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Current U.S. bond yields are not reflecting deteriorating price stability.
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A strongly growing U.S. economy and a tame inflation are now beyond reach.
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The pace of Fed’s monetary tightening is unacceptably slow.
Wall Street's bond trading last week ended up on an interesting note: In spite of accelerating consumer and producer prices, fixed-income markets showed a yield curve with declining inflation expectations.
Bond yields — long-term interest rates — consist of real interest rates plus an inflation premium that investors demand for holding fixed-income assets of longer maturities. That inflation premium reflects buyers' expectations of price stability as they look for inflation-adjusted investment returns.
On the face of it, therefore, the current yield curve means that the bond markets are trusting the U.S. Federal Reserve's monetary policy to keep inflation under control for the foreseeable future. A less flattering view could also be that investors are expecting the Fed's acquiescence in the economy's lackluster growth scenario — a thought sharply at odds with U.S. President Donald Trump expectation of soaring demand and output at annual rates of 5 percent in the months ahead.
Looking at the Fed, there are a few things to think about.
First, the real and effective federal funds rate of 1.9 percent is negative when corrected for the core consumer price inflation of 2.4 percent, or zero if deflated by the core private consumption expenditure gauge of 1.9 percent.
Monetary fine-tuning is a fool's errand
The federal funds rate is the only interest rate the Fed directly controls. A negative, or zero percent, real federal funds rate at the time when the key inflation indicators are exceeding or hitting the upper limits of the Fed's medium-term inflation targets inspires no particular confidence that the price stability will be painlessly restored over any relevant investment horizon.
Second, it follows, then, that the Fed's pace of credit tightening is too slow to deal with rising price pressures in labor and product markets. The Fed has withdrawn $233 billion of liquidity since the beginning of the year, but its monetary base (M0) at the end of last month still stood at a staggering $3.6 trillion, a nearly five-fold increase from the pre-crisis levels in the early 2008.
Third, and perhaps most importantly, the Fed cannot control any of the problems that are currently driving inflation and negatively affecting business confidence.
Those problems are of a structural nature, but the Fed will have to respond to their impact as they impinge on its mandate with respect to output, employment and price stability.
Labor shortages, for example, have to be addressed by specific manpower policies to bring some of those 95.6 million people back into the labor market. The U.S. labor supply has been unchanged over the last 12 months, pushing up compensations in the fourth quarter of last year and the first quarter of this year at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent. As a result, unit labor costs, over the same period, shot up at an annual rate of 1.6 percent.
In response to that, businesses will be raising their prices to protect profit margins, and the Fed will have to step up credit tightening to slow down the labor demand and maintain price stability.
Rising service sector costs, such as health care, housing and transportation also need attention as they consistently continue to rise in the 3 to 4 percent range.
Energy costs are another area of particular policy concern. Last month, they rose 12 percent from the year before, with prices of energy commodities, gasoline and fuel oil soaring at annual rates between 25 percent and 35 percent.
EU and China in no hurry on trade
Escalating trade tensions are the latest blow to the U.S. inflation outlook. They will directly affect prices in about one-third of the U.S. economy, but their spillover effects will be felt in most other segments of output and demand. In the year to last June, import prices rose 4.3 percent, a three-fold increase compared with the year-earlier period, mainly because the price of energy imports surged 33.8 percent.
Given Washington's seemingly intractable trade problems with China and the European Union , rising trade tariffs will continue to feed through import channels on the general level of inflation.
The U.S. is getting nowhere in its efforts to reduce its large deficits with those two main trade partners. During the January to June period, the goods trade deficits with the EU and China increased 11 percent and 8.5 percent, respectively, with imports from the EU soaring 14 percent and from China 8.6 percent.
Clearly, accelerating prices of imported goods from the EU and China — a trillion dollar business — will be a big trade-induced shock to America's inflation.
Another, perhaps even more powerful and dangerous shock, will come from Washington's pervasive use of unilateral and extraterritorial trade sanctions. Iran , North Korea , Russia and Turkey are the main examples of that.
The EU is struggling with U.S. requests to open up farm and energy markets, and it now has to contend with the threat that Europeans can't do business with Iran and the U.S. at the same time.
The economic sanctions will continue to destabilize global flows of commerce and finance. They will negatively affect trans-border investments, business confidence in major countries and even the viability of some economies.
The danger is that sanctions — a war by other means — can lead to military confrontations among nuclear-armed adversaries, or their friends and allies. China, for example, will ignore U.S. sanctions on Iran. At the same time, China and Russia are allegedly also equivocating on their sanctions regime with respect to North Korea.
Investment thoughts
Anybody expecting that the monetary policy can be fine-tuned to deliver price stability — roughly a stable inflation rate in the range of zero to 2 percent — and a growing economy would be well-advised to think again.
At this point in the business cycle — where America's key inflation indicators are at, or beyond, their medium-term targets, and the activity levels are driven by a strong monetary and fiscal stimulation — an acceptable trade off between the real economy and inflation looks like a pipe dream.
That's why, arguably, the Europeans (more specifically, the Germany ) and the Chinese are in no hurry for a trade deal with Washington. They are enjoying the ride as long as the growing U.S. economy continues to be their favorite and a very lucrative dumping ground. A time to talk, they seem to think, will be when accelerating inflation pushes the Fed to begin tightening in earnest — opening a prelude to an uncontrollable economic downturn.
Commentary by Michael Ivanovitch, an independent analyst focusing on world economy, geopolitics and investment strategy. He served as a senior economist at the OECD in Paris, international economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and taught economics at Columbia Business School.
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