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Those last four words remain our top priority with nearly 1 million passengers in flight at this very moment with our technology under wing. We launched FLIGHT DECK, our proprietary lean operating model to better serve our customers through our relentless focus on safety, quality, delivery and cost in that order. Seeing our teams in action through the year with FLIGHT DECK from Malaysia to Wales to Asheville and elsewhere, truly was energizing. Commercial momentum continues.

We signed several key services agreements and received orders for more than 4,600 commercial and defense engines. In narrowbodies, this included American Airlines commitment for 85 new Boeing 737 MAX jets powered by our LEAP 1B. In widebodies, we were honored to add a new GEnx customer, British Airways. And in defense, we received an order from the Polish Armed Forces for 210 T700 engines to power the 96 Boeing AH-64E Apache Guardian helicopters.

At the close of the year, we received certification of the LEAP 1A HBT durability kit. Combined with the three prior durability enhancements that are performing well in the field, it's designed to increase LEAP time on wing by more than twofold current levels and achieve parity, with the CFM56's performance today. Just this week, in fact, we shipped our first retrofit engines to customers with the new hardware. It's also easier to produce supporting our output trajectory going forward.

At the same time, we've advanced significant technology milestones that will propel GE Aerospace into the future. Our RISE program with CFM completed more than 250 tests on our way to developing a full-scale open fan engine. We recently announced that in collaboration with Boeing, NASA and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, we will model the integration of an open fan engine design on an aircraft wing. And our defense team successfully demonstrated a hybrid electric propulsion system rated at 1 megawatt with the U.S.

Army. This represents a meaningful increase in power generation, enabling us to advance hybrid electric propulsion applications. But perhaps more important than what we accomplished in 2024 is how we did it. And my thanks this morning go out to our entire team for their unwavering commitment to delivering for our customers.

GE Aerospace delivered a standout year financially with revenue up double digits, profit up $1.7 billion and free cash flow of $1.3 billion, and we've been a strong surpassing our most recent guide. In the fourth quarter, robust demand continued. Orders were up 46% and revenue grew 16% with double-digit growth in services and equipment for both orders and revenue. Profit was up nearly 50% and EPS more than doubled.

Free cash flow was up over 20% with conversion above 100%. At commercial engines and services, our fourth quarter orders were up 50%, revenue was up 19%, and profit increased 44%, while deliveries progressed. And for the full year, demand remained robust, with services orders up 30%, total revenue up double digits and profit, up 25% to $7.1 billion. In Defense and Propulsion Technologies, fourth quarter orders were up 22% and defense units nearly doubled sequentially.

For the full year, revenue was up 6% and profit increased 17% to $1.1 billion. Looking ahead to 2025, we're maintaining this momentum as we aim to deliver another year of substantial revenue, EPS and cash growth. We expect departures growth of mid-single digits and increased military spending. This supports solid low double-digit revenue growth, including growth in CES and DPT.

We expect profit in the range of $7.8 billion to $8.2 billion. This, combined with a lower share count, will translate to EPS in the range of $5.10 to $5.45, up 15% at the midpoint. For free cash flow, we expect to generate $6.3 billion to $6.8 billion with conversion remaining robust, above 100%. And given the strength of our balance sheet, we're increasing our share repurchases to $7 billion and planned to raise our dividend by 30%, subject, of course, to board approval.

Overall, GE Aerospace is, I believe, an exceptional franchise with a tremendous financial profile. Stepping back, between 2023 and 2025, taking the midpoint of our guide, we expect to grow profit $2.5 billion and free cash flow nearly $2 billion over this two-year period. Today, we're focused on keeping our customers' fleet flying and delivering on our new engine backlog. Our team is using FLIGHT DECK to tackle supply chain constraints head on.

From the first half to the second half of 2024, we did a meaningful improvement as material inputs increased 26% across our priority supplier sites. This in turn supported CES Services revenue growth of 17% and engine unit growth of 18% with defense and commercial both up double digits, including LEAP, up 12%. We're encouraged by our progress more recently in the fourth quarter, where CES services revenue increased 12% year over year, supported by expanded shop visit work scope and spare parts growth. But this was lighter than we expected due to internal -- lower internal shop visit volume given material constraints.

Total engine units improved up 3% with defense up 20%, but commercial was roughly flat, with LEAP, down 5%. We'll need to drive further sustainable improvements to meet '25's demand, and this is exactly where FLIGHT DECK is so important. Earlier last year, our priority suppliers shipped only half of their committed targets to us. Today, they're shipping over 90% of the committed volume.

In a recent joint Kaizen with a priority supplier, we focused on eliminating waste, achieving a 50% increase in output, 50%. And throughout 2024, we deployed over 550 of our supply chain and engineering resources into that same supply base, demonstrating that we're at our best when we're operating as one team. Building off this momentum, we're bringing together our engineering and supply chain teams into one new organization. Technology and operations, which will be led by Mohamed Ali.

With shared accountability across the full value chain, this cross-functional team will enable faster problem solving to help improve deliveries. These actions, combined with our close alignment on demand schedules will enable higher material inputs in 2025 and importantly, beyond. Finally, with expanded LEAP aftermarket capacity by approximately 40% in 2024. This will support the growing fleet of 3,300 LEAP-powered aircraft with now 10,000 engines in backlog.

Here's how. First, we're eliminating waste and reducing turnaround time using FLIGHT DECK. For example, our on-wing support team redesigned the LEAP engine flow, increasing output by 50% for the year. This contributed to leave internal shop visit growth of more than 20% in the fourth quarter alone.

Second, we're investing more than $1 billion in our internal MRO facilities over the next five years. We're growing our repair technologies, which will help lower the cost of ownership and provide faster turnaround times. Our recently opened services technology acceleration center here in Ohio, will be a key enabler in deploying repairs across our global MRO network. And third, we're strengthening our lead third-party network.

Last year, five premier MROs completed around 10% of total LEAP shop visits. This is critical experience for them as their volume increases further in 2025. I Overall, we're entering 2025 with a stronger foundation to service and deliver our engines faster with the highest possible levels of safety and quality. Turning to Slide 7.

Demand for our services and products remains robust, highlighted by orders, up 46% in the fourth quarter. At CES and narrow-bodies, now all Israel airlines confirmed its commitment for 20 737 MAXs with LEAP-1B engines under wing. We've also extended service contracts, including a 10-year engine maintenance agreement with Fly Dubai, for their CFM56 powered aircraft. And notably, the Airbus 321 XLR powered by our LEAP-1A engines completed its inaugural commercial long-haul flight.

Our engines are providing airlines with greater route flexibility and overall operational efficiency. In widebodies, world Jordanian announced an order for 18 GENX1Bs plus spares to power their expanded Boeing 787-9 fleet. And China Airlines also announced an agreement for 10 Boeing 79s with the GE9X under wing. In DPT, we're building on our leading defense programs.

We received orders under our contract with the U.S. Army valued up to $1.1 billion for the continued production of T700 engines through 2029. The new T700s will power the Sikorsky H-60, the Bell H1 and the Boeing AH-64 platforms. In addition, to expanding our extensive installed base, we're enhancing our customer solutions.

We signed an agreement to acquire NorthStar Aerospace, a leading manufacturer of mission-critical gears and shafts, North Star will be highly complementary to our Avio Aero business, providing a U.S.-based presence in this market and adding new programs and capabilities to deliver complex like critical parts Stepping back, I couldn't be prouder about what we're building as GE Aerospace as we advance flight for today, tomorrow and the future. Rahul, over to you?

Rahul Ghai -- Chief Financial Officer

Thank you, Larry, and good morning, everyone. We closed out 2024 with another strong quarter. Orders were up 46%, with significant demand for both services and equipment. Revenue was up 16%, with growth in CES and DPT.

Profit was $2 billion, up 49%, driven by services volume, favorable mix and price. Margins were up 450 basis points to 20.1%. EPS of $1.32 more than doubled from profit growth and a reduced tax rate. Free cash flow was $1.5 billion, up 21% from higher earnings.

Working capital was a source, primarily from long-term service contract billings. While accounts receivables increased days sales outstanding were down five days year over year. Given the ongoing material availability challenges, inventory increased, although at a lower rate than prior quarters. For the year, orders were up 32%, including services orders up 30%.

Revenue was up 10%, with growth in both segments. Profit increased 30% with $7.3 billion with margins expanding 330 basis points to 20.7%, driven by commercial services. EPS increased 56% to $4.60 from significant profit growth, a lower tax rate and the absence of preferred dividend. Free cash flow was up almost 30% to $6.1 billion with conversion over 120%.

Taken together, we delivered significant growth across all key metrics, both in the quarter and the year. Looking closer at our businesses, starting with CES, in the quarter, orders were up 50% as services demand remained robust, while equipment accelerated. Our recent wins build on our backlog of $154 billion with about 90% of that backlog in services. Revenue was up 19%, with services up 12%, driven by shop visit revenue, higher spare parts and price.

Internal shop visit revenue, representing around 60% of services revenue grew double digits, increased work scopes, higher pricing and engine mix more than offset shop visit volume that was down 3% due to material constraints. Spare parts revenue, representing roughly the other 40% was up from higher volume and price. Equipment grew 38%. While we made progress, supply chain constraints impacted total deliveries, down 2%, including LEAP, down 5%.

For the year, LEAP deliveries were down 10%, in line with our latest expectations. Lower volume was more than offset by customer mix and price. In addition, given our growing fleet with high utilization, we caught up on spare engine deliveries to support airline fleet stability. Although the spare engine ratio was elevated in the fourth quarter, overall LEAP life-of-program ratio through 2024 remains in low double digits.

Profit was $2.2 billion, up 44% as spare parts volume increased shop visit work scope, mix and price more than offset inflation and investments. Margins expanded 490 basis points to 28.2 %. Overall, CES delivered strong full year results with orders up 38%, revenue up 13% and profit growing 25% to $7.1 billion. Margins expanded 250 basis points to 26.2%.

Moving to DPT. Orders were up 22%, primarily driven by Defense & Systems. Demand remains strong here as well, with defense book-to-bill of 1.2x for the quarter and the full year. Our backlog for the segment is now at $18 billion, up more than $1.5 billion year over year.

Revenue grew 4%. Defense & Systems revenue was up 6%, driven by higher engine deliveries and price, partially offset by lower services. These units were up 20% year over year with more than 90% quarter over quarter. Propulsion & Additive Technologies, or PAT grew 2% as lower commercial volume at Avio was more than offset by growth in other PAT businesses.

Profit was up 2%, driven by improved pricing and productivity, partially offset by investments in next-gen engines and inflation. Margins were down 20 basis points. Overall, a strong finish as full year orders were up 10%, revenue grew 6% and profit was up 17% to $1.1 billion, with margin expansion of 110 basis points. A movement in corporate.

We made substantial progress to ensure our operations reflect the needs of GE Aerospace as a stand-alone company. Corporate costs, including eliminations, was about $860 million for the year. Elimination increased by $100 million to approximately $470 million from higher internal volume in PAT. Excluding eliminations, cost was down over a third to roughly $400 million, driven by lower functional expenses and higher interest income.

We also fully exited our remaining stake in GE Healthcare this quarter. And for the year, we returned more than 100% of free cash flow to our shareholders, including $5 billion of share buyback and a dividend of around 30% of net income. Based on the strength of our performance and balance sheet, GE Aerospace is well positioned to compound shareholder returns for long term. Switching to our 2025 guide.

Starting with CES. We expect mid-teens revenue growth for the segment. We are now expecting services to be up low double digits to mid-teens, up from our prior view of low double digits. At the midpoint, we expect internal shop visit revenue to be up from higher work scope, improved pricing and high single-digit shop visit volume growth, which is pushed to the right from 2024.

We continue to expect low double-digit spare parts revenue growth from mid-single-digit air traffic growth and pricing. We expect equipment up high teens from growth in engine volume including LEAP deliveries up 15% to 20% and pricing, more than offsetting negative engine mix. We expect $7.6 billion to $7.9 billion of profit at CES, reflecting the benefit of services growth. This will be partially offset by the impact from increased R&D investments and higher 9X deliveries in the second half of the year.

We also expect a lower spare engine ratio. In DPT, we expect mid- to high single-digit revenue growth. We've increased defense units and profit in the range of $1.1 billion to $1.3 billion. Higher defense deliveries are partially offset by self-funded investments in the first half.

Corporate costs are expected to be less than $1 billion. Eliminations are expected to grow as internal PAT volume grows. In total, we expect another year of low double-digit revenue growth for the company with profit in the range of $7.8 billion to $8.2 billion, up about $750 million or 10% at the midpoint over 2024. Turning to Slide 12.

We expect to be in the range of $5.10 to $5.45, up roughly 15% at the midpoint. About 80% of the improvement will be from higher profit. The balance will come through a reduction in the tax rate, which is expected to improve to below 20%, and the benefit from share repurchases, including the $5 billion executed in 2024 and an additional $7 billion expected in 2025. We expect to generate $6.3 billion to $6.8 billion of free cash flow, with year-over-year growth primarily from higher earnings.

Contributions from working capital and AD&A combined year over year will be more than offset by higher capex and cash tax payments. Overall, we expect another year of conversion that is solidly above 100%. Taken together, GE Aerospace is poised for another year of growth ahead. With that, Larry, I'll turn it back to you.

Larry Culp -- Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

Perfect. Thank you. 2024 clearly was a strong first year for us as GE Aerospace. We grew revenue, earnings and cash significantly along with returning over $6 billion to shareholders.

That performance was underpinned by our competitive advantages. Our platforms are preferred by customers across the narrow-body, wide-body and defense sectors. Our industry-leading services and technologies provide the highest levels of operational reliability, including greater efficiency, time on wing and faster turnaround times. At the core of everything we do is safety, quality, delivery, in that order.

And we're focused on unrivaled customer service and flight support across the industry's most extensive installed base with 70,000 engines. Our breakthrough innovations in both commercial and defense pave the way for a more sustainable flight and flight deck, which connects our strategy to our results enables us to deliver and create exceptional value for our customers and our shareholders. We believe our path forward is clear. We're well positioned to deliver another year of substantial growth and deploy over 100% of our free cash flow to shareholders.

Before we wrap our prepared remarks, I'd like to take a moment to express our support for all of those impacted by the fires in Southern California. Seeing our CF6, CFM56 and T700 engines powering many of the planes battling fires. We feel a deep connection to our commitment to safety and hope that those fires can be contained soon. Blaire, we'll go to Q&A.

Blaire Shoor -- Director, Investor Relations

[Operator instructions] Liz, can you please open the line?

Questions & Answers:

Operator

[Operator instructions] Our first question comes from Scott Deuschle with Deutsche Bank.

Scott Deuschle -- Analyst

Hey. Good morning. Rahul, can you refresh us on what the 2025 guide is assuming with respect to LEAP OE profitability? And then, when LEAP OE achieves breakeven. Do you foresee the profit trajectory flatlining from there? Or is it reasonable to think that LPO could be a profit center in its own right as time goes on and you benefit from some of these recent pricing gains and operational efficiency initiatives.

Rahul Ghai -- Chief Financial Officer

Yes, absolutely, Scott. So let me start and Larry can add. Obviously, it's been a really good year for LEAP overall. I can start with answering your question that Larry can comment on the operational improvements that we've driven here in LEAP -- so first, Scott, it was a milestone year for LEAP.

LEAP services became profitable in 2024. And the program becomes even breakeven in 2025. At OE following a year later in 2026. So that was our prior expectation that continues to be our expectation today.

And as we look at LEAP how it performed during the year, the profitability for the program tended to be better than initial expectations from higher external spare parts volume, better pricing lower royalty expenses as some of those fixes are going in and more shares than we had initially expected. So that's our expectation. And the key milestone for 2025 is that our profitability and margins for the program are getting better from increase in shop visits and higher external spare parts volume. So -- and the OE performance improves despite more number of engines that we're going to ship.

And just to comment on the external services volume, in 2024, shop visits external shop visits were just north of 10%, and we expect that to increase to 15% in 2025. And on a sold basis, the shop visits that we have sold, about 25% of the shop visits are non-GE -- so front shop visits, and that will help future profitability. So overall, listen, the program is on the right trajectory. And as the program kind of breaks even this year, OE becomes profitable next year, I think the services growth trajectory that the program has with the installed base it's just going to power the program.

So we expect it lead to the kind of in CFM56 levels by 2028, maybe CFM is performing a little bit better. So but that's the trajectory that the program is on that it's sometime in late toward the end part of this decade, LEAP and CFM are delivering the same amount of profit for the company. anything you want to add here?

Larry Culp -- Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

I think you've covered you've covered the landscape there. Clearly, much of what we've talked about, Scott, just already this morning with respect to managing the supply base sets us up, particularly as we think about the ramps with LEAP we would expect leap new units to be up 15% to 20% this year, more to come after that, right? So that installed base growth, that aftermarket opportunity that Rahul was really talking about is really a function of what we're doing currently with the installed base -- excuse me, the supply base, that, of course, coupled with the progress that we made with at the end of the year on the 1A sets us up, I think, even more strongly in the marketplace. And we know that the engine is performing well in the market. I think we increased our share of cycles, what, 300 basis points in 2024 -- so we have a lot of good things in front of us.

It's still in many respects or early days for LEAP.

Operator

Our next question comes from Myles Walton with Wolfe Research.

Myles Walton -- Analyst

Thanks. Congrats, Blaire, well deserved. At the start of '24, you were looking for about $1 billion of operating profit growth in '25 versus 2024. The new guidance for, you mentioned is $750 million of growth.

I'm not -- I believe the fact that you blew away the 2024 base number. But curious, just as you look at that sequential climb to '25, what in the base profit of '24 didn't translate into '25? Thanks.

Rahul Ghai -- Chief Financial Officer

So Myles, listen, if you step back, and you look at kind of the numbers that you alluded to. We were sitting in March of 2024, expecting to get to about $7.2 billion -- $7.2 billion, $7.3 billion of profit by the end of 2025. And that was up, call it, $1.5 billion, $1.6 billion from where we ended 2023. Now, as we sit here today, as Larry said in his prepared remarks, we're going to add about $2.5 billion of profit in the two-year period.

So that's about a third better than what we thought just nine months ago. So the business is performing extremely well. Now, as you think about the 2025 profit, call it, $800 million year over year at midpoint of $750 million and $1 billion at the high end. So first, we spoke about the corporate eliminations up about $100 million from elimination of -- from higher PAT volume.

So that's one thing. But put that aside, we expect CES profit to be up about $700 million at the midpoint. And the biggest driver of profit growth within CES is the drop-through that we're getting from the services revenue that we expect to be up to about $3 billion up year over year at the midpoint of the guide. And we expect services margins to be flat despite with LEAP getting to be a greater share of that services revenue as other things, productivity pricing, all that is offsetting the LEAP mix impact.

And to offset the services within CES will be the impact from OE, about split 50-50 between the R&D step-up and the increase in 9X shipments. We expect 9X to be about a couple of hundred million dollars of headwind in 2025 as we ramp the number of engines that we are shipping. And spare engine ratio is expected to come down gradually as well here in '25. So that's the CES landscape in DPT.

Listen, given the growth in backlog, $1.5 billion, so call it close to about 10% backlog growth in 2024, we expect mid- to high single-digit revenue growth. That's going to translate into profit and with margins expanding about 70 basis points at the midpoint of the guide. So overall, listen should be a good year. And to get to the high end of the $1 billion that you referenced, I think we just need services to be a little bit better and perform at the high end of the guidance.

Operator

Our next question comes from Ron Epstein with Bank of America.

Ronald Epstein -- Analyst

Hey. Good morning. Question for you on the 9X. When we think about that, I mean, 777X is back in flight test.

Are there other opportunities for that engine beyond the 777X?

Larry Culp -- Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

Ron, I would say that at this point in time, we're fully focused on helping our friends in Seattle get this plane launched. So we're obviously proud to be under wing. We think it's going to be a great wide-body program over time. Delighted to see, as you mentioned, flight testing resume -- we started to ship engines to Boeing.

So we've got work to do, clearly, but the customer feedback relative to that aircraft and that engine continues to be quite strong. We've got nearly about 1,000 engines now in backlog. And I'd like to think that with the delays, we've made good use of that time with respect to just additional testing, probably going to end up being the most tested engine in our history. We're approaching 2,500 cycles.

In fact, we've got a second dust test engine critical in harsh and hot environments underway. And we're already on our second iteration of HPT blades. Let alone the CMC nozzle designs. So we're focused on that at the moment, but excited about that backlog and ultimately, EIS.

Operator

Our next question comes from Sheila Kahyaoglu with Jefferies.

Sheila Kahyaoglu -- Analyst

Good morning, Larry and Rahul, and congrats, Blaire. Maybe I wanted to focus back on CES margins in Q4, just given the performance was still stellar at 28%. And even on slower expected services growth, given the internal shop visit volume hasn't quite turned the corner. So when we think about the 2025 outlook and the well -- I know you talked about this a little bit, services, you raised the guidance here from just one month ago to low to mid-teens.

Can you talk about the moving pieces as you think about just the mix of spares parts versus internal and how the different engines are contributing to that? And maybe if you could just talk about the cadence throughout the year as well.

Rahul Ghai -- Chief Financial Officer

All right. So Jill, let me start and obviously, if I don't hit anything come back and make sure we answer the question. Sense had a good quarter, better than what we had expected -- favorable services mix. Sheila, as you mentioned, the shop visit volume wasn't exactly where we needed to be, but spare parts did better.

And again, as we have kind of managed the supply chain challenges that we are encountering, those parts are fungible, and we kind of move them around every quarter to make sure that we are supporting our airline customers. So there's always a little bit of tension between external spare parts volume and internal shop visits. So the mix here toward the mix skewed toward the spare parts in the quarter. And the engine mix was favorable as well.

As we said in our prepared remarks, you caught up on the spare engines that we had not delivered in the first three quarters. So we caught up here in the fourth quarter. But overall, we expect spare engine ratio for LEAP is 224 is in low double digits. So it will gradually come down, but we're not expecting a steep drop off here.

So as you think about '25 Sheila within CES, we do expect spare parts to remain strong here, given where the external market is, we expect the departures to be up kind of mid-single digits. And then, all the pricing changes that we implemented last year, that they're thinking about the summer gets spare parts to be kind of up low double digits. And the shop visit revenue, we are expecting shop visit revenue to be up mid-teens. And that's going to come from high single-digit shop visit volume growth and you combine that with the work scopes that are increasing, be the wide-body programs like G90 going for the second shop visit, is coming for the first shop visits versus a quick turn earlier and then LEAP.

So work scopes are increasing and then modest price increases baked to that service portfolio. So that's kind of the landscape of the CES revenue growth, and then that is going to drive the profit in response to Myles' question earlier. Now, we're going to come out of the gate strong here, Sheila, within CES especially, just -- and the primary driver for that is, a, the 9X, shipments are more toward the back end of the year. But just -- we are entering the year for spare parts with about 90% of that revenue in our backlog.

So we'll have a strong quarter here to start with in our spare part sales, we expect shop visits to grow as well. And then, we had the -- we had the CMR of over $200 million in 1Q of last year. We're not expecting that to repeat. So we'll start the year strongly on profit and revenue for the quarter for CES should be kind of in line with what we are expecting for full year.

Hopefully, that answers the question, Sheila.

Operator

Our next question comes from the line of Doug Harned with Bernstein.

Douglas Harned -- Analyst

Good morning. Thank you. I want to just follow up a little more on the commercial services growth because when you talk about low double-digit to mid-teens next year. That's a little better than you were talking about before or this year.

But can you talk about where that's coming from? Because wide-body versus narrow-body -- and then is the constraint? In other words, could you go higher if you can resolve these supply chain issues?

Larry Culp -- Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

Doug, as you would imagine, it's a broad-based demand strengthening that we see. Could we go higher? We've got work to do with the supply chain to execute on what Rahul just walked everybody through. But there is more pent-up demand there, right? We've got the backlog an unhelpful level of that is, in many respects, delinquent. So if we could continue to deliver the sequential improvements in inputs, combined with the progress I know we're making in our own shops, I wouldn't say no, but we've got work to do to deliver what we just outlined.

But again, it won't be a demand challenge for us in 2025, we believe. We don't want to take it all for granted. But given the environment, given the backlog, it really is about operational execution. That's where we're focused.

Operator

Our next question comes from Robert Stallard with Vertical Research.

Robert Stallard -- Analyst

Thanks very much. Good morning. Just a question on the LEAP. You're expecting 15% to 20% growth this year and Rahul said that you expect the spares ratio in that to come down.

So looking at the remnant of those engines, how are you expecting the split to go between Airbus and Boeing in 2025?

Larry Culp -- Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

Well, we don't get into that level of detail publicly. But I think we are -- as you would imagine, in frequent contact with all of our customers, particularly those two vis-a-vis the intentions they have for 2025, I think we are well aligned to support both of them as they step up production this year.

Operator

Our next question comes from Seth Seifman with J.P. Morgan.

Seth Seifman -- Analyst

Thanks very much and good morning. I wanted to ask about the -- in terms of spares growth, you kind of talked about departures and price. One of the other things kind of curious about is provisioning of third-party shops to do more let maintenance over time, the degree to which that's happened, the degree to which that's still in front of us and affects kind of the spares growth trajectory and maybe also the capex that you're doing and how you think over time that plays into the amount of leap work that will be done internally versus externally.

Rahul Ghai -- Chief Financial Officer

So Seth, let me start and Larry can jump in here. Obviously, as we're coming out of the gate here, most of the shop visits have been internal. As you said, about 90% or give or take, were sharp at is that we performed within Safran and GE. The external network is beginning to step up.

We have five external partners. They're beginning to get volume. We spoke about the CASA win with one of the third-party MRO partner that we have last quarter. So those visits are stepping up, and they've been stepping up sequentially as the year has gone up.

So as we think about 2025, we expect about, call it, 15-ish percent of our shop visits to be external. And then, on -- as I said earlier, about 25% of the shop visits that we have sold are going to -- which are to be performed by our third-party MRO partners. And then, that will gradually grow up as we get into 2030 and beyond. So that's the trajectory we are on.

And within that, obviously, spare parts will grow, spare part sales will grow as more shop visits have performed externally. So the margins on the program will get better because of that dynamic. But overall, listen, even on the services side, on our internal a service contract, just given all the durability improvements that Larry just mentioned, our margins on our internal work that we are performing are very stable. I mean, we've had a couple of years, good years of service profitability results here for -- on our own service contracts.

So we feel good about that as well.

Operator

Our next question comes from David Strauss with Barclays.

David E. Strauss -- Analyst

Thanks. Good morning. Just wanted to touch on the free cash flow forecast for 2025. Rahul, maybe if you could go into -- it looks like you're assuming neutral is overall working capital, maybe a slight how are you thinking that kind of breaks out between inventory, LTSA cash, AD&A, just those moving pieces within working capital.

Rahul Ghai -- Chief Financial Officer

Yes. So David, most of the cash growth in '25 is going to be driven by our earnings. Working capital and AD&A combined should be a positive contributor. And within working capital, the inventory buildup should be less than what we had in 2024.

I mean, inventory -- we added about $1.5 billion of inventory in 2024. We're obviously not expecting to add the same level. Now, again, that -- our primary objective is to increase our deliveries and we will do what it takes. But with the improvement in deliveries, we do expect that some of the inventory that we've built up will start getting liquidated.

The other -- the flip side of that is the contract assets, which was a very favorable contributor in '24 will not be as favorable in '25 just given the increase in shop visits. So still a positive but not as much of a positive. So that's kind of within the working capital. Now, AD&A, overall, we ended at about $300 million of outflow in '24, which was consistent with what we thought at the beginning of the year, a little bit more skewed toward the back the fourth quarter, but expect overall AD&A outflow to be at the same level, maybe a marginally higher.

So that's kind of expectation on AD&A. And then, the positive contribution from working capital in AD&A will be offset by we expecting higher cash tax payments next year and a step-up in capex. So conversion is still solidly above 100%, maybe a little bit lower than what we had in 2024.

Operator

Our next question comes from Jason Gursky with Citi.

Jason Gursky -- Analyst

Hey. Good morning, everybody. And Blaire, congratulations on the elevated role, well deserved. Larry -- and I was wondering you just spend a few minutes on labor productivity across the company? And where do you think you are relative to pre-pandemic levels? And what do you think it's going to take for the company to get back to the productivity that we're seeing prior to the pandemic? And just how much of that is actually in your control, how of it is dependent on external suppliers getting you what you need on time?

Larry Culp -- Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

Jason, I think that as I look back on 2024, everything that we saw come through the financials, everything we saw visiting a number of our operations. Just ample evidence that the flight deck principles and tools really are helping us go in, put the operators at the center of all we do and just drain the waste out of their daily work. That, to me, is the heart of productivity, labor productivity. Unfortunately, that work that we see with our own eyes hasn't fully translated into either better on-time delivery performance or labor productivity for the very reason that you touched on.

And I don't want this to sound in any way defensive the progress that we're making with those material inputs that we referenced in the prepared remarks, the sequential first half, second half up 26%, coupled with the higher predictability, the higher reliability of those inputs north of 90% now for the critical suppliers will enable us to have more predictable, more linear flow through our factories, through our repair shops, such that I think we'll actually do better from a labor productivity. It's hard to quantify how much, if you will, labor lack of productivity comes as a result of our delivery challenges on the inbound side. But as we work those, I think we sit here fully expecting to be able to deliver better labor productivity in '25 and certainly from there.

Operator

Our next question comes from Gavin Parsons with UBS.

Gavin Parsons -- Analyst

Hey. Good morning, guys. I'd love to just kind of go further into supply chain a little bit. It sounds like it's getting better.

You've got the 1A blade certified, but shop visits were -- internal shop visits were still down in the fourth quarter. So maybe if you could go into where the bottlenecks or the pain points still are and if that's a linear improvement through '25 or if that's a step function at some point on an unlock.

Larry Culp -- Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

Well, I don't think we have much by way of new news in that regard. The challenge remains as it has with 15 or so critical suppliers that we're working intensely with I think we mentioned yet again today that we've got well over 500 of our own people embedded in the supply base, working to identify and eliminate constraints thus unlocking the output that we need. I think as we look at '24, the progress that we made in hindsight is significant. But it came and fits and starts, right? It was a game of inches, if you will.

I think that will continue to be the case in 2025. There's no step function improvement necessarily sitting out there -- on the HPT blade certainly, the LEAP-1A ability kit will help. But more broadly speaking, it really is working through the entirety of the supply base to make sure they're clear on our demand signals that those are being properly deployed and that we're working through whatever capacity constraints bottlenecks and the like that they may have in their own operations. And that, to me, is really what's so critical.

And that will be fundamental to how we support Boeing this year as they ramp, particularly on the 737 MAX. And the same goes with Airbus. And we know we're working very hard, well aligned with Airbus. -- as we both march toward their rate 75.

So a lot to do. It won't be linear, but I think we have tremendous confidence that we're coming into 2025, far better prepared for the ramp than we were coming into 2024. And the final thing I'll say is that we often talk about the ramp wholly focused on new make. The work we do with our supply base helps us support the airframers but it's often the same parts and the same suppliers that feed into the aftermarket.

So I would just caution anyone to over -- about over-indexing on that, say, that 15% to 20% increase in LEAP new make in 2025. The demands on the supply base are going to be in excess of that, again because we also need to support the aftermarket with those same partners.

Rahul Ghai -- Chief Financial Officer

And Gavin, just to add to what Larry just said, just as we think about 2025 here and as we're coming out of the gate, you saw the sequential improvement in our engine output in 4Q. We expect that kind of continuously sequential improvement as you go through the year. And -- but what that translates into a little bit more growth on a year-over-year basis as we get into the second and third quarter because that's where we had some challenging quarters last year because we started out well coming out of the gate in 1Q. So how that translates for our overall business and just to add to what I said to Sheila's question earlier, about how CES is going to perform.

I think the same applies to DPT as well. DPD is going to have a little softer start here in 1Q, given the first quarter was pretty strong for DPT, but old slower start in DPT plus some of the internal investments that we are making in the business to support the new programs. So if you step back and look at the company overall, we expect overall full year revenue for the first quarter to line up with what we are expecting for full year for the company. our profit to be flat to maybe sequentially down a little bit versus what we did in the fourth quarter as we go from 4Q to 1Q, per it could be flat to be slightly down.

But strong growth on a year-over-year basis and margin should expand in the quarter as well.

Blaire Shoor -- Director, Investor Relations

Liz, we have time for one last question.

Operator

This question comes from Robert Spingarn with Melius Research.

Robert Spingarn -- Analyst

Hey. Good morning. Larry, maybe I can finish up with a high-level strategic question. somewhat argue that RTX ability to bundle Pratt's propulsion technology with Collins offering and avionics and structures could provide them with a competitive advantage when bidding for work packages on future aircraft programs.

Your balance sheet is in great shape. This is evidenced by your updated cash deployment plans this morning. And since you're going to generate a lot of cash over the next five years, is there any desire to expand the business beyond propulsion through organic or more particularly inorganic means?

Larry Culp -- Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

I think we will stand by our capital allocation framework that we shared almost a year ago now with respect to how we think we will deploy not only our cash flows and our cash reserves in '25, but going forward, we certainly have ample resources. But again, just to reiterate, we're going to have a strong bias toward shareholder returns. Doesn't mean that we will exclude M&A. But as you saw with the North Star announcement, much of what we'll do will be small tuck-ins and adjacencies.

I know I've ever in this role at this company or elsewhere publicly commented on specific situations, and I think I'll hold to that again here this morning. But we appreciate and understand the question.

Blaire Shoor -- Director, Investor Relations

Larry, any final comments?

Larry Culp -- Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

Blaire, I would just wrap up to say the team all around the world delivered standout results in 2024. And clearly, the finish there in the fourth quarter was no exception. I hope everybody on the call heard how excited we are about the year ahead. as we work to meet what we believe to be historic industry demand and deliver for our customers.

We certainly appreciate your time today and your interest in GE Aerospace.

Operator

[Operator signoff]

Duration: 0 minutes

Call participants:

Blaire Shoor -- Director, Investor Relations

Larry Culp -- Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

Rahul Ghai -- Chief Financial Officer

Scott Deuschle -- Analyst

Myles Walton -- Analyst

Ronald Epstein -- Analyst

Sheila Kahyaoglu -- Analyst

Douglas Harned -- Analyst

Robert Stallard -- Analyst

Seth Seifman -- Analyst

David E. Strauss -- Analyst

Jason Gursky -- Analyst

Gavin Parsons -- Analyst

Robert Spingarn -- Analyst

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General Electric (GE) Q4 2024 Earnings Call Transcript was originally published by The Motley Fool