Sure, it’s a personal decision. But choosing to forgo the coronavirus vaccine could delay school reopenings, send some consumers back to lockdown and harm the overall economy.

The delta variant of the coronavirus now accounts for most infections in the United States, and it’s causing worrisome new outbreaks in areas with low vaccination rates. In Florida, which has a lower vaccination rate than the national average, caseloads nearly tripled from June to July. The sunshine state now has the largest caseload in the country. Other areas with worsening infection rates include southern states such as Georgia and Louisiana and mountain states such as Idaho and Wyoming.

Coronavirus death rates fell sharply for most of 2021, as vaccines made their way into arms. But the University of Washington now forecasts an increase in deaths through the end of summer and into the fall. This fatal backsliding, of course, is largely self-inflicted, since vaccines are widely available and free. The federal government will now once again recommend indoor masking in areas suffering outbreaks. Schools, government agencies and many employers are beginning to require vaccinations.

New masking rules and vaccine mandates will intensify the debate over Americans’ right to behave foolishly. But they also highlight the economic cost of refusing vaccinations, as the recovery that looked robust earlier this year slows. “The delta variant of the COVID-19 virus is an emerging threat to our optimistic economic outlook,” Mark Zandi, chief economist at Moody’s Analytics, wrote in a July 27 analysis. “The variant will do meaningful economic damage if it causes people to resume sheltering in place and forces schools to remain online when the school year starts in a few weeks.”

Low-vax states with delta outbreaks don’t account for the majority of the nation’s population or economic activity. But they tend to be places that were recovering faster than big urban centers, because southern and mountain states have less population density, and in the south, more outdoor activity. That provided some innate protection compared with people packed tightly in cities. So some of the bright spots in the recovery are now dimming.

JPMorgan Chase recently lowered its forecast for second-quarter GDP growth from 9% to 8% (annualized), saying in a research note, “The delta variant may impart a little more caution in consumer behavior, and we are adjusting our Q3 real consumption forecast lower.”

In Florida, a “back-to-normal index” maintained by Moody’s Analytics and CNN Business has dipped as the number of delta infections has surged. Some public-health experts say Americans shouldn’t travel to Florida right now, given that 20% of all new coronavirus infections in the country are surfacing there.