A foreclosed home is shown in Corona, California, in this December 18, 2008 file photo. Foreclosure was one byproduct of the subprime crisis. REUTERS/Lucy Nicholson/Files (UNITED STATES)
Brian Cheung contributed data to this article.
Concern over leveraged loans is raising fears that they could pose a new threat to the economy as did subprime mortgages a decade ago. For the uninitiated, leveraged loans are loans made to businesses with lower credit ratings and typically carrying high levels of debt. Think of them as the corporate equivalent of “subprime” consumer loans.
To be sure, there are many similarities between them and the subprime mortgages that precipitated the financial crisis of 2008 and 2009. But there are key differences as well that should make it easier to respond to distress in this market — if regulators take action now to prepare.
Parallels between leveraged loans and subprime
It’s not surprising that people are drawing parallels. The leveraged loan market is just shy of $1.3 trillion, the size of the subprime market at its peak. As did subprime, it has experienced rapid growth and even more rapid deterioration in underwriting standards, with the most highly leveraged companies accounting for a growing share of the market. Also like subprime, it relies on an “originate to distribute” model meaning the lender originating the loan does not retain major risk if the borrower defaults, but rather passes that risk on to investors, frequently by pooling them and selling securities backed by their cash flows in a “collateralized loan obligation (CLO).”
Non-financial companies are taking on record levels of debt relative to U.S. GDP, raising questions over whether or not the system is too exposed to leveraged loans. Credit: David Foster/Yahoo Finance
Like subprime, which catalyzed distress in the broader mortgage market, leveraged loans could also precipitate problems in the broader corporate debt market. Non-financial corporate debt as a percentage of GDP is at an all-time high. A record number of companies are rated just above junk and thus are exposed to system-wide downgrades to sub-investment grade status if the ratings agencies get spooked by a high profile default.
And the risk of that happening is not inconsequential. Leveraged borrowers are not obscure companies but include such household names as American Airlines (AAL), Hilton Hotels (HLT), and Burger King (QSR), according to the trade association that represents leveraged loan lenders.
There are key differences, too
But leveraged loans would be easier to tackle than subprime lending for a few different reasons. For one thing, we would be dealing with a smaller group of borrowers than the millions of residential mortgages we were grappling with in 2008.
New York, United States - July 4, 2013: People walk past Hilton hotel at 6th Avenue in New York. Household names like Hilton have leveraged debt. Source: Getty
And we would know who owns the loans. Peter Van Gelderen, Managing Director and Co-Head of Structured Credit at Guggenheim, tells me that CLO managers have clear records of investor ownership, in contrast to subprime mortgages that had been repackaged and resold to investors so many times it was frequently impossible to identify the owners. This matters because frequently investor consent is required to restructure loans and provide relief to distressed borrowers. Investors are not always interested, and consent must be negotiated. Fortunately, unlike residential mortgages, leveraged loan debt is dischargeable in bankruptcy, which should incentivize all sides to reach agreement on restructuring the debt and avoid expensive liquidations.
Lower-rated corporates are making up a larger share of the total investment-grade index, showing deteriorating quality in corporate debt markets. Credit: Bloomberg Finance LP, DB Global Research
Another important difference between leveraged loans and subprime mortgages is the lack of a multitrillion-dollar synthetic market sitting on top of it. The financial system probably could have absorbed the hundreds of billions of underlying losses on subprime mortgages. The bigger problem was the outsize exposure many systemic institutions had to the synthetic collateralized debt obligation (CDO) market which had basically morphed into a huge casino offering a way to bet on whether subprime homeowners would pay their mortgages. Such a market does not exist atop leveraged loans — at least not yet — though all the adverse publicity will certainly stimulate demand on Wall Street for speculative financial instruments that will make money if leveraged companies start defaulting.
A replay of 2008 is not invevitable
In sum, important differences between these two markets suggest that the inevitable distress that will occur among highly leveraged companies need not lead to a replay of 2008. But regulators need to do more than hand-wringing to stop major damage to the real economy. Here is my list of what they should be doing now:
Propose rules on leveraged loans. As far back as 2013, regulators anticipated problems in this market and issued new “guidance” that cautioned banks against making them unless they were prudently underwritten. Implementation of the guidance has been hampered by technical legal issues over whether it should have gone through formal rule-making. To remove uncertainty and facilitate more robust supervision of leveraged lending by regulated banks, regulators should re-propose the guidance in an expedited rule-making. True, the horse may already be out of the barn given the high volume of loans already made, but this could at least prevent the problem from worsening by tightening standards for new loans.
Address warehouse lending. One rationale I have heard for regulatory inaction on leverage lending is that it wouldn’t do any good because most leveraged loans are made by non-bank financing companies, not regulated banks. This was an argument we also heard about subprime in 2008. However, as was the case with subprime mortgages, large, regulated banking entities support virtually the entire market through their “warehouse lines,” that is temporary loans made to the nonbank originator to advance cash to the borrower and then “warehouse” the loan until it can be packaged and sold to investors. An argument against tightening standards over warehouse lines is that banks bear very little risk because their exposure is so short-term. Perhaps. But the bank regulators have an over-arching obligation to maintain financial system stability, and if banks are facilitating irresponsible lending, then the regulators need to act.
Plan ahead for loan restructuring: Regulators should meet with the key players in the leveraged loan market to identify legal authorities that will enable loan restructuring where leveraged borrowers are at risk of default. Lenders, investors, and borrowers will usually be better off if the company can remain operational with reduced loan payments, positioning it to eventually return to health. This will typically be a better result than forcing liquidation that will mean massive job loss as well as major losses for investors.
Require regulated banks to boost their capital buffers. At the first sign of distress in this market, the nonbank lenders that have served it will likely disappear. This is exactly what happened with nonbank mortgage companies in 2007 and 2008. When that happens, corporate borrowers will need to turn to regulated banks for their credit needs. If banks are too thinly capitalized, they will not have the balance sheet capacity to take up the slack. This is a good example of why I have been arguing for some time that the bank regulators need to require banks to build up their capital buffers while the economy is strong. Hopefully, during this year’s stress test exercise, regulators will demand that big banks have the capacity to expand their balance sheets to meet corporate credit needs should nonbank sources of corporate credit dry up. This is not a hypothetical scenario. Last December, during the market turmoil prompted by the Fed’s ill-fated interest rate increase, leveraged lending and high-yield corporate debt issuance came to a virtual halt.
Leveraged borrowers employ over 7 million Americans. Many are providing essential goods and services to American households and businesses. Cascading bankruptcies in this sector could have a devastating and immediate impact on the real economy. But it’s not too late to do something about it. There are positive steps regulators and banks can take now if they have the will and courage to act.
Sheila Bair is the former Chair of the FDIC and has held senior appointments in both Republican and Democrat Administrations. She currently serves as a board member or advisor to a several companies and is a founding board member of the Volcker Alliance, a nonprofit established to rebuild trust in government.
