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Please refer to the tables in our earnings release on the investor relations portion of our website for a reconciliation of these measures to their most directly comparable GAAP financial measure. With that, I'd like to turn the call over to Dev.

Dev C. Ittycheria -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Thanks, Brian, and thank you to everyone for joining us today. I'm pleased to report that we had a good quarter and executed well against our large market opportunity. Let's begin by reviewing our second quarter results before giving you a broader company update. We generated revenue of $478 million, a 13% year-over-year increase against a very difficult year-over-year compare and above the high end of our guidance.

Atlas revenue grew 27% year over year, representing 71% of revenue. We generated non-GAAP operating income of $52.5 million for 11% non-GAAP operating margin, and we ended the quarter with over 50,700 customers. Overall, we were pleased with the performance in the second quarter. We had a strong new business quarter and we saw improving sales productivity year over year.

We saw strength across the board with both Atlas and Enterprise Advanced exceeding our expectations, demonstrating the enduring appeal of our run anywhere strategy. Our Q2 performance reinforced our belief the slow start to the new business in Q1 was purely operational, and we feel good about our new business outlook in the second half of the year. Moving on to Atlas consumption. The quarter played out modestly better than our expectations.

Michael will discuss consumption trends in more detail. Finally, retention rates remained strong in Q2, demonstrating the quality of our product and the mission criticality of our platform. Our performance this quarter reinforced our confidence in our ability to execute on our long-term opportunity. As we said before, companies today rely on software to express their business strategy.

This trend has driven our success for the past decade, and we anticipate it will continue to do so for the foreseeable future. Even with our success to date, we only have a low single-digit share in one of the largest and fastest-growing markets in all of software. When you combine this foundational tailwind with the opportunities for our customers to incorporate generative AI into their businesses and modernize their legacy application estate, it is clear that MongoDB has multiple long-term growth opportunities. Turning to AI.

AI continues to be an additional long-term opportunity for our business. At the start of the fiscal year, we told you that we didn't expect AI to be a meaningful tailwind for our business in fiscal year 2025, which has proven accurate. Based on recent peer commentary, it seems that the industry now mostly agrees with this view. Companies are currently focusing their spending on the infrastructure layer of AI and are still largely experimenting with AI applications.

Inference workloads will come and should benefit MongoDB greatly in the long run, but we are still very early when the monetization of AI apps will take time. AI demand is a question of when, not if, and our discussions with customers and partners give us increasing conviction that we are the ideal data layer for AI apps for a number of key reasons. First, more than any other type of modern workload, AI-driven workloads require the underlying database to be capable of processing queries against rich and complex data structures quickly and efficiently. Our flexible document model is uniquely positioned to help customers build sophisticated AI applications because it is designed to handle different data types, your source data, vector data, metadata and generated data right alongside your live operational data, outdating the need for multiple database systems and complex back-end architectures.

Second, MongoDB offers a high performance and scalable architecture. As the latency of LLMs improve, the value of using real-time operational data for AI apps will become even more important. Third, we are seamlessly integrated with leading app development frameworks and AI platforms, enabling developers to incorporate MongoDB into their existing workflows while having the flexibility to choose the LLM and other specific tools that best suit their needs. Fourth, we meet or exceed the security and compliance requirements expected from an enterprise database, including enterprise-grade encryption, authorization and auditability.

Lastly, customers can run MongoDB anywhere, on-premise or as a fully managed service in one of the 118 global cloud regions across three hyperscalers giving them the flexibility to run workloads to meet -- to best meet their application use cases and business needs. We see three main opportunities where we believe AI will accelerate our business over time. The first is that the cost of building applications in the world of AI will come down as we've seen with every previous platform shift, creating more applications and more data requiring more databases. The second opportunity is for us to be the database of choice for customers building greenfield AI applications.

While we see that there's tremendous amount of interest in and planning for new AI-powered applications, the complexity and fast-moving nature of the AI ecosystem slows customers down. That's why we launched the MongoDB AI Applications Program, or MAAP, which became generally available to customers last month. MAAP brings together a unique ecosystem, including the three major cloud providers, AWS, Azure and GCP, as well as Accenture and AI pioneers like Anthropic and Cohere. MAAP offers customers reference architectures and end-to-end technology stack that includes prebuilt integrations, professional services and a unified support system to help customers quickly build and deploy AI applications.

The third opportunity is to help customers modernize their legacy application estate. As you know, this segment of the market is a massive opportunity for us as most of the existing $80-billion-plus database industry is built on dated relational architecture. Modernizing legacy applications has always been part of our business, and we have taken steps over the years to simplify and demystify this complex process through partnerships, education and most recently, our Relational Migrator product. AI offers a potential step function improvement, lowering the cost and reducing their time and risk to modernize legacy applications.

For that reason, earlier this year, we launched several pilots with our customers where we work with them to modernize mission-critical applications, leveraging both AI tooling and services. The early results from these pilots are very exciting as our customers are experiencing significant reductions in time and cost of modernization. In particular, we have seen dramatic improvements in time and cost to rewrite application code and generate test suites. We see increasing interest from customers that want to modernize their legacy application estate, including large enterprise customers.

As a CIO of one of the world's largest insurance companies said about our pilot, this is the first tangible return he's seen on his AI investments. While it's still early days and generating meaningful revenue from this program will take time, we are excited about the results of our pilots and the growing pipeline of customers eager to modernize their legacy estate. Finally, I understand that there are a lot of questions about the current business conditions and the macro environment more broadly. So let me give you a sense of what we're seeing across the business.

As a reminder, when thinking of the macro influence on our business, it's important to distinguish between consumption of existing workloads and new business. Starting with consumption of existing application on our platform, this is where we have historically seen a macro impact as usage of applications impacted by the underlying business conditions of our customers. As we discussed on our last earnings call, in Q1, we did see broad based consumption growth slowdown suggesting some macro softening. Our usage trends suggest a similar macro environment in Q2 as in Q1, even though Q2 Atlas consumption growth was modestly ahead of our expectations.

Moving on to new business. We generally have not seen the macro environment impact our ability to win new business, and that was true in Q2 as well. We realized that this is different from what you hear from some other software vendors. Ultimately, software application development continues even in uncertain environments as customers know they need to continue investing in internally developed software to run the business, as well as to drive competitive differentiation.

In addition, we still have relatively low market share in a large market, which means we have an opportunity to gain share in any environment. Now I'd like to spend a few minutes reviewing the adoption trends of MongoDB across our customer base. Customers across industries and around the world are running mission-critical projects on MongoDB Atlas, leveraging the full power of our developer data platform, including Fanatics, Occidental Petroleum, and Indeed. Fanatics Betting and Gaming, a division of the sports ecosystem company, Fanatics, leverages MongoDB to significantly enhance their user experience of their mobile app.

Initially, the team launched a platform on Postgres but faced challenges with scalability, flexibility and excessive complexity. After migrating to MongoDB Atlas, the team also integrates Atlas Search to provide users with a better experience to find all available betting options. With Atlas having scaling, partitioning and operations, developers can focus on writing code and improving the user experience. Looking ahead, Fanatics plans to continue to expand on MongoDB Atlas as they ensure they can operate at scale as they prepare for the start of the NFL season.

L'Oreal, McKesson and Nationwide Building Society are turning to MongoDB to modernize applications. L'Oreal's tech accelerator, a department dedicated to catalyzing digital innovation at L'Oreal, is utilizing MongoDB for an application designed to bring products and solutions to market while quickly improving employee efficiency. The team's previous database solution had limited out-of-the-box functionality and was unable to handle the complex calculations needed to retrieve and restructure large amounts of data from their data warehouse. L'Oreal migrated to MongoDB Atlas to streamline the application architecture and simplify a previously highly complex and time-consuming data access layer.

With this migration, L'Oreal achieved a 40-fold performance improvement. On Atlas, the existing code is easier to maintain, more scalable and more efficient, making life easier for developers. Mature companies and start-ups alike are using MongoDB to help deliver the next wave of AI-powered applications to their customers, including Delivery Hero, Generali and Questflow. Delivery Hero, a longtime MongoDB Atlas customer is the world's leading local delivery platform, operating in 70-plus countries across four continents.

Their quick commerce service enables customers to select fresh produce for delivery from local grocery stores. Approximately 10% of the inventory is fast-moving perishable produce that can go quickly out of stock. The company risks losing revenue and increasing customer churn if the customer didn't have viable alternatives to their first choice. To address these risks, they are now using state-of-the-art AI models and MongoDB Atlas Vector Search to give hyper-personalized alternatives to customers in real time if items they want to order are out of stock.

With the introduction of MongoDB Atlas Vector Search, the data science team recognized that they could build a highly performant, real-time solution more quickly and for less cost than alternative technologies. In summary, we had a healthy Q2 with both Atlas and EA exceeding expectations. We saw a strong new business quarter and improved sales productivity, and we are confident in our ability to keep winning new business in the second half of the year. Looking forward, we see great opportunity to help our customers modernize legacy applications and build the next generation of AI-powered applications.

With that, here's Michael.

Michael Gordon -- Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer

Thanks, Dev. I'll begin with a detailed review of our second quarter results and then finish with our outlook for the third quarter and full fiscal year 2025. First, I'll start with our second quarter results. Total revenue in the quarter was $478.1 million, up 13% year over year and above the high end of our guidance.

As a reminder, while we have difficult compares throughout fiscal '25, we are facing a particularly difficult year-over-year comparison in Q2 given we had a number of large multiyear partnership licensing deals in Q2 last year. Under 606 accounting rules, we recognize the license component upfront, which creates a difficult compare a year later. Shifting to our product mix. Let's start with Atlas.

Atlas grew 27% in the quarter, compared to the previous year and now represents 71% of the total revenue, compared to 63% in the second quarter of fiscal 2024 and 70% last quarter. We recognize Atlas revenue primarily based on customer consumption of our platform, and that consumption is closely related to end user activity of their applications. Let me provide some context on Atlas consumption in the quarter. First, as a reminder, in Q1, Atlas consumption growth was below our expectations, and we updated our growth assumptions for the remainder of the year.

In Q2, Atlas consumption growth was modestly ahead of those updated expectations across the board. While this is encouraging, consumption growth is still below our original forecast from the beginning of the year. Turning to non-Atlas revenue. Non-Atlas came in modestly ahead of our expectations in the quarter as we continue to have success selling incremental workloads into our existing customer base.

On a year-over-year basis, non-Atlas revenue was down 13% due to the especially difficult compare I referenced earlier. Turning to customer growth. During the second quarter, we grew our customer base by approximately 1,500 customers sequentially, bringing our total customer count to over 50,700, which is up from over 45,000 in the year-ago period. Of our total customer count, over 7,300 are direct sales customers, which compares to over 6,800 in the year-ago period.

The growth in our total customer count is being driven primarily by Atlas, which had over 49,200 customers at the end of the quarter, compared to over 43,500 in the year-ago period. It is important to keep in mind that growth in our Atlas customer count reflects new customers to MongoDB in addition to existing EA customers adding incremental Atlas workloads. Continuing on. In Q2, our net AR expansion rate was approximately 119%.

The decline versus historical periods is attributable to a smaller contribution from expanding customers. We ended the quarter with 2,189 customers with at least $100,000 in ARR and annualized MRR, up from 1,855 in the year-ago period. Moving down the income statement. I'll be discussing our results on a non-GAAP basis unless otherwise noted.

Gross profit in the second quarter was $360.8 million, representing a gross margin of 75%, which is down from 78% in the year-ago period. Our year-over-year margin decline is primarily driven by a lower mix of high-margin upfront license revenue compared to last Q2, as well as Atlas growing as a percentage of the overall business. Our income from operations was $52.5 million or an 11% operating margin for the second quarter, compared to a 19% margin in the year-ago period. The primary reason for a more favorable operating income results versus guidance is our revenue outperformance.

In addition, Q2 operating income benefited from the timing of certain marketing and other spend, which we now expect to incur in the second half of the year. Net income in the second quarter was $59 million or $0.70 per share based on 83.8 million diluted weighted average shares outstanding. This compares to a net income of $76.7 million or $0.93 per share on 82.5 million diluted weighted average shares outstanding in the year-ago period. Turning to the balance sheet and cash flow.

We ended the second quarter with $2.3 billion in cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments and restricted cash. Operating cash flow in the second quarter was negative $1.4 million. After taking into consideration approximately $2.6 million in capital expenditures and principal repayments of finance lease liabilities, free cash flow was negative $4 million in the quarter. This compares to free cash flow of negative $27.3 million in the year-ago period.

In addition, this quarter, we also received $170.6 million in cash from the settlement of the capped calls associated with our 2024 convertible notes. I'd now like to turn to our outlook for the third quarter and full fiscal year 2025. For the third quarter, we expect revenue to be in the range of $493 million to $497 million. We expect non-GAAP income from operations to be in the range of $57 million to $60 million and non-GAAP net income per share to be in the range of $0.65 to $0.68 based on 84.6 million estimated diluted weighted average shares outstanding.

For the full fiscal year 2025, we expect revenue to be in the range of $1.92 billion to $1.93 billion, non-GAAP income from operations to be in the range of $187 million to $195 million and non-GAAP net income per share to be in the range of $2.33 to $2.47 based on 84.3 million estimated diluted weighted average shares outstanding. Note that the non-GAAP net income per share guidance for the third quarter and full fiscal year 2025 includes a non-GAAP tax provision of approximately 20%. I'll now provide some context around our updated guidance. First, because of the stronger-than-expected Atlas consumption in Q2, our starting Atlas ARR for the back half of the year is higher than we anticipated in May.

As a result, we're raising our Atlas revenue forecast to reflect that higher starting point. We are not changing our underlying Atlas Q3 and Q4 consumption growth rate assumptions. Second, we are slightly increasing our EA assumptions for the rest of the year to reflect the strength of the second half EA pipeline. Finally, thanks to the performance in Q2 and the increased revenue outlook, we now expect a 10% operating margin at the midpoint of our fiscal '25 guidance.

We will continue investing to capture our long-term opportunity with a focus on our strategic priorities. Separately, although we don't provide guidance on cash flow, we wanted to call out two items that will impact fiscal '25 cash flow but benefit our long-term financial profile. In Q2, we started paying some of our cloud provider commitments upfront in exchange for better economics. We see this as a very low risk, high ROI use of our cash and one that will benefit our gross margin going forward.

These prepayments will represent a negative impact to our operating cash flow in the back half of the year of roughly $20 million per quarter. In addition, in Q3, we will incur approximately $20 million to $25 million of capex to acquire IPv4 addresses, which will allow us to further reduce our cloud infrastructure costs in the future. To summarize, we're pleased with our second quarter results and especially our ability to win new business. We have a small share in one of the largest and fastest-growing markets in all of software.

The secular tailwinds at our back are getting stronger in the age of AI, and we're excited about the future. We'll continue investing judiciously and focusing on our execution to capture this long-term opportunity. With that, we'd like to open it up to questions. Operator?

Questions & Answers:

Operator

[Operator instructions] And the first question today is going to come from Sanjit Singh of Morgan Stanley. Your line is open.

Sanjit Singh -- Analyst

Thank you for taking the questions, and congrats on Q2. Nice to see Mongo beating and raising again. Dev, I wanted to follow up on some of the changes that -- the operational changes you're making to the business that you announced last quarter. Just in terms of the update in terms of realigning some of the sales incentives to drive higher workload quality and while maintaining some of that record workload growth that you saw last year, could you sort of walk us through what you -- what the changes were that you put in place? And how much confidence do you have that you will drive better workload growth as we get into early next year?

Dev C. Ittycheria -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, sure. So first of all, thanks, Sanjit. Just a reminder for everyone, we made some slight incentive comp changes to really get our reps to focus to have a little bit more balance on size versus volume of workloads acquired. These changes were well received by the field.

we had a good workload quarter, as you just described. Workloads start small, so it's too early -- while we're pleased with our results, obviously, it's too early to declare victory and to really see if this is going to have a material impact on changes, but clearly, we're happy with what we've seen so far.

Sanjit Singh -- Analyst

Right. And then, as a follow-up for Michael, I remember at the Q4 last year, you gave us the update on sort of the unused credit dynamics. As we start to think about the back half of this year, is there anything else that we should think about that -- I mean, you just mentioned some of the cash flow impacts just now. Is there anything on sort of like the revenue side of the equation that we should keep in mind? I kind of noticed, at the end of this year, there's just more holiday days in the quarter in Q4.

Does that have an impact? Anything that we should be -- that you would like to call out in terms of our modeling when we think about expectations for Atlas more broadly going into the end of the year?

Michael Gordon -- Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, I think there are a few things to take into account that have been throughout the year but of course, are reflected in the updated guide. Specifically on Atlas, throughout the year, we have tough compares given the headwinds from the back of the unused commitments. That's, obviously, hardest. As the year goes on, that sort of number builds, so that makes for a tough year-over-year comparison.

I think, the other thing to think about in the context of Atlas is the ending year dynamic is really a compounding over the course of the year, as we talked about at the beginning of the year. We got off to a slower start and some of the prior-year workloads, those cohorts were growing at slower rates, and so that does affect and kind of compound over the course of the year. And so, I think that's important to keep in mind is factored -- and is factored into our guidance. And then, looking at the revenue picture more broadly, moving away from Atlas and thinking about EA, we've had throughout the year a headwind on EA, and we'll have that as a multiyear headwind in the back half as well.

The only other thing, I think, I would call out is we saw a slower seasonal rebound in Q1, and so we're expecting that slower seasonal rebound to occur in Q3 as well. And then, as you mentioned, Q4 is a seasonally weaker quarter. And so, all those are some of the considerations to think about when you're thinking about the rest of the year.

Operator

And our next question today will be coming from the line of Raimo Lenschow of Barclays. Your line is open.

Raimo Lenschow -- Analyst

Thank you. And two quick questions from me. Michael, on the EA, you kind of talked about like a slightly better pipeline in the second half. Can you talk a little bit -- is that kind of still the continuation of what we saw in Q2, Q3 last year where people wanted to modernize their kind of self-service footprint ahead of the cloud to the -- move to the cloud or what's the dynamic there? And then, one for Dev.

Like there's a big debate about like reference architecture on AI. And I think it's a little bit too early, but it comes up with investors a lot. Like what are you seeing there? I know AI infrastructure, we're still in the early innings. But what are you seeing there in terms of people engaging with you? Good to see you back on track.

Michael Gordon -- Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer

Thanks, Raimo. On the EA question, I would say, there are lots of reasons why we are seeing strength of EA. I wouldn't uniquely or exclusively tie it to AI. I think, it's broadly in support and shows the strength of the run anywhere strategy.

The other thing that I'd call out is given the 606 dynamics as it relates to EA, we're always sensitive to sort of the multiyear aspect, and that's sort of what's provided, given the strength in multiyear in fiscal '24, some of the tough compares here in fiscal '25. I think, what we've seen in terms of the pipeline is strength in EA broadly, so not just a multiyear phenomenon but really sort of a volume phenomenon as well that we're seeing we kind of look out on the horizon, and that is reflected in the updated guide.

Dev C. Ittycheria -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Thanks, and Raimo, on the question about AI, I think in terms of reference architectures, I think it's important to understand, and I said this in the prepared remarks, is that unlike most of the workloads, AI-driven workloads really require the underlying database to be capable of processing queries against very rich and complex data structures both quickly and efficiently. And MongoDB is well-positioned to do that. We can basically unify and handle source data, vector data, metadata, generated data from your LLM right alongside your live operational data. And then, as the performance of these LLMs and latency of these LLMs increase, accessing real-time data becomes really important like, say, you're calling and talking to a customer support chatbot, that you want that chatbot to have up-to-date information about that customer so that they can provide the most relevant and accurate information possible.

There are some questions about LLMs, whether a general-purpose LLM or a fine-tune LLM, what the trade-offs are. Our belief is that given the performance of LLMs, you're going to see the general purpose LLMs probably win and will use RAG as the predominant approach to marry generally available data with proprietary data. And then, you are starting to see things like advanced RAG use cases where you get much more sophisticated ways to ask complex questions, provide more accurate and detailed answers and better adapt to different types of information and queries. And so, that's what we're seeing.

I think, it's a quickly evolving space, but we feel very good about our positioning for AI, even though it's still very early days.

Operator

And our next question will be coming from Kash Rangan of Goldman Sachs. Your line is open.

Kash Rangan -- Analyst

That's perfect. I was about to call Raimo and say, "Can you please explain reference architectures, and I'll buy you a nice glass of wine." So hopefully, he'll take me up on that offer because that was a very technical question. But anyway, coming back to the call here, Dev, a question for you. Why is EA doing so well? So you talked about a pipeline in the second half of the year.

Last year, you had some significant wins for EA. We were supposed to be on this cloud journey, so definitely, Atlas has reached parity in many senses. It can support big scale applications, whatnot. So curious to get your thoughts on why is EA still an important piece of the business.

And I suppose when you look at AI, could something surprise us? I know that you've had this view that we're building infrastructure first and then the platform, then applications. Could it be, by any chance, a different way to approach AI in this cycle and that we don't really need applications, but somehow these LLMs are gonna be a perfect replacement for the way we think about old world applications? Just curious to see what the devil's advocate -- you might be somewhat very skeptical of the whole AI applications build-out on top of the infrastructure and platform.

Dev C. Ittycheria -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, so thanks, Kash. What I would just say is we did have a better-than-expected both Atlas and EA quarter. There's no question about that. I don't want to suddenly say there's some inflection point on EA in our business.

I think, I would really attribute it to, one, better execution, and two, customers do really appreciate our run anywhere strategy. There's still lots of customers, either for regulatory reasons or other reasons who want to run workloads on-premise and they're not going away. I mean, we've been in this cloud journey for 10 years and some workloads are just very hard to move to the cloud or some workloads, for many customers, don't make sense to work -- move to the cloud, at least not anytime soon. So the fact that they can build it on MongoDB and have the optionality to move it to the cloud later very easily is something that's very compelling for customers.

With regards to AI, I mean, we predominantly see most of the AI workloads in the cloud, but there are definitely lots of customers who are looking at using open source LLMs, in particular, things like Llama, and running those workloads locally. Obviously, it means that they have -- also have to have access to NVIDIA hardware like GPUs, but we do see some customers do that. Again, I wouldn't suggest that that's also an inflection point or cause for the EA outperformance. I think, it's very, very early days, and most of those are experiments that customers are running.

But clearly, we feel really good about run anywhere strategy. And as we've said in the past, we are investing in basically introducing Search and Vector Search to our community product, and that will then show up in EA. So EA is definitely an area where we are also investing from a product point of view.

Operator

Our next question will be coming from the line of Tyler Radke of Citi. Your line is open.

Tyler Radke -- Citi -- Analyst

Hi, this is Tyler Radke. I think, the question was for me. Couldn't hear my name. Dev, you talked about a Postgres displacement in the quarter, and I think that's the first time you've talked about that at least in recent quarters.

So was wondering if you could just sort of frame for us what use cases do you come across them? I know it is popular in terms of a SQL displacement for migrating out of legacy applications. But if you could just frame for us sort of the competitive environment in Postgres, both the open source stuff and some of the new venture-backed start-ups in the space.

Dev C. Ittycheria -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, sure. Thanks for the question. Yes, it's important to understand that Postgres has been around for almost 40 years. I mean, it's -- Postgres, the name has turned from post ingress.

So that technology has been around a long time. As you said, they're really the beneficiary of lift and shift from Oracle, SQL Server and MySQL, so they're kind of consolidating the relational market. In terms of why do we compete or why do we win, I would say, it's a few things. One, our scheme of flexibility, it's a very -- MongoDB has a very flexible scheme allowing you to store documents in a JSON-like format.

So this is beneficial for application structures that evolve over time. We can horizontally scale, so we're making it very easy to distribute data across multiple servers or virtual servers for applications that require massive amounts of data. Performance of large data sets, again, we can handle that better than Postgres. The built-in chartings allows for automatic data distribution.

And then, we also, I think, developer productivity, that JSON-like format and flexible schema can lead to faster development cycles, especially for customers who really work in agile environments. So we feel like we compete. Our win rates against Postgres are high. But again, there's lots of decisions being made where we are not party to where people are just doing a lift and shift of a legacy platform or they just want to stay on relational because that's what they know.

And obviously, it's our job to educate them on the benefits of MongoDB, but we feel good about our competitive position against Postgres.

Tyler Radke -- Citi -- Analyst

And a follow-up question for Michael. You talked about how consumption in Atlas in the quarter tracked a bit better than planned. It sounds like it was not a macro-related improvement. What do you think the driver of that was? And are you seeing any improvement in some of the recently acquired workloads, those starting to ramp up better? Or maybe they have different seasonal patterns than you thought.

Any color on sort of that driver of outperformance would be helpful.

Michael Gordon -- Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, sure. I would say that, yes, Q2 consumption growth was better than our expectations. That was great to see. I would describe it as within a reasonable or typical range of outcomes, and so there are no signs that we've seen that would specifically point to anything -- any material changes in the underlying macroeconomic environment better or worse.

We've certainly seen -- to your question on sort of the workloads and sort of some of the cohorting, we did see a little better performance there as well and in line with what we saw elsewhere, but they're still below our original expectations. So I think that's probably the key couple of things there.

Operator

Our next question for today will be coming from Brad Reback of Stifel. Your line is open.

Brad Reback -- Analyst

Thanks very much. Dev, on your commentary around the modernization pilots, how should we think about timing of that being a bit of a tailwind to the overall growth rate?

Dev C. Ittycheria -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. So again, just to make sure everyone understands, the legacy relational application market or database market is quite large. It's over 80 billion, and it's a massive opportunity for us. And since day one, since our IPO, we've been getting customers to migrate off relational to MongoDB.

But one of the biggest friction points has been that while it's easy to move the data, you can map the schema from a relational schema to a document schema and you can automate that, the biggest stumbling block is that the customer has to or some third party has to rewrite the application, which, by definition, creates more costs, more time and in some cases, more risk especially for older apps, where the development teams who built those apps no longer exist. So what's been compelling about AI is that AI has finally created a shortcut to overcome that big hurdle. And so, essentially, you can start basically diagnosing the code, understand the code, recreate a modern version of that code and generate test suites to make sure the new code performs like the old code. So that definitely gets people's interest because now, all of a sudden, what may take years or multiyears, you can do in a lot less time.

And the pilots that we have done, the time and cost savings have been very, very compelling. That being said, we're in the very early days. There's a lot of interest. We have a growing pipeline of customers across, frankly, all parts of the world from North America to EMEA and even the Pac Rim.

And so, we're quite excited about the opportunity. But again, I would say, it's very early days. But there's a number of reasons why I would say that customers are very focused on this. What -- the cost of licensing and maintaining legacy apps, is it becoming too high to bear? In many cases, the regulatory and compliance requirements are forcing customers to upgrade.

There's a whole end of life of critical technologies. Notably side base is forcing customers to act. There's a ton of technical depth on these legacy platforms that limits the organization's flexibility to do things with AI. And candidly, customers have also soured on the traditional approach of using large systems integration projects that are very costly and take a long time.

So this whole approach is definitely getting their attention.

Brad Reback -- Analyst

That's great. And then, one fast follow-up. It feels like we've spoken about EA more than typical on this call, which is great. As we think about the back half pipeline, is the composition similar insomuch as it's predominantly existing customers? Or are you beginning to see an uptick in net new customers there as well?

Dev C. Ittycheria -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. I would say that it's predominantly existing customers that are doing this, where -- who are maybe doubling down on EA and expanding the footprint to EA. And that's typically the driver for our EA business.

Operator

Our next question will be coming from Karl Keirstead of UBS. Your line is open.

Karl Keirstead -- Analyst

OK. Great. Hey, Dev, at the beginning of the call, you mentioned that Mongo's slow start to the year was "purely operational" but on the Q1 call, when you were describing what happened, you described it as very much a broad based macro issue. So I'm curious, should I interpret that comment as you, Mike and the team have done a bit of a rethink and might be changing modestly at least your explanation about the Q1 results?

Dev C. Ittycheria -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. Actually, just to be clear, I think just to make sure everyone understands, what we called out was that the consumption of existing workloads was broad based. The slowdown was broad based across both geos and channels. It was new business.

It just got off to a slower start. So that was what we called out in our Q1 call. And with our Q2 call and results, as you can see, new business performed better as expected -- than expected on both Atlas and EA, which is why we believe the Q1 issue was an operational issue, not a -- Q1 new business, sorry, was a operational issue, not a macro issue. The macro issue was all about the slowdown in consumption because Q1 typically tends to be a seasonally strong quarter for us, and that didn't happen.

Michael Gordon -- Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, I think that's really important, Karl. Just to keep in mind, when we talk about macro, it could have those two different effects, right, the new business piece and then the expansion of existing workloads. And so, what we were talking about, as Dev said, in Q1 was the existing workload expansion. The operational piece was on the new business side.

And I think the key thing that we've observed really in a wide range of macroeconomic conditions in our almost seven years as a public company is with the exception of that one quarter we've been able to execute quite well in the new business opportunity really in most environments given that we have a huge market, relatively low share, strong product and a talented team that executes well. And so, I think that's probably helpful just to understand as we're sort of using the terms just to make sure we don't trip ourselves up.

Karl Keirstead -- Analyst

Yeah, that's great. And then, my follow-up for you, Mike, is when you were pressed in prior questions about the second half, most of the variables that you brought up were, frankly, headwinds, things like tough compares. But if I look objectively at your 3Q total revenue guide of $497 million -- and this is my assumption, but I assume kind of a normal beat. That's going to result in sequential total revenue growth.

That's actually the highest, I think, that MongoDB has ever put up. So clearly, there's something good that you're embedding in that 3Q guide. What is that specifically?

Michael Gordon -- Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. So I'm not sure I follow all the math on the fly, and I'll -- happy to follow up, obviously, with any of that. But if I just think about the Q3 guide, I won't belabor the headwinds, but they exist and we've sort of been through those, as you've called out. But maybe to talk about the couple of positive things that we see that lead to sort of our improved outlook or increased revenue forecast for the balance of the year, I'd say, it's really two things.

In Atlas, it's reflecting the stronger-than-expected Q2 and therefore, the starting ARR at the beginning of Q3 is higher. Because we haven't seen any change in the underlying macro, the actual growth assumptions for Q3 and Q4 we have remained unchanged, and so you're supplying growth to a higher base. But as the base keeps getting bigger and bigger, that does matter and that flows through. And then, secondly was the positive impact of the increased strength in the EA pipeline for the second half of the year and the impact on that revenue.

So those probably will be the two things that I'd call out on the positive side of the revenue in addition to, of course, having everyone keep in mind the tough compare and some of the headwinds we talked about.

Operator

Our next question will be coming from Jason Ader of William Blair. Your line is open.

Jason Ader -- Analyst

Yeah, thank you. I'm trying to understand the Q4 implied revenue guide, Michael. Just the implied sequential growth there is only 1.5%. If I look at your full year relative to what you said specifically on Q3, that would be well below the historical seasonal pattern in Q4.

So I just want to understand, is there something going on in Q4 that's different? Just sequential -- I understand the year over year is tough, but the sequential seem well below where you've normally been. And is there something specific that we should think about there?

Michael Gordon -- Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, I think there are two things. So obviously, it sounds like you get the year over year, but just to make sure everyone is sort of on the same page, is making sure that people understand the tough compare for Atlas specifically around the unused commitments and then EA, the multiyear. And then, more broadly, we had one -- we had less growth in Q1. That compounds.

And then also, we talked about how we have -- we are assuming -- just in the same way that we saw in Q1, we're assuming less of a seasonal rebound in Q3. That has implications for Q4.

Jason Ader -- Analyst

Gotcha. OK. And then, just one quick follow-up on gross margins. Did you talk about Atlas gross margins in the quarter? And then, how material will the impact be from the prepayments and the IPv4 purchases on Atlas gross margins over time?

Michael Gordon -- Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, so we didn't specifically break out Atlas gross margin in the quarter, but they continue to be lower. But obviously, we've pretty significantly shrunk the delta. That does explain some of the comparison on a year-over-year basis. We didn't give specific guidance going forward.

If you think about the two changes that we called out on the cash flow side, those will benefit us in terms of gross margin. There won't be a significant benefit in fiscal '25. So we'll, obviously, talk about that more when we get to the fiscal '26 guide. But it's a very excellent use of our cash and good ROI in terms of improving those economics further.

Operator

And our next question will be coming from Brad Sills of Bank of America.

Brad Sills -- Analyst

Great. Thank you so much. Great to hear the continued strength in new workloads here. That's been very consistent theme here throughout all this.

I did want to ask about some of the newer services like vector and stream processing. How are those contributing to the strength you're seeing in -- or sustained strength you're seeing in new workloads?

Dev C. Ittycheria -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, Brad, thanks for the question. So in terms of Search, we're seeing solid momentum in Search. We are having success with that business. It's starting to grow, and we just introduced a new capability called Search Nodes, which allows customers to optimize their search deployments by asymmetrically scaling specific nodes dedicated for Search versus the rest of the nodes on their cluster.

It also helps dealing with use cases that are very search-intensive. One of the largest gaming companies in the world replatformed their content moderation platform from DocDB, Elastic and Dynamo to Atlas and Atlas Search and using Atlas Search Nodes for workload isolation, high performance. On Vector, we're continuing to see growth in adoption, and we see Vector is effective in attracting new customers to the MongoDB platform. A world-renowned financial news organization, which is already running in Atlas, migrated from Elasticsearch to Atlas Search using Search Nodes to take advantage of our Vector Search capabilities to build a site search that combines lexical search with semantic search to find the most relevant articles for user query.

And a European energy company built a geospatial search application using Atlas Search and Vector search and the app was built on-prem but -- and to clouds to vectorize geospatial data and facilitate research and discovery. And then, we recently announced streaming -- stream processing, I should say, GA in .local New York in May, and we've seen strong interest. It's still early days, but we're seeing interest from a variety of industries ranging from automotive to retail to transportation who all want to -- who work with streaming data and wanted to be able to take actions on that data to drive their business. And so, customers are very pleased with the performance of the product and how easy it is to use, but again, it's just early days since we just launched it only in May.

Brad Sills -- Analyst

Wonderful. Great to hear. One more if I may, please. On the last earnings call, you mentioned how the slowdown in consumption was broad based across industries and workload types, which led you to believe that it was a macro-related impact.

With some of the improvement you've seen this quarter, I know it's early, but was that also broad based? And could you deduce that maybe that might mean some improvement in the underlying macro? Or was it more outsized to certain types of industries and services?

Michael Gordon -- Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer

No, I would -- Brad, I would describe it as broad based, but I would describe it within sort of a reasonable range of outcomes, and so no clear indication that macro is improving or deteriorating and just a good quarter.

Operator

And our next question will be coming from Rishi Jaluria of RBC Capital Markets. Your line is open.

Rishi Jaluria -- Analyst

Wonderful. Hey, this is Rishi Jaluria from RBC. Two questions. Maybe, Dev, I wanted to first start out going back to some of what you talked about, which is the MongoDB versus Postgres debate.

One of the kind of popular theories out there is -- or debates out there is which architecture is better suited to new generative AI applications, especially if we truly do believe AI will lead to a replatforming a software similar to what we saw with the cloud. I know you talked a little bit about reference architecture earlier in Q&A. But maybe could you walk us through why you believe MongoDB is better suited to new generative AI native applications versus Postgres? And then, I've got a quick follow-up.

Dev C. Ittycheria -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, sure. So very quickly, the reason we believe that we're well-positioned to win these new workloads is that AI-driven workloads require the underlying database to be capable of processing queries against rich and complex data structures. As you know with AI, the data structures can be very, very complex. So this means that the data can be large and, obviously, not in any consistent size.

MongoDB is designed to handle these different data structures. And I talked about we can help unify metadata, operational data, vector data and generate it all in one platform. Relational databases, and Postgres is one of them, have limitations in terms of what they can -- how they can handle different types of data. In fact, when the data gets too large, these relational databases have to do what's called off-row storage.

And it becomes -- it creates a performance overhead on these relational platforms. Postgres has this thing called TOAST, which is -- stands for The Oversized-Attribute Storage Technique. And it's basically a way to handle these different data types, but it creates a massive performance overhead. So we believe that we are architecturally far better for these more complex AI workloads than relational databases.

And we believe that, ultimately, we are the ideal data layer for AI applications. Obviously, it's early days. As I said, we haven't seen a lot of inference workloads in production. But architecturally, we feel very good about our ability to compete against relational databases and Postgres in particular.

That being said, Postgres is popular because they're the beneficiary of people who want to stay on relational and who've kind of lived in relational for the last 30, 40 years. But head to head, we feel like we can win our share of business.

Rishi Jaluria -- Analyst

That's really helpful. And then, maybe just sticking on the theme of AI. We've talked before in the past that AI is just driving a lot of new code, making developers significantly more productive. Have you seen that behavior in any of your existing customers on Atlas where maybe their utilization rate goes up or the number of applications built per customer goes up? Anything like that understanding, it's super early, might at least give you some early indication that the increased developer productivity could turn into a real tailwind in terms of consumption of the underlying Atlas stream?

Dev C. Ittycheria -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. So this is a common question I ask our customers when I meet with them in terms of what code generation tools that they're using and what benefits they're gaining. The answers tend to be a little bit all over the map. Some people see 10%, 15% productivity improvement.

Some people say 20%, 25% productivity improvement. Some people say it helps my senior developers be more productive. Some people say it helps my junior developers become more like senior developers. So the answers tend to be all over the map.

There's no question in my mind that with this platform shift, like previous platform shifts, the cost of building apps will come down. And so, by definition, more apps will be produced, which will generate more data, which requires more databases. Now, obviously, we are in the early days and much like -- I've lived through other platform shifts like going to the Internet. A lot of people built our these -- there's all this dark fiber that was built out to service all this potential demand.

It didn't happen. People thought it was maybe overinflated, and then before we knew it, the Internet transformed the way we work, the way we live, the way we socialize. And so, I think that the same thing is happening here. I think, it's all on the come, but I think we're well-positioned for that opportunity.

Operator

Our next question will be coming from Brent Bracelin of Piper Sandler. Your line is open.

Brent Bracelin -- Analyst

Thank you. This is Brent Bracelin, Piper Sandler. Dev, I wanted to go back to Atlas. And the question here is, given all the moving parts here around accounting, tough compares, unused commitments, Atlas growth looked really strong, I think 30%-plus on a normalized basis after adjusting for unused commitments.

That's before any benefit from AI. Can you just go back to the growth algorithm for Atlas here? I ask because 30% normalized growth would be three times faster than industry growth, implying a meaningful share capture of new software build. So maybe it would be worthwhile if you just go walk through what is driving the momentum on the Atlas side that is, again, two or three times faster than the industry.

Dev C. Ittycheria -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Well, what I would say is, obviously, we're pleased with our results. What I would say is, one, Atlas is the most widely available cloud service by definition because it runs across the largest hyperscalers in 118 regions around the world. So no matter who you are, you can run on Atlas almost anywhere in the world. Second, because MongoDB is a general-purpose database, you can use us for almost any conceivable use case.

So we're not limited to some narrow set of use cases or narrow set of users who have a very particular set of needs. That helps. Three, we have a large community of developers. We have millions of developers all around the world from Asia to North America to EMEA who are using MongoDB to address some problem.

And so, that also, obviously, because of the popularity of MongoDB, we are the world's most popular modern database. I think that also speaks to the strength of the product. And then, I would say, we try and execute well. Obviously, we got off to a slower start than we liked in Q1, but we are very, very focused on execution.

We have a really good team, both in terms of our go-to-market team, as well as our product and the supporting ecosystem teams, our partner team, engineering team. And so, we all try and put our heads down, and we were, obviously, disappointed by Q1, and we're really focused on growing the business as fast as we can.

Brent Bracelin -- Analyst

Perfect. And then, Michael, just a quick follow-up on op margins. Guidance implies 10%-plus op margins in the second half. Particularly as the revenue run rate here gets to $2 billion exiting the year, can you continue to invest in sales capacity while balancing double-digit op margins at this scale?

Michael Gordon -- Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. So specifically around the second half, we've, obviously, increased the full year guide and that flows through. We did talk about some of the timing issues between halves. We are incrementally on a marginal basis investing in the back half of the year in our AI initiatives.

But I think if you look at the two-year view, we are still making 500 basis points op margin progress over the last two years. So yes, I think it's a balancing act, Brent. I think, the key thing is we have such a large opportunity in such attractive investment areas that we'll try and continue to do both.

Operator

Our next question will be coming from Eric Heath of KeyBanc Capital Markets. Your line is open.

Eric Heath -- KeyBanc Capital Markets -- Analyst

Hey, good afternoon. Thanks for taking the question. Just a couple of quick ones for me. Mike, was curious to get a better understanding on just maybe some of your assumptions on why you're expecting a slower than typical rebound coming out of 3Q.

And then, Dev, thinking about the third quarter here and Fed fiscal year-end, just what are some of your expectations for that vertical, which I assume is usually a big EA opportunity?

Michael Gordon -- Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. So quickly, just on Q3, I think we're informed by our recent experience, including the fact that the seasonal rebound in Q1 of this year was slower than what we've typically seen. And so, that's what we're taking into account when we think about Q3, and that's really what's driving it.

Dev C. Ittycheria -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. And on the -- I think you said -- if I heard you correctly, you talked about the Fed -- your public sector and the Fed in particular, yes. I mean, obviously, the fiscal year ends in September. We have a good team there.

We have FedRAMP Moderate. So we are well suited for workloads that have that requirement. We are not yet FedRAMP High certified. So that is something that we're working on as well to try and expand the envelope of opportunities we can pursue.

And then, on -- and as you implied, there's also an opportunity to sell EA to these customers, and we're doing that as well. Obviously, all that is baked into our guide for how we think about Q3 and the second half of the year, but we feel good about the opportunities in that segment.

Operator

And this does conclude today's Q&A session. I would now like to turn the call back to Dev Ittycheria for closing remarks. Please go ahead.

Dev C. Ittycheria -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Thank you. And again, I want to thank everyone for joining us today. We are pleased with our Q2 results and our continued execution against our large market opportunity. While the macro environment remains mixed, our ability to win new business remains strong across both Atlas and EA.

And as we look ahead, we believe we are the ideal data layer for AI applications, and we continue to see increased demand from customers to modernize their legacy applications. And last but not least, we will continue investing judiciously and focusing on our execution to capture this long-term opportunity. Thank you for joining us today, and we'll talk to you soon. Take care.

Operator

[Operator signoff]

Duration: 0 minutes

Call participants:

Brian Raferty Denyeau -- Investor Relations

Dev C. Ittycheria -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Michael Gordon -- Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer

Sanjit Singh -- Analyst

Dev Ittycheria -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Raimo Lenschow -- Analyst

Kash Rangan -- Analyst

Tyler Radke -- Citi -- Analyst

Brad Reback -- Analyst

Karl Keirstead -- Analyst

Jason Ader -- Analyst

Brad Sills -- Analyst

Rishi Jaluria -- Analyst

Brent Bracelin -- Analyst

Eric Heath -- KeyBanc Capital Markets -- Analyst

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MongoDB (MDB) Q2 2025 Earnings Call Transcript was originally published by The Motley Fool