94.6 million compared to $120.4 million for Q4.
On a GAAP basis, income from operations was $31.9 million for Q1 compared to $54.8 million for Q4. On a non-basis, net income for Q1 was $89.2 million compared to $125.9 million for Q4. This resulted in non-GAAP diluted earnings per share of $0.68 for Q1 compared to $0.94 for Q4. GAAP net income for Q1 was $29.7 million, compared to $62.2 million for Q4. This resulted in GAAP diluted earnings per share of $0.22 for Q1 compared to $0.45 for Q4.
We exited Q1 with a total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and marketable security balance of $1.53 billion compared to $1.72 billion at the end of Q4, with end of the entire principal amount of $102.2 million for our 2025 convert that came due on March 1.
As part of our $1 billion share repurchase program authorized by our Board of Directors in July 2023, we repurchased 1,594,105 shares of our common stock in Q1 at an average price of $62.71 per share for a total of approximately $100 million. We have a remaining $298.7 million authorized for further share repurchases. In addition, we spent approximately $12.1 million of reporting shares to cover taxes for employees divesting and actions in Q1 that reduced the diluted shares by 20,358 shares. We expect to continue this anti-dilution point.
In Q1, we generated $48.4 million in cash flow from operations and $33.8 million in free cash flow as approximately $70 million of revenue in Q1 was prepaid last quarter. Capital expenditure was $14.6 million for Q1 compared to $8.1 million for Q4.
Now let's discuss our outlook for the second quarter of 2025. We expect our revenue for Q2 to be within the range of $340 million to $380 million which includes shipments of 160 to 180-megawatt hours of IQ battery. The Q2 revenue outlook includes approximately $40 million from a Safe Harbor sales agreement signed in December 2024. We expect GAAP gross margin to be within a range of 42% to 45%, including 2-percentage-points of new tariff impact. We expect non-GAAP gross margin to be within the range of 44% to 47% with net IRA benefit and 35% to 38% before net IRA benefit, including 2-percentage-points of new tariff impact.
Non-GAAP gross margin excludes stock-based compensation expense and acquisition-related amortization. We expect the net IRA benefit to be between $30 million and $33 million on estimated shipments of 1 million units of US microinverters in Q2. We expect our debt operating expenses to be within a range of $136 million to $140 million, including approximately $58 million estimated for stock-based compensation expense, acquisition-related expenses and amortization and restructuring and asset impairment charges.
We expect our non-GAAP operating expenses to be within a range of $78 million to $82 million. For the year of 2025, we expect our GAAP tax rate of 21% to 23% and a non-GAAP tax rate of 15% to 17%, including IRA benefits.
With that, I will open the line for questions.

Question and Answer Session

Operator

(Operator Instructions) Praneeth Satish, Wells Fargo.

Praneeth Satish

Maybe just starting with the Q2 guidance. So it includes 2 percentage points of gross margin headwind from the tariffs, it sounds like that could go to 6% to 8% in Q3. So it would seem as if you're not fully passing through the entire incremental tariff cost to customers, and I guess maybe if you could just talk about what's driving your decision to absorb some of these costs versus passing them through because I would imagine that many of your competitors are also sourcing battery cells from China. So maybe if you could talk through that.

Badrinarayanan Kothandaraman

Yes, you're right. The -- let me give a big picture. First of all, due to these tariffs, and that is the 145% tariffs on imports from China and 10% tariff on imports from other countries. So due to that, we are glad that our microinverters and accessories aren't affected much. And that's because our supply chain has done a fantastic job of diversification -- global diversification. So that's the first good news.
On batteries, more than 90%, and I would venture to say 95% of the cells made in the world, they come from China. We are no exception. We use Chinese sources for the cell packs. We have two ways that we produce battles. One is we make batteries overseas, the full system.
And the second is we get sell packs into the US and then we make the entire system, the rest of the system inside the US. As you can see, when we bring it into the US, you have high US cost of manufacturing. But you have your tariff only on the cell pack that is coming in, plus any associated raw materials that are coming in from China or the other places.
So it therefore turns out for us that whether we make it domestically or whether we make it outside the US our costs are becoming approximately the same. And the cost impact is significant. Why did we choose -- yes, we are going to pass has a portion of it, but we are going to absorb a majority of the impact. And why is because, first of all, we think we can recover this effect in a couple of quarters in two to three quarters.
That's what we mentioned. And what are we doing about it? Our job number one is to get cell sources outside China qualified. That's the job number one, which we have already identified the sources. We are working in aggressive task force mode and we expect to qualify these sources early next year.
Therefore, considering that the impact is going to be only for a couple of quarters, two to three quarters, not a couple of quarters, two to three quarters, we decided we would pass on a portion to the installers, and we would absorb the majority ourselves.
Now I said 6% to 8% is the total impact in Q3. First of all, we aren't going to be that much impacted beyond 2% in Q2 because we have pre-tariff inventory. Then from Q3 onwards, that basically goes away. And we essentially are going to have an impact of about 6% to 8% as a result of all of these actions. We expect that impact, the gross margin impact to continuously improve as we go from Q3 to Q4 to Q1 and the impact to become zero in Q2.

Praneeth Satish

Got it. That's very helpful. And then just right or wrong, there seems to be a bit of paralysis on the customer side as we wait for clarity around IRA. For the Q2 guide, are you accounting for any worsening of demand trends in Q2. As we wait for clarity or making any adjustments for NOVA exposure in the guide?
And then maybe on the flip side, do you think that sell-through could accelerate in the second half once we get IRA clarity I guess what are you hearing from your dealers on any pent-up demand?

Badrinarayanan Kothandaraman

Yes. I said a few things. I said my bookings right now is about 80%. So the guidance that we gave, we have accommodated that bookings in place, which is actually healthy. So that's the first thing.
Yes, the lack of certainty is definitely a factor the -- one of the large national lease providers, as you mentioned, and financial year trouble is another factor. What that financial trouble causes is basically our installers have difficulty in managing their cash flow. When our installers have very difficult in managing the cash flow, the originations suffered in Q1 because the originations suffered, we do not see enough pull-through from the distributors to the installers.
Because as you must imagine, life must be pretty tough for them in terms of cash flow. And -- but -- but the good news is there are a lot of lease finances now today compared to what they were two years ago. So it is a matter of time where those installers pick up the alternate finance years and hopefully restart the business again. However, that basically created a gap in Q1. And that's what we talked about, our sell-through was a little lower than normal.
Having said that, we are entering the best seasonal part of the year. Q2 normally is the best in terms of seasonality. Q1 to Q2 is what I'm talking about. . And for Enphase, specifically, what we have going for us, we expect to ramp our fourth-generation batteries in Q2. We expect to ship meaningful volumes in production this quarter. And we -- basically, we expect that our cost for our backup installations will be equivalently as good as almost as good as grid type.
We have done great job in gaining market share till now on our batteries supporting tight installations with our third generation. This presents a huge opportunity for us to capture the backup market as well with a solution that is low cost. Earlier, we used to have a lot more components in our third-generation system for backup. Now those will get significantly lesser because of two things. One is we have the collar.
The second is we have a 10 kilowatt-hour battery now instead of a 5 kilowatt-hour battery. So specifically to Enphase, we are well positioned to capitalize on the battery market. We also -- the clarity in terms of the policy will definitely give us a boost in the latter half.

Operator

Phil Shen, ROTH Capital Partners.

Philip Shen

You talked earlier, Badri, about the margin trajectory as we get through even the first part of next year. Can we talk about what the revenue cadence might look like? So for Q3, is $375 million on the table, would you expect Q4 to be up quarter-over-quarter or down? And if you feel like you can share even Q1 of next year, that would be fantastic.

Badrinarayanan Kothandaraman

Right. Phil, you know that we normally don't guide for Q3 or Q4, but we have a few vectors going for us. I just talked about the fourth generation system. We believe that's a huge factor for Enphase. Then we specifically -- regarding the US, we have the IQ9 that is going to be turning on in Q4.
And coming to Europe, all of the new products we have introduced a large area of new products, which we are already seeing some good traction, namely the flex phase battery, which provides 3 Phase backup for many countries in Europe. The balcony solar, which basically we are about to introduce it this quarter, so it's no longer something out there. It's going to ramp in this quarter. Balcony Solar is going to address, for example, the time in Germany alone is 400 megawatts, and after Germany, we are going to go to Belgium and many of the European countries. After that, we will go to Japan and India as well. So we expect that new product to also be introduced in Q2.
And the next one is IQ EV charger. The latest EV charger, we did a good job ramping up so that we can service all 14 countries in Q1. And now we got to grow from strength there in terms of installer partnerships and EV charger partnerships in general through other companies there.
So while I -- while the policy situation, et cetera, is uncertain, Enphase is trying to control our destiny by introducing new products by having discipline. And these are the new product vectors that we are relying on for growth.

Philip Shen

Okay. Back to margins for a bit here. You talked about, I think, the -- down 6% to 8% or 6% to 8% impact on Q3 margins. I think you mentioned that was the growth -- sorry, the net impact. Can you share what the gross impact is on tariffs on Q3?

Badrinarayanan Kothandaraman

Well, I don't have the gross impact. All we are saying is we are passing a small amount of percentage increase to the customers. We are taking a number of other actions to like, for example, we do have some work that we can do on the raw materials for the batteries, moving them out of China. So all of that work is going to happen. Those are what I call as improvements. And a lot of vectors there 1,000 little things we are going to do in order to continuously improve our gross margin impact.

Operator

Brian Lee, Goldman Sachs.

Brian-J Lee

I guess first question would just be -- it sounds like you're passing through a little bit of the price on the tariff impact on batteries in the back half of the year. So you've been doing pretty well, 170 megawatt hours of shipments quarter here to start the year. You've never had that kind of strength in the first half, second half usually better. But given tariff impact uncertainty and then maybe a little bit of price you're having a pass through. Like what's the view on shipment volumes for battery storage in 3Q and 4Q.
Can you continue to grow into the second half? I guess that's also in the context of a new battery ramping. So just wondering kind of what's the volume view on top of what's happening with respect to cost and margins.

Badrinarayanan Kothandaraman

Yes. I mean this is a great battery. First of all, our third-generation system was 5-kilowatt hours for generation system is 10 kilowatts. We had separate battery management, separate power conversion in the third generation system, we have combined it, and it's got deep level of integration combination of power conversion as well as battery management, resulting in cost decline. And then we are talking about the balance of systems.
In the balance of system, we have eliminated what was called the system controller in the third generation. And now we have eliminated that box, replacing it with a small meter color, which is trivial to install. So bottom line, what I'm trying to tell you, Brian, is that the system cost for the Enphase installed with backup is going to be significantly reduced.
And yes, the battery itself might go up a little bit in pricing, but the overall system cost reduction is quite good and quite tremendous. So we expect to continuously grow on better. We also expect to grow on batteries in Europe. For the first time, we have had 3 Phase back up full 3 Phase backup. And that was not available so far. I told you about the Germany -- Germany, the battery attaches 80%, 90%.
But off that battery attach, how many have back up, 30% and backup. We are able to serve those 30% now, and we are extending that to everywhere in Europe. We expect our batteries to significantly improve. That is why we are taking very swift efforts to realign the supply chain to have non-China self in our source of supply.

Brian-J Lee

That's super helpful. Maybe just a follow-up on that then for Badri. So I think pre-tariff, you guys were talking about doing something in the close to 35% gross margin on battery storage. If you kind of back out the 6 percentage-point to 8 percentage-point tariff impact in the back half here, it implies battery storage margins are going to be zero or negative, definitely negative in the US. So to get to -- back to kind of that 35% level, which I think you're inferring by Q2 of 2026.
Like how gradual is that? Or is that all just going to happen in like a quarter or two as you basically switched to non-China suppliers. It sounds like over Q1 or Q2? Or is it all going to just happen in Q2? Maybe a little bit more on the cadence, please.

Badrinarayanan Kothandaraman

Yes. So basically, I told you about the impact in Q2 being small, which is clear. So the remaining quarters left. I also told you, sorry, Q2 '26, I told you the impact is zero. So we are talking about three quarters, basically.
And in these three quarters, the efforts we are going to be engaging are two things. We are one is we are going to move cell, the source of cells to outside China and multiple sources. That's what we are already working on.
Then the second is any raw materials used in the batteries, which we use a lot of raw materials that are sourced from China those also, we need to move away to low tariff countries. And as you imagine, that the latter activity is a continuous activity and the cell activity can turn on quickly, but that might need about three months to ramp.
So -- basically, my guidance to you is these numbers are rough numbers, they're 6% to 8% impact in Q3, but every quarter, Q4 '25 should be better than Q3. Q1 '26 will be better than Q4 '25 and Q2 '26 should disappear to zero.

Operator

Mark Strouse, JPMorgan.

Mark Strouse

Great. So Badri, I just want to confirm on that last point with the battery adjusting the supply chain. The raw material is the pack, it's still the same LFP chemistries, right? Or is there any redesign or reassert sort of [re-certification] that would be needed on your product? And would that be added on top of this time line that you're talking about through 2Q of '26?

Badrinarayanan Kothandaraman

Yes. The good question. It is -- the whole point is to keep our -- [LSP] and we are not moving away from -- . So -- and also the trick is how do we do this without redesigning everything. And so right now, our plan is mainly associated with the cell. However, the normal qualifications will be required because cell is the most basic entity of the battery, and we need to make sure we do the appropriate qualifications.

Mark Strouse

Okay. That's great. And then just kind of near term, I wanted to go back to the 2Q guide. You said you're 80% booked into the midpoint of the guide. I think you mentioned this in the past, it's been closer to 85% at least the last couple of quarters. Just kind of your thoughts on going with that 80% number instead of 85%, just kind of what gives you the confidence to go with that higher.

Badrinarayanan Kothandaraman

Last quarter, we reported two weeks late that was February 4. This time, this is April 22. So we are fine, that 80% is good. We expect to be 100% booked soon.

Operator

Colin Rusch, Oppenheimer.

Colin Rusch

Given the VPP functionality that you guys can enable as well as some of the analytics, can you talk a little bit about market share gains? How are you seeing that sales process evolve and whether you prices ever to pick up market share a little bit here as you go forward?

Raghuveer Belur

Yes. Colin, this is Raghu. When you think about battery sales as well as actually EVSEs as well, it's now more than just batteries being used for providing resiliency or time of use peak shifting. What you're seeing is this new value proposition that adds on to it, which is using your batteries to provide to either to participate in energy markets in deregulated markets. or a VPP construct where the utility can use your battery and discharge it and pay you for it.
And so at the end of the day, what that means is just improves the ROI for the homeowner and reduces the payback period. So the better that you can do it is actually a value proposition. You can be better than the competition. What I mean by that is providing very high-quality APIs for your partners. And I think and then drive the battery and discharge the battery as needed, charge the battery as needed and participate in the energy market.
And all of that value proposition, which is good for the homeowner is the value proposition also that drives the adoption of your batteries. So if we do it better than our competition, then clearly, we gain market share. And that's what we are driving towards. We see that a number of our partners buy batteries because of our BTP and market steering capabilities.

Colin Rusch

That's helpful. And then just from a logistics perspective, it looks like there's going to be some disruption in and around container ships. Can you talk a little bit about how you guys are mitigating that risk and what you're seeing in early returns on any of those elements so far?

Badrinarayanan Kothandaraman

Colin, can you kindly repeat that question?

Colin Rusch

If you're -- sure. I mean just from a logistics perspective in shipping, like if you're still importing from Asia on key components, what you're seeing from a logistics perspective in terms of disruption on available ships space, getting through customs, any sort of incremental expenses that we could be thinking about just to make sure we're paying attention to all of those software costs.

Badrinarayanan Kothandaraman

Yes. We do already see we make -- and maybe all of the folks who not know on this call, 85% of our microinverters are made in the US today, 85% of our global microinverter shipments are from the US. So already, there is a healthy logistics stream of raw materials, et cetera, coming into the US so that we can make our microinverter.
So we don't expect any changes to that because we have diversified that well, and we have not had any problems with logistics so far. On batteries also, 40%, I would say -- let me say, we shipped 170-megawatt hours in Q1. 44-megawatt hours were made in Texas, approximately 25%. So how that works is we ship [10C] into Texas. We make microinverters in Texas. We make battery management in Texas.
We make the enclosures at another state in the US. We make the chassis also in a neighboring state. So therefore, what is -- what's again important there is the raw materials for making all of those. And our supply chain is we established this over three to four quarters ago. So for us, this is -- although it is a disruption, for us, it's not that we have to learn everything from scratch. We have already ramped up on a few areas. And we expect that 44-megawatt hours, which I said, -- US making batteries. We expect that to keep going up as we proceed into the year.

Operator

Christine Cho, Barclays.

Christine Cho

I was wondering, could you remind us what the manufacturing plans were for 10C. I thought the initial rollout was going to have the US inverters shipped to China and then assembled there and ship back to the US before all this tariff news and then the domestic content version was going to come out later.
So first of all, is this correct? And if it is, are you changing these plans so that you're not importing the full battery into the US, which will be subject to a higher nominal tariff. And if that's the case, does this impact the rollout of 10C at all, if you do have to change plans.

Badrinarayanan Kothandaraman

No, it does not roll out the impact of 10C. We are starting with the nondomestic version, and that is correct. They are -- the micro inverters for the nondomestic version will be made in the US and the rest of the battery is made outside the US, but being shipped in, but we are quickly in about two to three months' time, we will quickly realign the supply chain to have the domestic content product also available for the 10C. So right now, whatever we plan to ship in the second quarter will be the nondomestic version. And in a couple of months from then, the domestic portion will be available.

Christine Cho

Okay. And then your guide for the 2Q quarter on top line and battery shipments are about the same as 1Q. And even if I am to add back the 2 percentage-points, the tariff impact, it would imply your gross margins are still down about 150 bps at the midpoint. What exactly is driving that? And even though you talk about being diversified on the supply chain of for microinverters and having a lot of domestic suppliers.
So maybe you might not directly be seeing tariffs, but aren't your suppliers still seeing price increases on their raw materials in this inflationary environment?

Badrinarayanan Kothandaraman

Well, I mean, we said that the 2% increase was attributed to the tariffs for the current quarter. However, on batteries, I mean, what you said is right. We not -- we plan to ship a smaller quantity than the usual full quarter quantity on batteries, while the fourth generation battery is new. And let us say, I ship -- let us say I ship and which I'm not guiding to the number, let's say, ship 30-megawatt hours off the fourth generation battery. And that would come with a little more tariff compared to the inventory that we will have on the third generation that of hence, we guided to the 2% there. That's all.

Operator

Andrew Percoco, Morgan Stanley.

Andrew Percoco

Great. I do just want to again come back to this battery storage concept for a second. I'm just curious, you mentioned at the beginning of Q&A, I think 95% of LFP cells come from China. So presumably, a lot of your competitors and peers are also trying to get their hands on the supply you guys are working on. So just curious how you see the cost environment for that non-China supply evolving over time and the conversations you've had with Summit the suppliers?
And then second to that, just trying to figure out, when you talk about getting to a 0% gross margin impact by the second quarter of 2026, how much of that is dependent on just completely exiting China from an LFP perspective versus taking action on price? Just trying to get a sense for breakdown there.

Badrinarayanan Kothandaraman

Yes. 95% of LFP sales in China, yes, that's right. Don't forget that there is -- there are some Korean suppliers who do make NMC and we have never used NMC. We've never liked NMC. That's our opinion. LFP is what we like in terms of safety. So that's the first one.
Then the question that you asked, it is the biggest, the biggest a factor that affects the battery trial is the cell. You cannot get away from that. So if we cannot meaning if our plans do not materialize for transferring the cells, that's a problem.
And then we would have to look at passing more of the cost impact to our customers. But right now, the right thing to do is we get these batteries. We get the battery cells diversified out of China. And we are working -- we are not talking about -- we are not talking about unnamed suppliers. We are working with two great suppliers, and we have very tangible plans.
We have tangible schedules. And since the time frame we are talking about is two to three quarters, we thought the right thing to do is to basically absorb a fraction -- significant fraction of it ourselves and return back to normalcy very quickly.

Andrew Percoco

Understood. And maybe just to ask a higher level question here. I know you guys don't guide beyond one quarter. But I guess, how do you envision the market evolving over the balance of the year? You obviously have IRA uncertainty, which might not be resolved until 3Q, 4Q at some point. Obviously, tariffs have had an impact on recession concerns and consumer sentiment.
So how do you expect the demand environment to evolve over the balance of the year just given the level of uncertainty and the impact that, that has had on broader consumer sentiment, which obviously could lead into and have an impact on end market demand for potential solar. So just curious how you're thinking about that at a higher level.

Badrinarayanan Kothandaraman

Yes. I mean, look, Q1 is usually -- the seasonally worst quarter, we are past Q1, Q2, Q3 and even Q4 to an extent, are normally are the good seasonal quarters. So we are expecting that. In addition, our value proposition, the value proposition of solar and batteries relies a lot on utility rates. And it is not exactly that the utility rates are going down every bit.
They are, in fact, going up. And so as long as that happens, the ROI of tomorrow will be better than today. And so utility rates is an important factor. You saw what is happening to NEM 3. Now NEM 3, just to remind you, we did away with net metering.
And there is a small feet and only small export compensation. That caused the battery attached in California to go to 90%. So it was a very difficult transition. We don't like how roughly the transition was done. But at the end of the day, things are looking more stable in California in terms of solar and storage with a very healthy value proposition.
And that healthy value proposition came from the fact that the utility rates are high. So that's a factor that will always be going for us. Then you have -- then you have the explosion in AI. The explosion in AI, what is going to cause is electricity is electricity supply is going to get stretched both front of the meter as well as behind the meter. And we are not here to our view which one is better. But it is that what we do is behind the meter while a lot of capacity is put in place front of the meter.
That's got a long cycle of approved the front of the meter. So we think in order to be balanced or in order to have proper energy security for America, we need to have thriving behind-the-meter business, in addition to front of the meter. And behind the meter, we are talking about every home is a power plant, mini power plant, solar storage. And so I think it is only a matter of time when people start seeing this and there is clarity on IRA, the [IPC and NCPTC]. And I think demand will be unlocked after that.

Operator

Maheep Mandloi, Mizuho.

Maheep Mandloi

This is David Benjamin for Maheep. Does your Q2 guide assume any negative impacts from higher tariffs on Southeast Asia modules and the impact on US oil demand?

Badrinarayanan Kothandaraman

No, we don't deal with modules from Southeast Asia.

Maheep Mandloi

Okay. So you don't see any impact on overall solar demand. And then another question.

Badrinarayanan Kothandaraman

Overall, dealer demand, maybe utility scale may be impacted to an extent. We don't expect any demand -- any impact on residue.

Maheep Mandloi

Okay. And then you did mention that channel inventory was slightly up. Is that in Europe? Or is the US? And does that imply like any potential new destocking?

Badrinarayanan Kothandaraman

No. The channel inventory is -- okay, is up because when your sell-through goes down, the channel inventory can go slightly up out of our usual targets. Our targets are between 8 and 10 weeks. So -- but when your sell-through is down more than what you anticipated, then that can go slightly up the ways to recover it back are quite simple, not ship much into the channel and then improve the sell-through in a seasonal quarter like Q2, which is bound to have more sell-through in Q2 than Q1. So we believe it's a normal cycle, and we are disciplined to control the amount of material in the channel with that discipline. It should come back quickly in bound.

Operator

Julien Dumoulin-Smith, Jefferies.

Julien Dumoulin-Smith

Maybe just follow up on the last question a little bit further. Can you talk about what you're seeing in terms of end market demand, right? You talked about restocking and now destocking here and seemingly in the second quarter. What are you seeing in terms of year-over-year volumetric trends? I know you provided obviously second quarter, but can you talk about volumetric transit large, a?
And then b, can you talk a little bit more about Safe Harbor as well. It seems like you're implying that the substantive amount of the $95 million is contemplated in the first half and with fairly little Safe Harbor contemplated in the back half. But maybe you could talk about maybe early indications on that front.

Badrinarayanan Kothandaraman

Yes, I'll answer the second question first. Safe Harbor, you're right, we have $54 million was in Q1. We said $40 million approximately in Q2. And right now, we do not yet have Safe Harbor plans, meaning our customers haven't yet asked for them, but I'm sure that if they want to stock due to something else, we will advise in the third quarter -- in the second quarter call.
Volumetric trends. So volumetric trends is -- we talked about it so far, the Q1 is the weakest in terms of demand. And now we had -- we talked about a large national leasing provider, basically having some financial difficulties. So because of that, our installers have stumbling blocks and they need to recover, and they will recover by going to new financiers. In that time, the installation start. And so that's why we saw a little bit worse sell-through from our distributors to installers in Q1.
We believe that -- we believe that there are a lot of financiers, other financiers now who can really pick up the business. So we believe that, that trend will stop and normal sell-through will take over. So we expect the normal seasonality to show up from Q1 to Q2. In addition, these onetime effects will take some time to clear.
As for Q3 and Q4, I talked about it at length. There is some policy clarity that has to come. For us, we are not stopping like what I said. Our fourth generation system is we expect to ship our fourth generation system product in the current quarter. And that makes backup extremely easy and extremely cost effective.
So we expect to do that. We expect to introduce IQ9 in the fourth quarter, diversifying ourselves into the 480-volt 3-Phase small commercial business. IQ9 by the way, will also -- I talked at length about the innovation with GaN.
With GaN, we are able to get our cost structure very similar to the prior generation, that provide 10% more power. So that means the cost per watt would be 10% down compared to our prior generation. So we have all of these vectors. And then I talked about the utility rates going up. So we expect general growth through the year, primarily due to our new products and policy clarity will also help a little bit.

Operator

Kashy Harrison with Piper Sandler.

Kashy Harrison

Just two quick ones for me. My first question -- on the topic of GaN, are there alternative sources for gallium outside of China? Just trying to think through risk mitigation in the event that the trade war potentially gets worse before it gets better.

Badrinarayanan Kothandaraman

Yes. We have talked at this at length with our sources. We have more than one source. All of them are comfortable that they have it covered. We are not worried about it.

Kashy Harrison

Okay. And then my follow-up, you indicated you indicated that Europe is still challenging, but your sell-through was down 9%, which doesn't sound that bad from a seasonality perspective. And so I'm just curious, what are you seeing that makes you characterize the entirety of the region as challenging? Is it just France? Or is there some other dynamic that we need to be thinking about?

Badrinarayanan Kothandaraman

No. I think we talked about that, that is the pace. The sell-through was a little down at 9%. But what I said is we introduced new products into the region. That's why our numbers were up, and we talked at length about all of the initiatives in Netherlands.
In Netherlands, net metering will disappear in 2027. That means all of the customers are going to be looking forward to a battery solution in order to conserve in order to lower their electricity bill. So it is a huge opportunity as well. but that will become a solar plus storage market. We are working with our installers and the retail energy providers to transition that [market] properly.
And the second one in France, we talked about the utility rates going down. But there, again, I think that it is a short-term blip for a couple of quarters. We expect the WAC to be reduced there. And we also expect the utility rates to go back up according to what we -- the public news available. So I think that one -- what we are doing.
We are constantly introducing new products. Our 3-Phase battery with backup, we will introduce there shortly. We have introduced our newest IQ EV charger. We are introducing hot water heater capability there. That is today, today in France, the feed-in tariff is only EUR 0.04 per kilowatt hour.
And when you have EUR 0.04 per kilowatt hour, it does not make sense to export energy. You would rather say energy. And if I take that solar energy and divert it steered towards the hot water heater, that's a much better use of the energy. So that solution will be available in this quarter -- current quarter. So I talked about that. Germany is really where we had a nice uptick in Q1, and that is because of the flex-based battery, where we introduced 3-Phase with backup.
So what we are doing in Europe, although the market isn't terribly strong yet, we -- our SAM has increased from strength through these new products. And that's why we are more positive on Europe. That's why you saw our revenue went up in Europe.

Operator

Austin Moeller, Canaccord Genuity.

Austin Moeller

Just my first question, given the administration's announcement of new tariffs on panels in Southeast Asia, I assume that your supply chain team is not expecting that a trade deal with China or Vietnam will benefit inverter battery manufacturing and you're just going to accelerate the diversification of your supply chain out of China.

Badrinarayanan Kothandaraman

Yes. I mean, that's the general plan. We are accelerating the move specifically for batteries. We have already completed for microinverters, like what I said, microinverters and accessories. We're almost done. That's right.

Austin Moeller

Okay. And just a follow-up. So I mean the general assumption here is US installers are advanced procuring inverters and batteries and waiting to sell product probably once interest rates go down. So do you think the persistent high interest rate level right now is limiting some of the demand from customers to install ahead of potentially the 30% investment tax credit being repealed in 2026?

Badrinarayanan Kothandaraman

Yes. The high interest rate is absolutely an important factor. In the residential solar business, 60% of the business used to be loans. And now it has changed to leases and probably 30% is still with loans. And anything you do on the interest rates there will help and will help for demand. That's right.

Operator

(Operator Instructions) Joseph Osha, Guggenheim Partners.

Joseph Osha

Sorry to belabor this question of cell supply. But are you saying say a year from now that you think you'll be able to source LFP from outside of China at the same price you can get from inside China? Or are you saying that you're going to pay what you have to pay and pass that on to customers? I'm trying to understand what your view of this is.

Badrinarayanan Kothandaraman

I mean, but meaning the second option that you said, but the prices of those cells aren't that high.

Joseph Osha

I'm sorry, I don't follow. So you're saying that you think sales will be more expensive relative to your current?

Badrinarayanan Kothandaraman

Yes. We sell pricing, the cell pricing is affordable, even if it let us say, goes up by 20%. It is affordable. But when you take a cell in China, and you put it into a product, for example, you assemble it in any place, even outside China, even outside the US. You have to pay the 145% extra tariff because the cell is in China.
Now what you could do is again to diversify your supply chain. You could make yourselves in, let us say, Eastern Europe. You could make yourselves in Eastern Europe LFP cells, you could bring it in to the US. You could have a packing facility in the US, and you could get in other raw materials into the US. It will be significantly cheaper to do because you no longer pay the 150 -- 145%. So even if those basic sales were 20% higher, it doesn't matter.

Joseph Osha

Okay. But clearly, it's going to be more expensive than the status quo was prior to the tariffs and when you were able to source out of China without 145%, right?

Badrinarayanan Kothandaraman

Yes. If you wanted to be legally right, it is going to be expensive. But does it matter? It doesn't matter.

Operator

This concludes our question-and-answer session. I would like to turn the conference back over to Badri Kothandaraman with any closing remarks.

Badrinarayanan Kothandaraman

All right. Thank you for joining us today and for your continued support of Enphase. We look forward to speaking with you again next quarter.

Operator

The conference has now concluded. Thank you for attending today's presentation. You may now disconnect.