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Metrics and ratios can be great. They take complicated bits of information and put them in a form that allows you to make comparisons among competitors or industries. They can give you valuable insight into company performance and whether management is improving certain aspects of the business. But they can also give you the wrong idea if you don't have proper context or understanding. I recently came across a misunderstanding related to Ford Motor Company's (NYSE: F) debt-to-equity ratio -- here's what it was, and what you can learn from it.
What happened?
I recently came across an article that said something to the effect of: "Ford uses its extensive debt to improve its returns. It has a shockingly high debt-to-equity ratio of 3.46." While this number is technically right, the analysis is unacceptably wrong.
To start, let's better explain the debt-to-equity ratio, and why Ford's inputs need adjusting. The debt-to-equity (D/E) ratio evaluates a company's financial leverage and is calculated by dividing total liabilities by shareholder equity.
The D/E ratio can be used to assess the company's reliance on debt and is best used in comparison within an industry as the results can trend differently across industries. A higher D/E ratio suggests a company is taking on more risk by carrying more debt, but it can work the other way if a company has a low D/E and has more to gain by taking on debt and investing in business growth.
How to adjust
Ford's D/E ratio of 3.46 brings in Ford's total liabilities, which includes debt under Ford Credit, Ford's finance arm. Before we go any further, let's sort out Ford Credit's contribution.
Ford Credit takes on massive debt, similar to a bank, and provides consumers with loans and leases and supports dealership renovations, among other things. Essentially, Ford Credit takes on massive debt but turns this into a very profitable business. Ford Credit is often more profitable than any of Ford's regions outside of North America.
Now, let's modify this ratio to get a better look at the difference between debt including Ford Credit, and without it. Let's just use total long-term debt, automotive debt, and total equity from the second quarter.
Using only long-term debt leaves us with a formula of $100.3 billion divided by $43.6 billion, or a D/E of 2.3 times. Consider anything above 2 to be entering hazardous territory, in many industries. One could glance at some metrics and immediately conclude Ford has too much debt and too much risk.