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Kevin Herde -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Thank you, Deb, and good afternoon, everyone. Thank you for joining us today. We're holding this call later than we have in the past, and I appreciate your patience as we work to close out our 2024 audit and complete our 10-K filing. Let me walk through the items that caused the delay and the outcome of each.

Please turn to Slide 5. First, an error was identified during the year-end financial close process with respect to revenue recognition timing associated with a single shipment that resulted in approximately 3.9 million in revenue being recorded in the final week of the second quarter of 2024 upon shipment when it should have been recorded in the first week of the third quarter of 2024 upon receipt by the customer. Our contractual order terms typically result in revenue recognition upon shipment. However, the terms for this particular order were different, and that difference was not communicated timely to our accounting team.

Based on the shipping teams for this order, we should have recognized revenue upon receipt of the shipment by the customer or about a week later than we did. This timing error had no impact to the full year results and did not result from any override of controls, misconduct, or fraud. As it relates to this error, we have revised our quarterly results for the second and third quarters of 2024, basically for the shift in this revenue from Q2 to Q3, and those revised totals are presented in Note 18 in the notes to the consolidated financial statements in our Form 10-K. Secondly, we conducted an assessment of goodwill associated with our acquisition of Alphazyme and needed additional time to complete and conclude on the $11.9 million noncash charge related to goodwill impairment.

In connection with these matters, we determined that we did not maintain effective controls over our revenue process and our goodwill impairment assessment process and thus have identified these as material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting. I'll conclude on this topic by noting that our financial statements for 2024 received an unqualified opinion from our independent auditors and would like to thank the hard work of our accounting team and audit committee to help get our 10-K filed within the 15-day automatic extension period provided by Rule 12b-25. Now, let's get to our Q4 and full year 2024 financial results on Slide 6. We reported fourth quarter revenues of 57 million, about at the midpoint of our expectations for the quarter.

We reported revenue of 259 million for the full year, again near the midpoint of our stated revenue range of 255 million to 265 million, which we mentioned previously in early January of this year. Biologics safety testing segment contributed 15 million in Q4 and 63 million for the full year. Our nucleic acid production segment had revenue of 42 million in Q4. This includes approximately 14 million of high-volume CleanCap revenue for customers with commercialized vaccines.

For the full year, the nucleic acid production revenue was 196 million with the base NAP revenue at 130 million. High-volume CleanCap revenues were 66 million for the year. This includes the 50 million in signed agreements at the beginning of 2024 and an additional 16 million for high-volume CleanCap shipped to customers with commercialized vaccines in the year. Breaking down our full year revenues by customer type, we estimate that 48% of our 2024 revenue was from biopharma; 25% for life science and diagnostics; 5% from CROs, CMOs, and CDMOs; 4% from academia; and roughly 18% of our revenue was shipped through distributors, including to the customer categories I just mentioned.

Let's turn to Slide 7. Our GAAP net loss before noncontrolling interests was 46 million for the fourth quarter of 2024. This compares to a GAAP net loss of 110 million for the fourth quarter of 2023. GAAP net loss before noncontrolling interest for the year was 260 million, compared to a GAAP net loss of 138 million for 2023.

Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP measure, was negative 1 million for Q4 2024, compared to 21 million of positive adjusted EBITDA in Q4 2023. Our adjusted EBITDA in Q4 2024 lagged our expectations for the quarter by about 7 million or so. About half of this variance was tied to lower product gross margin contributions from slightly lower overall revenues and unfavorable mix of product revenues, mostly lower GMP CleanCap, unfavorable manufacturing operations variances, and additional noncash [Inaudible] reserve for inventory at Alphazyme. The other major components of the expense variance was led by 1.3 million in bad debt expense associated with one of our NAP customers that made the decision to wind down operations in late Q4 following a less-than-desirable preclinical outcome.

The additional SG&A variance was further due to higher external fees, including legal fees tied to our initiation of litigation to protect our trade secrets and audit and professional fees tied to our year-end accounting work. Adjusted EBITDA for the year was 36 million and adjusted EBITDA margin of 14%, lower than anticipated as a result of the softer-than-anticipated Q4 bottom-line performance that I just discussed. I will discuss EBITDA by segment in a few slides. Moving to Slide 8 and some additional financial highlights.

We ended the year with $322 million in cash, $300 million in long-term debt, resulting in a $22 million net cash position. As a reminder, we voluntarily paid down 228 million of this term loan with cash on hand in December of 2024. This paydown was allowed under our debt agreement without penalty and is expected to lower our net interest expense for 2025. I will discuss 2025 guidance in a few slides.

In the fourth quarter, we used 15 million in cash in operating activities and ended 2024 with 7 million in cash provided by operating activities. In 2024, we had gross capital expenditures of 30 million and received 7 million in BARDA offsets for a net total capital expenditure of 23 million for the full year of 2024. Overall, we've invested over 150 million in the past five years in building our capabilities across our purpose-built manufacturing facilities to support our business. We expect this intensive capital cycle to be winding down in 2025 but has positioned us with the facilities and capacity we expect to need to fully support the business over the foreseeable future.

We view our state-of-the-art facilities, capacity automation, and quality processes as unique assets and key differentiators, enabling us to best serve our markets and provide for margin expansion with revenue growth over time. Depreciation and amortization ended the year at 48 million, in line with our expectations and previous guidance. Interest expense net of interest income was 5 million in Q4 2024 and ended the year at 20 million, in line with our expectations and guidance. Stock-based compensation, a noncash charge, was 11 million in the quarter and 49 million for the year, consistent with our guidance of roughly 50 million for the year.

We ended 2024 with 142 million Class A shares outstanding and 111 million Class B shares outstanding for a total of 253 million shares outstanding at 12/31/24. For adjusted EPS, the diluted weighted average share count was 255 million for Q4 and 254 million shares for the full year of 2024. Let's next turn to Slide 9 and discuss segment performance in the quarter. Our nucleic acid production segment, which includes both our discovery and GMP products and services marketed under our TriLink, Glen Research, and Alphazyme brands, had revenues in the fourth quarter of $42 million and adjusted EBITDA of $4 million.

For the year, revenues for our NAP segment were 196 million, with adjusted EBITDA of 51 million for a margin of 26%. Included in the revenues in the fourth quarter were the 14 million in high-volume CleanCap product sales. Moving to Slide 10. Our biologics safety testing segment, which includes products and services under our Cygnus brand, had revenues of 15 million in the fourth quarter, adjusted EBITDA of 10 million for a margin of 66%.

For the year, revenue for this segment was 63 million, and adjusted EBITDA was 44 million for a margin of about 70%. As detailed in these segment results, the combined adjusted EBITDA of our operating segments prior to our corporate shared service expenses was 95 million for 2024, a combined margin of 37%. Corporate shared services impacting adjusted EBITDA, which includes centralized functions such as HR, finance and accounting, legal and permission technology, and incremental expenses associated with being a public company, totaled 15 million in the quarter and 59 million for the year, down almost 10% from 2023 as a result of our cost reduction actions. Please let's turn to Slide 11.

Now, overall, we've seen a high degree of variability in our revenues and our financial results in these past five years. The dynamics of the pandemic, followed by the post-pandemic market and various factors, have created challenges in the accurate forecasting of financial results. That having been said, we sit here today with a collection of assets, product and service offerings, and market opportunities that we are very excited about. As we look at the sum of Maravai today, prior to the dynamics of high-volume CleanCap, we had a 2024 base business of $193 million in revenue.

As we look forward to 2025, acknowledging that full year visibility continues to be a challenge and various market, political, and global events will continue to evolve, we are focused on returning our base business to growth. We anticipate our base business, which excludes high-volume CleanCap, to be about 185 million to 205 million or to grow in the low single digits at the midpoint. We currently do not have any binding commitments from our top customers for high-volume CleanCap demand for 2025. Thus, we believe it to be prudent to guide only to our base business as discussed, without incorporating any high-volume CleanCap into our initial 2025 revenue guidance.

To the extent commitments are received for high-volume CleanCap throughout the year, we will incorporate those into any guidance updates as we progress through 2025. Please note we are focused on our base business growth for all our business units. This includes our discovery offerings within our NAP segment, which represent revenue contributions from the acquisitions of TriLink, MyChem, Molecular Assemblies, and Officinae Bio; and further in our NAP segment are the GMP products and services under TriLink, the oligo offerings branded under Glen Research, and the Alphazyme enzyme products. Finally, all of our products and services in our BST segment are branded as Cygnus.

As a result of the overall revenue guidance and expectations here of 185 million to 205 million, we do not anticipate being in a positive adjusted EBITDA position at these levels, and thus we are not providing guidance for that profitability metric in 2025 at this stage. We remain committed to a combination of funding areas of growth and strategic value while maintaining cost containment in other areas. We continue to manage our overall business and cost structure in a manner that we believe is appropriate to allow us to support our strategy. In 2025, we will continue to invest in our commercial footprint expansion and intellectual property protection and prosecution.

We expect to make those investments while also mindfully reducing spend in other areas. As for the cadence of estimated revenues, we are focused on execution across our business. We will see some variability, mostly in GMP services, over the course of the year as those builds will correspond to the timing needs of our customers and their corresponding clinical trial plans. We currently estimate our first quarter to be between 43 million to 45 million in total revenues, most likely slightly up from the most recent Q4 2024 base business total, which was 43 million.

Our total reported revenues of 57 million less the 14 million in high-volume CleanCap. Now, turn to Slide 12, and we'll give you some additional full year views for 2025. We expect interest expense net of interest income between 14 million and 16 million, depreciation and amortization between 50 million and 55 million, equity-based compensation, which we show as a reconciling item from GAAP to non-GAAP EBITDA, to be between 45 million to 50 million, as-if fully converted diluted share weighted average share count for the year of 256 million shares. Finally, as we have discussed, capital expenditures are expected to decline to 15 million to 20 million in total for 2025, mostly tied to about a $10 million expansion of our enzyme manufacturing capabilities.

And we foresee total capex decreasing even further going to 2026. I'll now turn the call back over to Trey.

Trey Martin -- Chief Executive Officer

Thank you, Kevin. 2024 was both a challenging and pivotal year for our company. We navigated multiple headwinds that impacted our financial performance but remained laser-focused on building the foundation for future growth. We successfully delivered on key strategic initiatives, completing our multiyear facility expansions, improving our turnaround times, launching approximately 50 innovative new products, acquired complementary assets, and advanced critical partnerships.

Although it may take more time for these efforts to be fully reflected in our financial performance, we've established many capabilities for future market growth. Let's turn to Slide 14. The pandemic was a transformative time for Maravai's TriLink business that highlighted our CleanCap franchise and led to significant reinvestment in the company. As we are forecasting on only our base business for 2025, without high-volume CleanCap, we wanted to share a reminder that Maravai is a consolidation of several category-leading companies that roll up into our two reporting segments.

Within our NAP segment, our TriLink discovery products and services will benefit from the two acquisitions that we've closed here in the first quarter of 2025. Officinae Bio and Molecular Assemblies bring us unique assets and capabilities to create a new ecosystem in the life science tool space. Our TriLink GMP products and services, which are now utilizing our new Flanders 1 and 2 facilities and which are receiving excellent feedback from our customers, are primed for future growth in the genomic medicines market. Our commercial investments for the GMP business began in 2024, and the funnel continues to grow with an impressive list of opportunities.

Our Alphazyme enzyme business is adding new customers at an exciting rate and is also enabling our vertical integration across our supply chain inputs. Finally, we continue to serve the oligonucleotide synthesis market, both research and diagnostic, with our Glen Research portfolio of products and TriLink discovery oligo services. Revenues by customer type within our NAP segment for 2024 were 56% biopharma, 32% life science and diagnostic, 5% academia, 1% CRO, CDMO, and about 6% through distributors. Our biologics safety testing segment, represented by the gold standard Cygnus-branded products, along with the new innovative MockV line, continues to be an amazing business for Maravai and a true category leader.

Revenues by customer type within our BST segment for 2024 were 22% biopharma, 3% life science and diagnostic, 1% academia, 17% CDMO, and about 58% through distributors. As we look ahead in 2025, we are focused on a return to growth for the business units that comprise our base business. The biotech funding environment and our clinical customers' current emphasis on later-stage programs remains an ongoing dynamic in which we need to manage our business. We've taken steps to improve visibility into our participation in customers' clinical programs to help us operate and predict our sales funnel with improved accuracy.

I'll speak to this in a moment. To navigate this period responsibly, we continue to streamline our operations and corporate support cost structures while investing in key commercial and strategic initiatives. The capacity and capabilities that reside within our cost base should allow for a high rate of variable margin contribution as the business returns to growth. As a brief aside, we estimate that our Maravaiwide supply chain is over 95% sourced from vendors here in the United States, which should serve to protect us from any potential tariff policies that could impact the cost of sales profile.

Our focus for 2025 will be to execute our return to growth strategy for all base businesses, regardless of market conditions. We are taking several steps to diversify our base business with new products and services. Importantly, our confidence in our abilities to respond to the market is unwavering. We believe the strategic investments we've made over the past several years and continue to make in '25 have positioned us to capitalize on significant mid- to long-term growth opportunities.

We're focused on building a diversified, growing, predictable franchise as a life science tool provider. Turning to Slide 15. Let me walk you through these investments and our opportunities to drive further growth. First, our new Flanders 1 and 2 facilities are fully operational, built to support the GMP chemistry and mRNA businesses for the next decade, and ready to scale as demand accelerates.

With modest fixed overhead costs, we expect improved margins as we bring in additional customers this year. In Flanders 2, we recently secured additional scope of work with an existing cell therapy customer, extending our support from their phase 2/3 pivotal trial to now support their late-stage and commercial launch activities. This reinforces our new ability to support customers throughout the drug development pipeline and grow our revenue as their programs advance over time. Second, in 2024, we launched about 50 new products across our five brands, including expanded oligo services, custom chemistries, new catalog chemistry and mRNA offerings, differentiated enzymes, and additional cell system and host cell DNA detection kits from Cygnus.

We believe these innovations are crucial to strengthening our competitive position and driving revenue diversification. We will continue to add additional products, services, and capabilities at a high rate to drive base business growth. Third, our recent strategic acquisitions and newly acquired assets from Officinae and Molecular Assemblies are expected to give us the tools, technologies, and team to establish a best-in-class DNA and RNA design and discovery platform. This will enable us to offer an integrated solution for mRNA candidate design that accelerates our clients' work using our own chemistries, enzymes, and proprietary technologies as inputs.

This vertical integration is unique in the industry and enhances our ability to reduce costs and improve margins while broadening our capabilities in a rapidly evolving market. Our customers benefit from working with one partner who has expertise in all the input areas. A key bottleneck in mRNA therapeutic discovery is the ability to execute high throughput screens of many design variants to define the best possible lead candidates. We will now have an AI-driven bioinformatics platform that enables the design of experiments and the scaled-out manufacturing system to build as many combinations as possible of proprietary caps, modified chemistries, UTR sequences, and tailing strategies to meet our customer's needs and enhance their candidates' performance.

Fourth, our recent partnerships, including a large new distribution agreement with VWR in Europe and additional CleanCap supply agreements, allow for broader reach quickly. These will get CleanCap and our NAP product portfolio into more customers' hands. The velocity of CleanCap commercial license and supply agreements has increased. We executed 11 new agreements in 2024, bringing our total to 43 license holders.

These licensees represent global customers, spanning the spectrum from large pharma to innovative biotech and a mix of clinical, commercial, academic, CDMO enablement, and nucleic acid manufacturing platforms. These new agreements are expected to provide us with greater visibility into customers' phase advancements, with disclosure requirements for IND and/or BLA filings. With this added disclosure requirement, three customers reported to us IND or IND-equivalent acceptance during Q4. All of these efforts should add to the revenue diversification of the company so that our future growth is not dependent on bulk CleanCap reagent inputs for COVID vaccines alone, but companywide through the broad contribution from each of our businesses as we continue to build on our strong foundation, expand our customer relationships, and constantly improve our offerings.

Because our entire business is 100% consumables and we have heavier exposure to early stage discovery work in NAP and clinical trial starts in BST, we believe we will be an early beneficiary as the macro environment for life science improves, which could provide additional tailwinds. Finally, I mentioned our challenges last year in forecasting demand. To address this, we've enhanced our ability to track and anticipate clinical market trends. Our clinical trial business intelligence platform, which we developed in-house over the last several quarters, provides real-time insights into mRNA- and RNA-related programs, including new program starts and phase progression for clinical trials.

This reduces our reliance on costly consulting services but, more importantly, brings us closer to the data and gives us proprietary insight when blended with our own commercial data. Please turn to Slide 16 to review our findings. We're seeing continued growth in mRNA and gene editing programs with roughly 1,500 discovery and development-stage candidates currently in the pipeline we track. Focusing on discovery remains critical to our strategy to drive adoption of our technologies in customer programs, and we are engaging customers early in the development process.

Our ability to support them from preclinical projects through GMP and commercialization gives us a strong competitive edge, which we've enhanced further with our recent acquisitions and new product innovations. Currently, we estimate that 70% of target programs are in the preclinical phase, while 30% have entered the clinic. We continue to estimate CleanCap market share at approximately 30% for clinical-stage programs we track and closer to 40% at the discovery stage, which should drive increased future participation in clinical programs. The growing number of clinical mRNA programs, now estimated at 447, with CleanCap customers representing about 30%, indicates positive pipeline momentum.

According to our data, of these 136 clinical programs, 43% are in phase 1, 43% are in phase 2, and 14% are in phase 3 or 4. Despite fluctuations in preclinical candidate numbers due to the funding challenges and other market dynamics, the overall program count remains strong with over 1,000 programs estimated. Currently, we are engaged with customers representing about 40% of preclinical drug candidates. When funding conditions improve, we expect these programs to accelerate.

However, even in the current environment, our market position remains strong. While not every preclinical program will advance, our discovery customers who buy products and service from us and enter the development pipeline have the potential to generate seven to 10 times more revenue per program as they progress through clinical stages, presenting a significant opportunity for growth. As these programs progress, we are now well-positioned to provide critical GMP services to these customers, along with our GMP reagents. The recently completed capacity investments at Flanders 2 allow us to support the customers' program progression from phase 2 clinical material through commercialization.

Double-clicking into our pipeline data on Slide 17, for CleanCap customer programs, you'll notice that we're involved across multiple modalities, including gene editing. And as the heat map on the right indicates, the top disease target of these programs is now cancer, which cumulatively makes up an estimated 38% of the programs in development. Today, 80% of the pipeline we track is for development programs other than infectious disease. As I mentioned earlier, we've also strengthened our license and supply agreements, requiring customers to disclose milestone achievements like IND and BLA submissions.

All this provides us with greater visibility to forecast as the early stage programs advance. Turning to Slide 18. We will continue to focus on innovation to move the industry forward and build new revenue streams as a leading mRNA producer and raw materials supplier. We know our ability to provide products and services supporting the entire customer life cycle is a resounding value proposition for customer choice.

With the acquisition of Officinae and the asset acquisition of Molecular Assemblies, plus our enzyme portfolio expansion through Alphazyme, our TriLink discovery products and TriLink GMP capabilities, we can incorporate raw materials and production expertise into our end-to-end service and supply offering, scaling from early research to clinical product, which is totally unique in this industry. We firmly believe in our ability to enable the next generation of medicines, and I'm confident that the foundation we've built can drive sustainable, profitable growth for our base business in the years ahead. This concludes our prepared remarks. Kevin and I are happy to answer your questions, so I'll turn the call back to the operator for instructions.

Questions & Answers:

Operator

Thank you. [Operator instructions] Our first question is from Matt Stanton with Jefferies. Please proceed.

Matt Stanton -- Jefferies -- Analyst

Hey. Thanks for taking the question. Maybe just for Kevin as it relates to kind of the profitability picture here in '25. I understand you're not guiding on EBITDA margins, but is there any kind of guardrails you can give us in terms of gross margins? Obviously, 66 million coming out is a big headwind, but are there other cost actions and levers at your disposal? You've obviously had a lot of capacity over the last year or two, but I think just people are trying to anchor to some type of profitability metric as we move forward on this base business revenue.

So, any more color you can give us, just maybe what you're thinking about on the gross margin level for '25 and other cost levers at your disposal as you kind of return to profitability or look to return to profitability? Thanks.

Kevin Herde -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. Thanks, Matt. I appreciate the question. Yeah, look, certainly, you know, the cost structure is always on our mind.

You know, as we look at our cost structure for 2025, we see it looking very consistent with 2024. We're putting in cost measures to limit certain costs, to reduce them, and to offset the increases we're making in certain other areas. Certainly, the acquisitions that we've made, the continued expansion of our commercial footprint, and the commitment to defend and prosecute our intellectual property around CleanCap are all strategic investments, and we're making offsets to keep our cost structure very consistent with how it looks versus 2024. When it comes to the overall margin profile, I'll tell you, you obviously can do the math in taking our '24 revenues of 259, our adjusted EBITDA of 36, and see we had about $223 million of cost structure there.

You know, about 200 million of that or so we consider fixed, meaning it's a combination of those things that aren't necessarily the variable inputs to our revenue generation. And that area is going to -- that $200 million is going to stay relatively flat year over year. And as we look at our variable component of our revenue, that's generally ranges between 10% and 12%. So, that kind of gives you a good sense of where [Audio gap] to $230 million revenue range based on some of those inputs is roughly where we're adjusted EBITDA-neutral as we sit here today.

[Audio gap]

Deb Hart -- Head of Investor Relations

Cherry, can you go to the next question, please?

Operator

Yes. Our next question is from Doug Schenkel with Wolfe Research. Please proceed.

Doug Schenkel -- Analyst

Hey. Good afternoon, guys. Thanks for taking the questions. So, improving visibility was a clear point of emphasis in your prepared remarks.

I was just wondering if, one, you know, beyond tracking market data, are you implementing processes with key customers to ensure better visibility there? Two, how do we get comfortable that the launch of 50 new products won't hinder these improvement efforts? And then third, you know, does carving out high-value CleanCap essentially wall off your area of lowest visibility from the perspective of setting financial guidance for this year? Thank you.

Trey Martin -- Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, I think we can go in reverse order, and yes, you're absolutely right that the high-volume CleanCap, you know, last year, we had a firm commitment of about 50 million. We've reported that, you know, ended up at 66. But these commitments are completely based on the timing of, you know, a handful of very large customers' clinical programs. We do have quarterly updates required.

But obviously, in the case -- last year, we had dynamic movement in. At this point, as Kevin reported, we have no firm commitment for this year, and that has been the biggest swing and the biggest difficult dynamic for predictability that is obviously material. We mentioned that our updated agreements -- and we are proud of the increase in the number of license agreements we've signed this year. Our updated agreements have mandatory disclosure requirements for certain clinical trial milestones that our legacy pandemic-era agreements did not.

And so, we're hoping that that drives visibility with the larger -- those would be GMP CleanCap customers specifically. Obviously, when someone is using our new service offering, we have very, very intimate visibility of the timing of their program, their expected stage, and all things that are involved. So, all of those are ways that we hope we can add significant visibility going forward to the clinical or the GMP business, which is, of course, the material orders.

Operator

Our next question is from Matt Larew with William Blair. Please proceed.

Matt Larew -- Analyst

Hi. Good afternoon. I was hoping you could speak a little bit to segment growth and cadence. So, obviously, Kevin, you referenced 43 million to 45 million.

In the first quarter, I think that's sort of down low double digits at the midpoint. And, you know, to hit the midpoint of your guidance, it seems like you'd have to, in the back half of the year, be growing high single or low double digits. So, maybe speak to the underlying market assumptions that are embedded in that. And if you can provide color in terms of BST versus NAP, that would be helpful as well.

Kevin Herde -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, happy to do that, Matt. Yeah, I think, as I mentioned, you know, the first quarter here on the base business, and we'll be referring to that a lot prospectively, be up a little bit from where the fourth quarter left us. We then see, you know, some increased timing based upon our forecast currently coming through Q2 and into the back half of the year. Some of that comes from the visibility we have with what's going on at Flanders and scheduling those GMP programs, and that's really going to be the largest driver of quarter-to-quarter volatility for us is when those programs come through and we do those builds.

As you know, those are somewhat periodic. And then from there, heading into the back half of the year, I think what we see is the completion of the integration of the two acquisitions we did in the first quarter and how those acquisitions bring a differentiated customer experience and offering for the discovery part of TriLink, and I think that's the one area that we're really looking to stabilize. It's probably been one of the more volatile. Again, that's where we have our RUO products, chemistry products, oligo products, a lot of research products, and I think that's the one area that's been under pressure over the last couple of years, particularly.

And we look for the acquisitions and some of the work we've been doing with the new product, as well as the new product introductions, you know, to drive some growth going into the back half of the year, and that kind of stacks up from that roughly 43 million to 45 million and then stepping that up into the -- you know, those 50 million or so a quarter revenue totals you need to get to the midpoint of our guidance.

Operator

Our next question is from Subbu Nambi with Guggenheim. Please proceed.

Unknown speaker -- -- Analyst

Hi. This is Ricky on for Subbu. Thanks for taking our question. So, you made a large voluntary debt repayment at the end of the year.

And so, just wondering how we should think about your capital allocation priorities for the coming year in 2025. And also, maybe as a follow-up for that, too, what your appetite for M&A would be going forward? Thank you.

Kevin Herde -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, we thought it was prudent to lower our cash interest expense for a couple of reasons. One, our interest rate cap that had served us very well in 2024 helped limit down our interest expense by a couple million dollars and provided us with good cash flow. It expired in January, and we didn't put in a new cap at this stage. Still assessing the rate volatility.

And we also didn't see M&A for us in the higher range of what we are generally looking at, so we didn't need that extra gross up that we've been carrying for a while. You know, I think we're still interested in things, certainly. We have some more financial constraints than we probably used to have, but you can see that we've already printed two deals here in 2025 and continue to look to things that are complementary from a technology perspective at the right price point. For us, that price point is probably less smaller than it was, but we still see assets out there that are available, and we -- we're very active in evaluating them in both sides of the business, and we think there are some opportunities there.

We're not going to shy away from getting things done if the business case makes sense and we can do it financially. You know, certainly, with capex coming down and interest rates coming or interest expenses coming down, that frees up a little bit of cash for us as well to address those. We're going to continue to evaluate things. I would say fundamentally, though, we're happy with the collection of assets.

We do have a good lift and a lot of activity to integrate the two businesses that we just took on and really look forward to seeing how those will drive, you know, a better customer experience and revenue in the discovery area. Trey, do you want to expand on that at all?

Trey Martin -- Chief Executive Officer

No, that was excellent. We -- the -- as was asked in the previous question, there is a bit of staging. We're tucking in the assets of Molecular Assemblies and the front end of Officinae onto TriLink. And as Kevin said, both of those projects are expected to be finished right around the midpoint of the year and start to drive further growth in the -- specifically in the discovery area in both of those cases in the back half.

Operator

Our next question is from Tejas Savant with Morgan Stanley. Please proceed.

Tejas Savant -- Analyst

Hey, guys. Good evening. Maybe, Kevin, one for you on the guide. Can you just elaborate a little bit on, you know, any sort of headwinds you're baking in from the ongoing changes at NIH and FDA in the context of your academic or biotech customer spending and what are you assuming for China growth this year?

Kevin Herde -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, I'll take both of those, Tejas. Thanks for the questions. Yeah, as you know, our academic exposure is pretty small directly. There's certainly a halo and trickle-down effect of that spend from a government perspective that will impact some of the research part of our business.

But again, that's relatively small as we look at the different components of our business. So, we don't have a direct tie to NIH funding, so I don't see that as a huge headwind, but we do contemplate that certainly on the lower end of our guidance range. And again, we would see that more in the -- again, in the discovery area, you know, as we move forward there. And the second part of the question was --

Deb Hart -- Head of Investor Relations

China.

Trey Martin -- Chief Executive Officer

China.

Kevin Herde -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

China, yeah. So, China -- just getting to China specifically, you know, we saw China do 13.6 million over the full year. That was split 11.9 in BST, 1.7 in nucleic acid production. And really, our exposure there, as you know, is really in the BST part of the business.

You know, that really didn't -- it's been bouncing around a little bit, didn't move all that much. If we look at it specifically, you know, we did 3.4 million in China in BST in Q4. And if I look back over the last four quarters before that, going back to Q3 and then back to Q4 2023, it's bounced around between 2.1 million and 4.2 million. So, it kind of -- it's been leveling out more in that $3 million range.

We see that and we're calling that basically flat for 2025. And if there is any churn there, I think we're seeing churn within the region more than anything. So, we've already seen some examples of some CDMO-type business flexing out of China and going to other parts of the Asia-Pac region and the Cygnus kits moving with that business. So, you know, it might be some temporary shifts, but we don't -- we're not anticipating any growth.

We think based -- working with our distributor -- as you know, most of our -- all of our revenue there through the Cygnus segment is through one of our distributors and has been for a while. You know, they're calling the year flat. You know, we're keeping a close eye on it. And the only disruption we've seen thus far was picked up in another region very quickly, so we feel that there's not a lot of exposure there.

Tejas Savant -- Analyst

Got it. That's super helpful. And then one on just -- Trey, a philosophical question on that fixed cost structure. I know you've talked about it in the past as, you know, something that opens up the possibility of significant leverage as the top line recovers.

But I guess my question is just more on why such a high fixed cost structure and why you've taken this sort of strategic decision to keep that $200 million run rate intact? Are there any levers you can pull if things get worse for some reason, you know, in the context of what you're seeing in the near term and your end markets?

Trey Martin -- Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, there certainly are. We are pulling some of those levers incrementally, as Kevin implied. The fundamental decision, roughly the 200 million cost structure, is to keep all the capabilities that we have built over the last couple of years available for market expansion. That's really the fundamental part of the strategy.

And we realize that this is a different situation than we've been in before, but that's fundamentally it. To make a material change, you know, in that cost structure where we are basically running one building unit per business unit would require compromising, you know, our ability to respond to any market return.

Kevin Herde -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. To break that cost structure down just a little bit more for everyone, you know, that breaks down -- roughly half of that cost structure is our labor force and roughly 580 employees as we sit here today. And even at the midpoint of our '25 base business guide, you know, that's right around $340,000 in revenue per head, so very consistent with the universe of life science tools companies that are out there. So, we don't -- we think we're in decent shape there, but we need to continue to invest in the expansion of our commercial, and we're continuing to do that and getting that more intimacy with the customer there that we believe is serving us well and filling up the pipeline nicely.

And the other large part of that, as Trey mentioned, is roughly $40 million or so in annual facility costs, and that's spread over seven facilities, none of which have, you know, a single cost that's much more significant than the average. So, we feel all of those building expenses are really part of why we have the leverage and the capabilities that we have, and I think all of them have revenue profiles that recover that [Technical difficulty] quickly. So, I think that when you look at that, we think the cost structure there is reasonable. We are looking at other things, though, and always will.

And certainly, to the extent we don't return to growth, we'll continue to look at the cost lever to be able to, you know, extend the time for which we do return to growth, but [Technical difficulty] with the base set of assets that we have.

Operator

Our next question is from Dan Arias with Stifel. Please proceed.

Daniel Arias -- Analyst

Yeah. Guys, thanks for the questions. Kevin, when you say that you're forecasting the base business only and excluding high-volume CleanCap, does that mean that COVID vaccine contributions have been scrubbed from the forecast entirely or is it just the obvious customers that have been taken out? I mean, how much of anything within the forecast really has anything to do with COVID marketed, development stage, combo vaccine, and sort of anything in between?

Kevin Herde -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, I mean, we think it's basically zero, Dan. I mean, we're taking out everyone that has a commercialized vaccine in their demand. We're not taking it out. They're not giving us any forecasts, so we're by default taking it out.

As you know, we've never had a year where that's roughly been less than $60 million going back to 2020. So, it's certainly unique to have zero. We don't feel there's anything else out there. I mean, we don't know, of course, when we ship CleanCap to a customer, if it's a small order, what they're potentially using it for.

But when we look at our clinical data insights, when we take that and put it against, you know, our active customer base, we don't see any indications that there's any material amount of COVID that could be in those numbers given that our product is fungible and not marked for the end indication. We think that what we're doing and the guide that we're giving is reflective of no COVID revenue for '25.

Daniel Arias -- Analyst

OK. And then maybe just what percentage of revenues did the top 10 customers come to comprise for '24 and what do you think that that will be for '25?

Kevin Herde -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, if you'll give me a second, I have that. I just don't want to misquote it here.

Trey Martin -- Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, I've got it, and I'll let Kevin look at the '25. We were -- top 10 was 48% in '23, 46% in '24. And so, I think we're showing a gradual diversification there. Yeah.

Operator

Our next question is from Catherine Schulte with Baird. Please proceed.

Catherine Schulte -- Analyst

Hey, guys. Thanks for the questions. Maybe, first, just what are you assuming for revenue contribution from your recent acquisitions that you mentioned? And then second, if we back out the 66 million of high-volume CleanCap in '24 and I think it was 61 million in '23, you know, that implies base NAP was down about 20% for the year and I think down close to 30% in the fourth quarter. So, are those COVID numbers comparable? Is that the right math? And if so, what makes you confident in that base business stabilizing here in '25?

Trey Martin -- Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, I'll take the latter half of that. Thank you, Catherine. The Q4 '23 number had a pretty large multimillion-dollar essentially take-or-pay chemistry order in it that skewed the Q4 results in comparison here. There's not a large overriding similar order in Q4 '24.

And we do view that -- well, not COVID-specific, but specific of the era that -- within '23, we had contracts for take-or-pay on more things than just CleanCap, and that was specifically in Q4 '23. And then, Kevin, the other side of that was our contribution for the small acquisitions.

Kevin Herde -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. So, Molecular Assemblies is really more of a supply chain technology vertical integration play for us, and I think specific on the revenue line there, other than how it's going to complement what we're doing in discovery. As it relates to Officinae Bio, we're looking at, you know, low single-digit millions, $1 million or $2 million distinctly from that company. We didn't buy them for the revenue contribution.

We bought them for their software platform and basically the revenues that they have today [Technical difficulty] their cost structure. And so, we'll be looking for both their contributions and helping us take their very unique website capabilities and e-commerce capabilities over to TriLink discovery and then as well continue to support them in the marketing of their AI platform.

Catherine Schulte -- Analyst

Great. And then I know you don't want to guide to adjusted EBITDA, but any way to just put some guardrails on how you think about cash burn for the year?

Kevin Herde -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. I mean, look, I think we gave you a pretty good view of what our cost base is and what our variable cost base is, so I think that's a pretty simple math equation. You know, when you look at the capex and the cash interest that we gave you and then you layer in the two acquisitions, I think the sum of all those pieces will get you a relatively direct total. And again, the larger variable there is, is do we end up getting any drop-ins for vaccine revenues that toggle that one way or the other, and we'll update you each quarterly as that comes through.

Operator

Our next question is from Matt Sykes with Goldman Sachs. Please proceed.

Matt Sykes -- Analyst

Hi. Good afternoon. Thanks for taking my questions. Maybe just shifting the focus to BST, I know that the growth hasn't necessarily achieved what it had historically, even in sort of the pre-IPO financials.

It was a double-digit grower. But just given the amount of EBITDA contribution that it now represents, I mean it's getting pretty close to where NAP is in total EBITDA in '24. Could you just maybe talk a little bit about the strategy to try to drive further growth? Maybe talk a little bit about what your current penetration and market share is. And then are there any strategies like doing more direct, less distribution, or anything that you've kind of come up with to help drive growth in that segment just given how important that level of profitability is going to be over the course of this year?

Trey Martin -- Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, thank you. That -- those are good observations because you can see from the numbers that we've reported that a significant part of the channel for Cygnus is distribution. And a significant reason that it's so profitable is that it's not a direct -- you know, the direct sales force is essentially U.S.-based. So, we see opportunity for Cygnus.

And, as Kevin sort of hinted, specifically in Europe and APAC outside of China, as I think projects shift from China, things go with them, but that creates a little bit of a disruptive lag. The other -- you know, we're getting traction year over year here on MockV, which is a brand-new method of doing viral clearance, and we're seeing good signs there. And, of course, recently announced that we were moving into host cell DNA detection, which is another large chunk of the biologics market. So, both of those two growth vectors, in addition to the services, which have grown nicely and have honestly helped buffer that period of geographic shift, those growth vectors, those three for Cygnus, we continue to emphasize and lean on as we move forward.

Matt Sykes -- Analyst

Got it. That's really helpful. And then just for my follow-up, just going back to the high-volume CleanCap customers, I can understand the demand picture issues that exist there. But I'm also wondering just do you have visibility into what inventories they're carrying of things that you ship might -- maybe last year or even the year before and is that part of the issue that they just have overstock and they just need to work through that or do you not even have visibility into what levels of inventory those specific customers are holding?

Trey Martin -- Chief Executive Officer

It's the latter. Still the -- it's still the pandemic-era agreements and the communication people -- you know, because of strategic supply chain concerns, people certainly bought as much as they could, and they're not keen to give us exact inventory totals, as you might imagine. But all of our -- we have been improving significantly our interactions with all of our pandemic-era, you know, high-volume CleanCap customers and trying to drive that intimacy, working with them not only just as a reagent supplier, but hopefully as a deeper partner.

Operator

Our next question is from Brandon Couillard with Wells Fargo. Please proceed.

Brandon Couillard -- Analyst

Hi. Thanks. Good afternoon, guys. Kevin, can you just share with us the high-volume CleanCap revenue numbers for the first, second, and third quarter of last year so we can get to a base business baseline?

Kevin Herde -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

So, if we're looking at '24, basically, in round numbers here, first quarter, fourth quarter, 9, 25, 17, 14.

Brandon Couillard -- Analyst

OK. Got it. And then, Trey, it'd be helpful if you could just maybe talk a little bit more about how the pipeline at Flanders 2 is developing, you know, how it may stack up right now maybe compared to where you thought you'd be, you know, three or six months ago.

Trey Martin -- Chief Executive Officer

Absolutely, yeah. That's -- that is some good news. The funnel has been growing there significantly. We were really proud.

You know, I've mentioned in our public comments before that we -- it's not trivial to get people to jump into a brand-new facility. Many of you, all 15 of our sell-side folks here, have seen this facility in person. And we were able to get some phase 2 and 2/3 commitments early. As we announced in the prepared remarks, we have now a commitment to go through commercial, and that's just a really good response to a brand-new facility in that industry.

The funnel there is working well. But at the same time, as we've -- our -- one of our reasons for caution there is what we talked about last year with customer programs sliding out for reasons that have nothing to do with our partnership but their clinical, you know, interactions with regulatory agencies or their funding, etc., etc. So, the good news is that the funnel has built really nicely. And, you know, the dynamic there is that we look to -- the predictability is a little better there because if we're talking about a Q3 or Q4 program, we're really booking that now.

So, you're usually booking a couple of quarters ahead in that business.

Deb Hart -- Head of Investor Relations

Cherry, we'll take one last question, and then Trey has some closing remarks.

Operator

Thank you. Our final question will be from Anna Snopkowski with KeyBanc Capital Markets. Please proceed.

Anna Snopkowski -- KeyBanc Capital Markets -- Analyst

Hi. Thanks for taking my question. This is Anna on for Paul Knight. I have two questions, but maybe to start, how is traction of new products such as CleanScribe and what is the overall strategy of new products? Are they more commercial-facing or would you view them as preclinical-focused?

Trey Martin -- Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, largely preclinical-focused. You could say that, you know, the ability to support phase 3 and commercial was a new product in quotes, but that's a service business, obviously. So, the 50 new products we called out there are across all of the other business units, essentially Cygnus and TriLink discovery, Alphazyme, and so on. And yeah, we've been really excited by the attraction of CleanScribe.

There's clearly market demand. You know, this is one thing that we've identified before. In the pandemic, people did not necessarily have time for process improvement. They had to scale what they had.

We're really happy about the early look at CleanScribe being a differentiated enzyme that improves process and lowers impurity. And the uptake of that has been great. Alphazyme has added more customers there than any other product in our history together. So, yeah, and that starts, as you asked, within the discovery area.

And we're hopeful that like M6, which took one -- just one year from discovery launch to GMP, that this can move very quickly as well. And as Kevin has mentioned, our last large capex project for the company is to essentially extend the capability for Alphazyme to make enzymes that will be used in late-phase programs.

Anna Snopkowski -- KeyBanc Capital Markets -- Analyst

Got it. That's helpful.

Trey Martin -- Chief Executive Officer

So, with that, I see we're at time, so I'll just make a few closing remarks here. I'd like to thank everybody for your time today and your patience as we worked with the independent auditors to close the books for 2024, to get our materials filed within the grace period, and to schedule and execute this call. We feel that despite the ongoing challenges and uncertainty in the biopharma and life science sectors, we're encouraged by pipeline progression we see for mRNA, gene editing, and cell therapy. We're laser-focused on what we can control, which is driving innovation, expanding our customer base, protecting our IP, and managing our costs effectively.

We're confident in our differentiated technologies, our products, and our world-class services. We have a strong balance sheet. We have a net cash position and a manageable debt position that gives us flexibility. And we will remain diligent in our cost control, as we've mentioned several times today.

Through organic and inorganic investments, we believe we've built a solid foundation for long-term, profitable, sustainable growth and value creation across our base businesses. We're a unique player here in the genomic medicine space, and we have a vertical U.S. supply chain and truly differentiated performance with our proprietary technologies. We remain committed to executing our strategic vision and delivering strong results to unlock the full potential of our business for all shareholders.

Thank you.

Operator

[Operator signoff]

Duration: 0 minutes

Call participants:

Deb Hart -- Head of Investor Relations

Kevin Herde -- Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Trey Martin -- Chief Executive Officer

Matt Stanton -- Jefferies -- Analyst

Doug Schenkel -- Analyst

Matt Larew -- Analyst

Unknown speaker -- -- Analyst

Tejas Savant -- Analyst

Daniel Arias -- Analyst

Dan Arias -- Analyst

Catherine Schulte -- Analyst

Matt Sykes -- Analyst

Brandon Couillard -- Analyst

Anna Snopkowski -- KeyBanc Capital Markets -- Analyst

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Maravai LifeSciences (MRVI) Q4 2024 Earnings Call Transcript was originally published by The Motley Fool