Yahoo Finance

And with that, let me turn the call over to Mark.

Mark Okerstrom -- CEO and President

Thanks, Michael. We continued to build on our operational and financial momentum in the third quarter, posting strong top and bottom line results. At the same time, our organization is focused on executing several key initiatives that underpin the three strategic themes I shared this time a year ago: being locally relevant on a global basis, being more customer-centric and speeding up the pace of execution and innovation. But we're still in the early days of this journey, I'm pleased with our progress to-date. We're collaborating across the Company more than ever and the organization is aligned around clear objectives squarely aimed at unlocking the full potential of our global travel platform. As we continue to push forward on these strategic priorities, we're optimistic that they will result in sustained growth and share gains in this massive travel market for a long time to come.

In the third quarter, we grew gross bookings 11% and revenue 10% year-over-year, adjusted EBITDA increased a very strong 29%. Our brands are making nice strides optimizing direct marketing spend, balancing quality top line growth with profitability. That approach was evident in both our strong adjusted EBITDA growth and solid 13% increase in total lodging stayed room nights. We continue to see very good execution on our supply acquisition efforts. We added 40,000 properties to our core global lodging platform in the third quarter, bringing our total property count to approximately 595,000, excluding HomeAway, a 46% increase compared to Q3 last year. Year-to-date, through the third quarter, we've now acquired over 150,000 properties and remain on pace to directly acquire at least 180,000 new properties for the full year. We also integrated 100,000 additional HomeAway listings onto our global lodging platform for the quarter and now account over 895,000 total properties in our core lodging portfolio.

Our considered efforts to push into our priority markets continue to show promise. We still have a lot of work to do, but we're pleased with the progress. We continue to add properties and work through everything it takes to be locally relevant in these markets. In addition to adding properties, our teams are laser-focused on refining our product by enhancing areas like language translation and localized content, all aimed at making sure we provide a great experience for customers in each and every market.

As a reminder, this year is just the beginning of our new operating model, calling for a much more focused approach to global expansion. We expect this new approach to drive better performance in the coming years as we improve our supply position and product in these initial markets and extend this strategy to other key geographies in 2019 and beyond.

HomeAway delivered strong results, posting more adjusted EBITDA in the third quarter than it did in all of last year. That's a tribute to the tremendous progress the HomeAway team has made in transforming the business in the few years since our acquisition. As we prepare for the next phase of growth at HomeAway, we want to welcome the teams at Pillow and ApartmentJet to the Expedia Group family. We see the addition of these unique software platforms as a key step in establishing the foundation that will help embolden HomeAway and Expedia Group's urban expansion efforts in the coming years. Overall, the HomeAway team is executing very well and is on track for great 2018, and we see a long runway ahead in the growing alternative accommodation space.

Egencia continued its strong top line trajectory with gross bookings increasing 14% and revenue up 10% in the quarter. With a strong sales pipeline and leading product offering, we believe Egencia can continue to take share in the managed corporate travel market for many years to come.

Trivago delivered a significant improvement in adjusted EBITDA in the third quarter as it executed on its operational shift to focus more on profitability and began to see slightly easier comps. The team is making good progress in adjusting its business model to reflect the new industry dynamics, and we're optimistic Trivago can continue to deliver performance improvements going forward.

In closing, we're pleased with our execution and results to-date, and I'm extremely impressed with how much our team has accomplished so far in 2018. While we still have a lot of work ahead, we're confident that our new strategy, combined with rigorous execution, will translate into attractive growth for many years to come.

With that, I'll turn it over to Alan.

Alan Pickerill -- CFO

Thanks, Mark. We delivered another strong quarter balancing solid top line trends with healthy growth and adjusted EBITDA. Total lodging revenue increased 12% on stayed room night growth of 13%. Excluding HomeAway, the GAAP in revenue per room night and average daily rate growth was on the higher end of the 200 basis point to 400 basis point range that we've discussed, in part due to foreign currency headwinds.

HomeAway posted solid 24% growth in gross bookings, a deceleration from last quarter as we expected. Total HomeAway revenue increased 35%, driven by over 50% growth in transaction revenue, while subscription revenue declined 18%. Combined with leverage and operating expenses, HomeAway posted a quarterly record $209 million in adjusted EBITDA, up 66% year-over-year. With HomeAway's transition to an e-commerce business nearly complete, the combination of longer booking windows and a high concentration of stayed room nights during the summer months will drive increased seasonality in the P&L. Given that as a general rule of thumb, we expect HomeAway to see pressure on adjusted EBITDA in Q1 and Q4 of each year with solid profit generation in the second and third quarters. Overall, HomeAway is headed for strong revenue and profit growth in 2018, and we are focused on driving very healthy top and bottom line growth for a long time to come.

Total advertising and media revenue increased 1% for the quarter. Our Media Solutions business was up over 20%, mostly offset by the year-over-year decline at Trivago. Air revenue grew 11% on 6% growth in revenue per ticket and a 4% increase in air tickets sold. Air revenue growth continues to benefit from the reclassification of distribution fees from contra-revenue to cost of revenue. As a reminder, this change is neutral to profitability and Q4 will be the last quarter it impacts our results.

We again saw leverage on overall costs with adjusted expense growth decelerating across each category, resulting in nearly 400 basis points of year-over-year adjusted EBITDA margin expansion in the quarter. In line with our expectations, cost of revenue grew slightly faster than revenue. Similar to the last few quarters, the deleverage is due to the aforementioned accounting change related to air distribution fees and higher cloud expenses, each of which added over 100 basis points to growth.

Our cloud migration is moving along nicely, and we continue to see some of the early operational benefits. As we discussed last quarter, we have improved our cost optimization capabilities and are judiciously scaling traffic on our cloud-based lodging stack to ensure a seamless customer experience. Based on our current trajectory, we now expect total cloud costs to be around $150 million in 2018. We continue to expect cloud expense to exceed $250 million in 2019 as we complete the lodging stack migration and shift focus to our air stack.

Total selling and marketing expenses increased 3%. Direct expenses were roughly flat in Q3, largely driven by the marketing rationalization efforts at Trivago. Excluding Trivago, direct selling and marketing expenses grew 6%, as we continue to benefit from improved marketing efficiency. Looking forward, we expect less direct selling and marketing leverage in the fourth quarter as we further lap the initial benefits from our optimization efforts and due to the seasonal timing of HomeAway marketing expenses.

Indirect selling and marketing growth remains elevated due to increased headcount associated with our supply initiative. For the full year, we now expect total adjusted selling and marketing expenses to grow slower than revenue.

Technology and content expense grew 17% in the third quarter, primarily driven by investments in our e-commerce platform and continued product innovation.

General and administrative expenses increased 10% year-over-year, a further deceleration from the second quarter. We expect G&A cost growth to continue to slow in the fourth quarter, but given the year-to-date increase, we now expect general and administrative expenses to grow slightly faster than revenue for the full year. While specific initiatives can occasionally drive it higher, we continue to expect to deliver nice leverage in G&A over the long-term.

Depreciation expense was up 10% as growth continued to slow, in part from the benefit of lower data center-related CapEx. Interest expense decreased year-over-year, due in part to the redemption of our 7.5% coupon bonds that matured in August, while our adjusted tax rate decline to 17% in Q3 due to continue benefits from US tax reform. All told, our solid operational performance and leverage down the income statement, combined with a lower share count, led to a very robust adjusted earnings-per-share growth of 46%.

Turning to capital allocation. Year-to-date, we returned a total of over $770 million to shareholders, that includes over $630 million in share repurchases, already our highest amount for any full year in over a decade. In addition, as Mark mentioned, we continue to opportunistically invest in strategic M&A with the acquisitions of Pillow and ApartmentJet. This is consistent with our approach to capital deployment, balancing attractive capital returns to shareholders through share repurchases and dividends with opportunistic M&A that compliments our organic growth strategy.

Turning to our financial expectations for the year. We are increasing the low end of our guidance range and now expect consolidated adjusted EBITDA growth of 10% to 12% in 2018. As a reminder, that growth would be 200 basis points to 300 basis points higher, excluding cloud.

Overall, we had a strong third quarter and are pleased with our performance to this point in the year. We believe the operational momentum we're building balanced by continued investments in key strategic initiatives will drive sustained, healthy growth over the long-term.

With that, operator, we're ready to take our first question.

Questions and Answers:

Operator

And at this time, we will open the floor for questions. (Operator Instructions) And our first question comes from Mark Mahaney with RBC Capital Markets.

Mark Mahaney -- RBC Capital Markets -- Analyst

I just want to drill down please just on the HomeAway business. Could you talk about the sustainability of the profit levels that you've achieved there and the sustainability of the revenue growth, the bookings growth there? Thanks a lot.

Alan Pickerill -- CFO

Yes, Mark. Thanks. This is Alan. Yes, On the margins, I think first of all, it's important to point out that the EBITDA margin for HomeAway should be viewed not really on a quarterly basis, but much more on a full year or trailing 12-month basis. For instance, if you look at the full year 2017, it was about 22% margin. There's just been -- through the transition, through the seasonality, there's been a bit of variability quarter-to-quarter, so I would really encourage you to look over a 12-month period. We are not optimizing for the margin for HomeAway as we're not -- for the margin percentages, we're not for the rest of the business. We prefer to take a balanced approach. We see a big global opportunity. HomeAway in particular has opportunities both here in the US as well as in the international markets. We want to make sure that we're making the right investments there to gain share and grow the business globally. At the same time, it's our philosophy that we should be able to do that while delivering healthy profits and profit growth. So we really are taking a balanced approach. I wouldn't put a pin in a particular margin number at the moment, but that's our philosophy looking forward.

Mark Mahaney -- RBC Capital Markets -- Analyst

Okay. Thanks, Alan.

Mark Okerstrom -- CEO and President

Thanks. Next question, please.

Operator

Thank you. And our next question comes from Kevin Kopelman with Cowen and Company.

Kevin Kopelman -- Cowen and Company -- Analyst

Great, thanks so much. Could you give us any first thoughts about how you're thinking about 29 EBITDA ahead of the planning process and any key things you want to call out there? Thanks.

Alan Pickerill -- CFO

Sure. Kevin, you said 29, I think you met 19 maybe.

Mark Okerstrom -- CEO and President

2019.

Kevin Kopelman -- Cowen and Company -- Analyst

2019, yeah, thanks.

Mark Okerstrom -- CEO and President

We're not going to start long, long range planning yet.

Alan Pickerill -- CFO

No. Yeah, this is Alan again. We are in the middle of the planning process. We don't have a lot of color to provide today as regards to 2019. I would just reemphasize what I said in the prepared remarks, which is we are looking to build a business where we can have sustained healthy top and bottom line growth. We are looking at a global opportunity, and we're building a business in a way to build it out globally, and we think we need to make appropriate investments in order to do that. But we think we can -- as I mentioned on the HomeAway answer, I would say the same here. We think we can have a balanced approach where we are making those appropriate investments and setting this business up for success over a very long period of time while at the same time delivering healthy profits and profit growth, and I think you can kind of see that so far in what we've delivered in 2018, and we would seek to continue to do that as we move forward.

Kevin Kopelman -- Cowen and Company -- Analyst

That's great. Thanks, Alan.

Mark Mahaney -- RBC Capital Markets -- Analyst

Thanks. Next question, please.

Operator

Thank you. And our next question comes from Deepak Mathivanan with Barclays.

Deepak Mathivanan -- Barclays -- Analyst

Hey, guys. Thanks for taking the question. Just wanted to get some clarity around full year 2018 guidance. Even if you assume the high-end of the guidance, it implies EBITDA growth rate for 4Q sort of moderate. Other than seasonality and somewhat like the performance efficiency gains that's being moderating and also the piece associated with the HomeAway, anything else that's going on that we should think about and what would be some of those factors?

Alan Pickerill -- CFO

Yeah, Deepak, I think you got a feel from there. I think you're right to point out, even though we don't guide quarterly, there is some implied guidance for the Q4. We are expecting a more subdued performance in terms of adjusted EBITDA growth in Q4 relative to year-to-date in Q3. A couple of things I would point out. I think you did mention them, but just to emphasize, the HomeAway seasonality is an important factor. The fact is that they are more seasonal than the rest of our business. They drive tremendous room nights and revenue and profitability in Q3 and less so in the other quarters in Q4 and Q1, as I mentioned in my script. The other bit is that we do have the full impact in Q4 of the lodging supply investment, tech investments, other things that we've kind of been scaling up as we move through 2018. That has an impact on Q4, and in a way, you could think of it as being an outsized impact just given the fact that it's fully scaled up and Q4 is a seasonally lower adjusted EBITDA quarter. So I think those are the things to point out.

Deepak Mathivanan -- Barclays -- Analyst

Okay, that's helpful. Related to that, you have announced some new marketing programs like partnership with UEFA Champions League. Is that something that we should expect in 4Q or is that going to be largely in 2019?

Mark Okerstrom -- CEO and President

Deepak, its Mark. I'll make my first -- answer my first question of the call. So thank you for giving me the opportunity. You see a little bit of that in Q4, it will be spread really throughout 2019, and it's a three-year deal. So it will continue on beyond.

Operator

Thank you. And our next question comes from Naved Khan with SunTrust.

Naved Khan -- SunTrust -- Analyst

Thanks a lot. Just maybe a clarification on the international room rent growth. I guess sequentially, it grew a little bit slower in the third quarter versus the second quarter. Any thought of parse out the growth in the focus markets in terms of room nights, and did you continue to see good growth there and maybe a slowdown in another geo's?

Mark Okerstrom -- CEO and President

Sure, Naved. I think the variation from Q2 to Q3 in room night growth would be non-meaningful. I wouldn't draw anything from it. I would say that on balance, the metasearch channels which are running slower and in some places, we saw with Trivago yesterday actually declining year-on-year, can have a disproportionate impact on our international room night growth certainly compared to our domestic. So I would call that out as a headwind, even though it's pretty consistent quarter-to-quarter. In terms of our focus markets, we continue to be very happy with the progress there. Overall, in those markets, room nights are growing nicely ahead of the overall average. We do have a number of those markets where we were starting from a decent position in terms of brand recognition where the numbers are looking very nice, particularly domestic room night growth showing very strong growth rates, and other markets where we are really starting from a lower base, things are a little bit slower to get going, but all told, we are happy with what we're seeing. And I would just remind you it's a multi-year journey. I mean, the first thing you see in these markets has picked up room night growth largely because you're entering new auctions for traffic that having more properties allows you to do. But really the benefit here is producing a better customer product and a better customer product produces better marketing efficiencies over time. And so that's really the goal of this, and I think with respect to our wave 1 markets, we would expect to see more of that type of benefit in the second and third years.

Naved Khan -- SunTrust -- Analyst

Got it. That's very helpful. And then maybe a quick follow-up. I think on the last call, you guys talked about how you are able to use analytics to figure out where you don't need to necessarily bid for the traffic if it can come to you organically. How far along are you now in that -- in sort of honing that ability and does it continue to sort of hurt on the margin just because you're still sort of going through the process? How should we thinking about that?

Mark Okerstrom -- CEO and President

Well, I would say that it's a journey. We continue to make solid progress that we originally started this work in the early days in Q3, Q4 of last year and really started to see some of the benefit show up in Q1. But I think it's an ongoing level of sophistication. There are really two things that we're doing here: one is trying to identify marketing spend, that it is truly non-incremental, meaning that if we didn't spend it, we would see those bookings show up in cheaper channels such as direct type-in or mobile applications. So that's goal number one. And in that respect, you really don't see if you do well and impact to the top line. It's really just more efficient -- more efficiency in your sales -- in line item. The second piece of this though is really getting much more granular in looking at what efficiencies are certain, ad buys actually delivering or what returns on ad spend. And in those cases, if you find inefficient spend, it can be incremental, but it's just inefficient. And when you pull the efficiencies out and actually pull your bids down, there can be an impact on your room night growth, and you can see some of that on our numbers and I think that you could expect to see some of that going forward. But I think again, we've developed a new capability here. I think it's going to be something that we will continue to build on and refine over time.

Naved Khan -- SunTrust -- Analyst

Thank you.

Mark Okerstrom -- CEO and President

You're welcome. Next question, please.

Operator

Thank you. And our next question comes from Jed Kelly with Oppenheimer.

Jed Kelly -- Oppenheimer -- Analyst

Great. Thanks for taking my question. Just with the HomeAway, the deceleration in bookings, is that more self-inflicted on the marketing or competition from other players in the space? And then on this morning's acquisition, do you expect to get more of that longer extended stay such as over 30 days and you intend to make that inventory exclusive to Expedia, and how should we factor into HomeAway's growth for next year?

Alan Pickerill -- CFO

Yes, I mean, the deceleration, as I said in my remarks, was largely in line with what we expected for their gross bookings growth. I think there are few factors that play, one being that they are ramping -- excuse me, lapping over some of the ramping up of their performance marketing that they did late last year and just as they get further along that curve. The low hanging fruit is more difficult to come by. I think the other bit is they do continue to optimize just generally in the marketing area and trying to make sure that they've got the right balance between returns on marketing spend and unit growth. So those are a couple of key factors. In International, there are a couple of kind of nuanced factors. One was that they had implemented some product enhancements in international markets last year that drove a bunch of gross bookings online, and they're comping over that. They also have, in the not too distant past, migrated some of the international business onto the common platform. And typically what happens when you see that is a bit of a disruption in current trends until the team can kind of optimize on the new platform and get things back to status quo. So those are some of the factors but our -- the opportunity for HomeAway is quite big and and it's a long runway. So we continue to expect them to grow in healthy rates for quite a while.

Mark Okerstrom -- CEO and President

And Jed, just on the new acquisitions, so just to give a little more color, we're super excited about these two acquisitions that we made, just great teams and really solid new platform capabilities that we've built. And essentially, what these technologies do is allow apartment type or multifamily owners and managers or communities essentially have a central way to manage all the alternative accommodations, rental activity that's happening in the building and also allow them to rent out some of the hospitality suites that sometimes exist in these buildings, all in a way that can be tracked and in a way that makes it quite easy for owners and managers to be compliant with whatever regulation is put in place over the years, and certainly, that's a fast moving moving area. I wouldn't expect it to have any significant impact on length of stay or booking windows or really be a significant driver in the near term 2019 of HomeAway booking volume. I think it's a foundational investments that are going to build a platform on which that we can really start to build an urban business over time. But it is going to take -- it is going to take some time. And then in terms of exclusive or not, we haven't commented yet. I think it's something that we'll look at over time. Generally, what we have seen though is that exclusivity in these markets has not been often a good thing. So I think we'll look at that very carefully.

Jed Kelly -- Oppenheimer -- Analyst

Thank you.

Mark Okerstrom -- CEO and President

You're welcome. Next question, please.

Operator

Thank you. And our next question comes from Lloyd Walmsley with Deutsche Bank.

Lloyd Walmsley -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst

Thanks, guys. I have two, if I can. First, just on the direct marketing line, you saw another quarter of -- even better leverage. Obviously, a lot of that's coming from HomeAway or at least you're seeing a lot of EBITDA upside at HomeAway, a lot of leverage at Trivago. So can you kind of give us a sense for how marketing efficiency trends are moving in the Core OTA business. And then, secondly, I guess going back to the focus markets for supply acquisition and localization. I think last quarter you said you saw acceleration in bookings -- in terms of bookings than room night stay there. Are you still seeing that in those markets? And then, is there anything else you can share around repeat behavior in those markets that can give us comfort the strategy is on track?

Alan Pickerill -- CFO

Hi Lloyd, it's Alan. yeah, on your selling and marketing question, I think the color I would provide there is obviously, it was -- there was a lot of leverage on the selling and marketing line in Q3. And as I said in my prepared remarks, the majority of that was driven by what you saw at Trivago. So that's the largest single impact if you're thinking about direct selling and marketing relative to revenue growth. The other two healthy contributors there were HomeAway and then the Core OTA business, and I'm not going to size them up specifically, but the contributions were in that order with the second biggest help coming from the HomeAway business and then Core OTA (inaudible). So those were the three components.

Michael Senno -- Vice President of Investor Relations

And then, Lloyd, on the focus markets, what we saw was essentially after the step-up in growth rates from Q1 to Q2. We saw the markets sustain essentially the healthy growth rate that we saw. And there was a mix between the market, some of the markets did accelerate nicely and I mentioned, particularly in the domestic market, some of them were a little bit more challenged than others in many cases because of things that were happening in the metasearch channel or other market specific items, but we certainly have no question that this is the right direction. And just as a reminder, we're doing this because we have seen very compelling evidence of a very high correlation between property coverage and repeat rate. It's too early for us to give you any numbers in these particular markets. It's always dependent on the actual travel cycle and repeat cycle of the customers that we are actually serving. But certainly, we have a long history of understanding this relationship, and we have no question that we will see stronger repeats rates as a result of this.

Lloyd Walmsley -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst

Got it. All right. Thank you.

Mark Mahaney -- RBC Capital Markets -- Analyst

All right. Thanks, Lloyd. Next question please.

Operator

Thank you. And our next question comes from Justin Post with Bank of America.

Akshay Bhatia -- Bank of America -- Analyst

Hi, this is Akshay Bhatia on for Justin. When we talk about the hotels to plan investment, what is the timeline to get these focused countries up to scale that you'd be happy with? And then when should we expect you to move on to the next set of focused countries and will there be additional expense around that? Thanks.

Mark Okerstrom -- CEO and President

Sure. So we are going to launch another effort next year in 2019. We did have a pretty big step-up this year, and so we're lapping over that. And I wouldn't expect as big of a investment required in the next wave of markets. In a number of these markets, supply is not the biggest next thing to do. It may be some sort of product enhancement or translation or some sort of marketing effort, and it really depends from market-to-market. So we're going to continue to do this, but again, I wouldn't expect a -- as large of investment as we saw in 2018. In terms of timeline, it depends. I mean, generally, it depends upon how much inventory there is to acquire. So in very large markets, it can make -- take two to three years. In smaller markets where supply is less of focus, we can get it done in one. So it is really dependent, as is all of this stuff, on the specific market that we're focused on becoming locally relevant in.

Akshay Bhatia -- Bank of America -- Analyst

Great. Thanks.

Mark Okerstrom -- CEO and President

You're welcome. Next question, please.

Operator

Thank you. And our next question comes from Michael Olson with Piper Jaffray.

Michael Olson -- Piper Jaffray -- Analyst

Good afternoon. A lot of fish to fry with international inventory growth and (inaudible) was talking about and then alternative accommodation growth, but how are you thinking about experiences and the potential there and could that be an area of increased investment in 2019? And then second, Alan, I may have missed it, but you talked about trends for sales and marketing in G&A, leverage or deleverage in Q4, but what about tech and content? Thanks.

Mark Okerstrom -- CEO and President

So activity is absolutely in the frying pan with all of the other fish. We are pretty excited about the opportunity in activities. We are not new to it, I gave you some numbers last quarter, it's a big business. I think -- obviously, mobile opens up a big opportunity. It has been one of those spaces as happens in this industry where suddenly it has acquired or attracted a lot more attention and a lot more capital. So there's certainly much more competition in this space than there has been historically, and there's a lot of pretty exciting players out there that are doing interesting things. But for us, our focus is really about harnessing one of the big advantages that we have, which is we have an incredible installed base of mobile applications, nearly 300 million across the portfolio. We have a multi-product offering. So we know where customers are going and can generally tell where they are, and we will be working on building out our set of activities inventory so that we can deliver the perfect activity to the perfect customer at the right time, and that's the goal, and we'll be working on putting -- essentially having execution follow that strategy over the course of the next several years, and we're pretty excited about the possibilities there.

Alan Pickerill -- CFO

And then Mike on your question on tech and content, I would just say a couple of things. One is that we are forecasting a bit of an increase in the pace of growth in tech and content in Q4. And just given the year-to-date impact plus that fact, you obviously would end up with meaningful deleverage in tech and content this year relative to revenue growth. Some of that is due to some of the investments that we've talked about over the course of the year. But just from a pure forecasting perspective, that's what we're expecting.

Michael Olson -- Piper Jaffray -- Analyst

Thank you.

Mark Okerstrom -- CEO and President

Next question, please.

Operator

And our next question comes from Tom White with D.A. Davidson.

Tom White -- D.A. Davidson -- Analyst

Great. Thanks for taking my question, high-level one. You guys had another kind of nice quarter of year-over-year expansion of EBITDA margin in the Core OTA segment. How should we think about direction of those margins for Core OTA kind of over the long term. I realize there's a ton of puts and takes in there, but can margins expand further from here over time or in five years or so, are we kind of in the ballpark we're at now or lower?

Alan Pickerill -- CFO

Yes. As far as -- I would repeat some of the stuff I said earlier, which is we are not optimizing for margin. We've been pretty clear about that over time and nothing has changed there. I think what's unique to 2018 and just the period that we're in is that we're finding this opportunity to eliminate marketing spend that's not incremental and/or that is highly inefficient, and that's having a meaningful impact on the EBITDA margins for Core OTA. I think our general model still exists, which is we want to get leverage on our fixed costs. We think the business that we're in should allow for that, and if we were effective at running the business, we should be able to see it out leveraging in fixed overhead costs. Selling and marketing, looking forward, we will eventually kind of get through the goodness of this period and at that point, I would expect the relationship of selling and marketing to normalize to something closer to historical averages into our revenue growth. But it's a little hard to be specific on that particular line just because it's just going to depend on the opportunities that are in front of us. We just need to make sure we're -- as long as there's returns on the selling and marketing in period or in the near-term, then we're happy to continue spending there. And we're kind of optimizing there for global share gains with good returns.

Mark Okerstrom -- CEO and President

Next question, please.

Operator

Thank you. Our next question comes from Ron Josey with JMP Securities.

Ron Josey -- JMP Securities -- Analyst

Perfect, great, thanks. So I just wanted to ask two questions. I think, Mark, you talked a little bit about this with repeat rates on the new hotels out there, but I wanted to ask about just the language translation and how you see that sort of impacting results as we do head into year or two and maybe where you are in that? And then also, as it relates to just lodging and HomeAway, pretty big step up on HomeAway properties on Expedia getting to around 300,000, is this enough -- is this like the right number of properties or maybe you can start highlighting these more and more in the Core Expedia product? Thanks.

Mark Mahaney -- RBC Capital Markets -- Analyst

Sure. Well, language translation is just one of so many things that you've got to get right. And in many cases, it's not just about translating perfectly into the language, but really starting to use local more colloquial tone of voice, and that's in many cases, we're the new ones, but again, it's just one piece of it. You've got to have great marketing, you've got to have great landing pages and home page content, and you've got to have your geography systems rights and payment types right, and of course, you got to have translation in a format or localized format. So it really feels like it's a local experience, and we're going through each of these away markets and just making sure that that is the case. In terms of away properties, yeah, I think we're up to 300,000 of away properties on really the Core OTA brands right now. I think they are being highlighted in many cases. It's really getting a lot smarter, although it's a muscle we're building around identifying those use cases where this type of inventory is highly valuable. Some obvious ones are large groups, we can present them with a large house. Any sort of alternative accommodation in a period where there's high compression in terms of low availability for traditional lodging categories, for example, but again, it's still relatively early. And if you think about just the overall opportunity, it's significant, but 300,000 properties, if you compare it to the 1.8 million that HomeAway has or some of the larger numbers that we've heard our competitors talk about and you compare that number of units to the competitor or HomeAway units compared to the gross booking opportunity, we're very much in the early stages here.

Ron Josey -- JMP Securities -- Analyst

That makes a lot of sense. And Mark, just a quick follow-up on the language translation, you talked about all those things that you needed to get right for it to work. Is this more of a wave 2 phase 2 (ph) event or just curious where you are? Thank you.

Mark Mahaney -- RBC Capital Markets -- Analyst

No. I mean, yeah, we're doing it in the waves as we go. So it just completely -- it's part of the formula, and we're doing it in the wave 1 countries right now, and we'll move on doing the wave 2 countries.

Ron Josey -- JMP Securities -- Analyst

Got it. Thanks, guys.

Mark Mahaney -- RBC Capital Markets -- Analyst

You're welcome. Next question, please.

Operator

Thank you. And our next question comes from Eric Sheridan with UBS.

Eric Sheridan -- UBS -- Analyst

Thanks for taking the question. Maybe step back and have a bigger-picture question. I think the number one issue yet for investors is sort of the way the travel funnel and the travel industry is sort of evolving. When you think out, Mark, over the next couple of years at the product innovation, you're seeing Google, the intent from some of your hotel partners to get more direct traffic, your desire to get more direct traffic, shared accommodation, what are some of the investments you're making and how should investors think about the output of growth and share as you're looking out multiple years, because I think that's the big investor need in right now in Group?

Mark Okerstrom -- CEO and President

Well, I think first of all, we think that the overall opportunity we were moving into remains very significant. You continue to have a massive industry. You've got offline to online trends, and yes, we hear always this industry fully penetrated. The answer that's not even close. I mean, if you look at where we are in the US, it's, call it, high 40s, 50% online penetration. It steps down from there the further you move away from, call it, ,Manhattan. And if you compare that with our corporate travel business Egencia where you're in environments where everyone has a device, everyone has broadband access, online penetration, there isn't anywhere depend on the client, high 80s or 90s, because the reality is as long as the experience is good, people don't really want to talk to a human. So we think that the offline-to-online opportunity is significant. And where we are investing to make sure that we continue to be the place where people go to for travel is in all of the places that you've heard us talk about. We continue to have a huge opportunity from a geographic expansion standpoint. And just again to give you a sense of that, if you look at the number of alternative accommodations we've got and compare that to any of the huge numbers that the alternative accommodations competitors have mentioned, we just got a ton of room to go to put those properties on our platform. And by the way, they're already getting bookings, it's already online. We just have to add them. And that's just alternative accommodations. In the hotel space, we've also got significant opportunities. So geographic expansion is certainly one. We sit on an incredible amount of data, and we've been working very hard on making sure that we are using that data to our full advantage, getting much more able to actually provide much more personalized results real time on the fly through a lot of the work we've been doing in the machine learning and AI space. We've been investing in voice, and we just launched a new new application with Google essentially to allow us to answer questions and make bookings on Google assistant, making sure that wherever customers are, wherever they want to interact, we're part of that. We've been investing in all of the chatbot technology and are currently in some countries in Asia doing significant volume through our chatbots online and other applications. So we are staying at the forefront of this industry. We think the opportunity is very significant. We watch very closely what others are doing in the industry, and we make sure that we're trying to ensure that we are one step ahead. And we think that's going to be a growth formula for us that can sustain us for a very, very long time to come.

Eric Sheridan -- UBS -- Analyst

Great. Thanks, Mark.

Mark Okerstrom -- CEO and President

You're welcome.

Operator

Thank you. And our next question comes from Mark May with Citi.

Mark May -- Citi -- Analyst

Thanks. I apologize, if this has been asked already, but in terms of marketing and how you're thinking about the intensity of marketing going forward, it seems that there's potential for market dynamics to -- competitive dynamics to potentially get a little bit more competitive out there, plus on top of that, you guys are strategically focusing on some international markets and are beginning to lean in there, just looking at it as a whole. Should we be expecting maybe a bit more intensity on the marketing front going forward?

Mark Okerstrom -- CEO and President

Yes. It's hard to say at this point. I think certainly, we have gotten much more sophisticated in understanding specifically what we're getting for our marketing dollars. And it feels like our other major competitor has done the same. So there has been a -- I think a shift in context here that I think could continue for a long time to come. I think Alan made some comments around international markets that I think are important to keep in mind, but this is not expansion of international into international markets with irrational or exuberant or poorly returning marketing spend. This is us applying the same disciplined approach into essentially new auctions that exist in metasearch channels or other performance marketing channels that in the first early days of the market can produce marketing deleverage because those markets are less efficient overall than our core markets. But over time, they get more efficient over time as well. So I think for us as we push internationally, you may see optically some pressure on that line item, but it's really just a mix shift issue and the cohorts underneath continue to perform very well. So listen, I'm hopeful that we're in a world where the level of sophistication that we have just allows for there to be a new normal, and we're just focused on international expansion in a very responsible way that produces solid returns on our advertising spend.

Mark May -- Citi -- Analyst

Okay, thanks.

Mark Okerstrom -- CEO and President

Your welcome. Next question, please.

Operator

Thank you. And our next question comes from Brian Fitzgerald with Jefferies.

Brian Fitzgerald -- Jefferies -- Analyst

Thanks, guys. In terms of the add count that you've added to address the hotel supply effort, can you give us some color on the dynamics you're seeing there in terms of productivity as you on-board new hires? Is there any limitation on the gains that you're yielding and of that productivity effort and may -- would that change as you have to add new heads into further supply expansion next year in new geographies?

Mark Okerstrom -- CEO and President

Sure. So we did hire up a significant amount of new heads. I think we talked about investment levels in the range of $50 million or so. We're pleased with the productivity so far. It does take individuals a while to ramp up, but once they ramp up, we've got a pretty good formula of getting them up and productive. Importantly, though, something that Alan mentioned is we've been also investing in our technical systems to actually help with the automation of a lot of the activity and really trying to drive much more productivity among this team and also looking at ways where we can significantly reduce the amount of human intervention that has to happen to either on-board a property or actually manage a property going forward. So it's something that we're very focused on. Those investments that we've made in automation along with the headcount, as Alan said, are -- they are a pressure on Q4 profitability simply because we didn't have those investments in Q4. And as it relates to the technology investments, Q4 can be a seasonally low capitalization rate, so it can have artificial pressure as well. So I just wanted to highlight that for you as well. But really, we are very much focused on productivity and a lot of the things that we've learned as we've added new heads and we've invested more in automation are things going to help propel us to better and better efficiency as we roll this out around the world in wave 2 and beyond.

Brian Fitzgerald -- Jefferies -- Analyst

Great. Thanks Mark.

Mark Okerstrom -- CEO and President

You're welcome. Next question please.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Robert Cobret (ph) with Wells Fargo Securities.

Robert Cobret -- Wells Fargo Securities. -- Analyst

Good afternoon, and thanks for taking our questions. On the revised cloud guidance for 2018, just wondering if you can talk a little bit about what's helped you come in under the initial guide on the hotel stack migration. And then on air, probably more computationally intensive, a bit less seasonal than hotel. Is that migration more about performance and cost savings relative to the hotel migration and is there anything about that migration that makes you a little more conservative as you approach the cost guide for 2019? Also, I just wanted to check in on Egencia, looks like a little bit of slowdown in revenue there. I was wondering if you can give us an update, anything to call out there? Thank you.

Alan Pickerill -- CFO

Yeah. Great, Rob. This is Alan. So on that cloud spend, there's two main factors there at the moment. One is just amount of compute that we move into the cloud, and that is largely in our control. So we obviously are trying to do this in a measured way. We're trying to make sure that we test and learn that we offer our customers a seamless experience. And that's been part of that process all along, and that can lead to situations where you have either more than or less than the amount of compute moved over than you initially expected in a given period. The second component which we have undertaken in 2018 has been key efforts just to make sure that we're being as efficient as we can be, and I won't go into the nitty-gritty details here, but you can imagine that as you're moving compute into the cloud, there are things you can do to make sure that you're not leaving compute or code in the cloud that's not necessary, that if you're spinning up instances that you need in the cloud that you're taking them back down again when they're no longer needed and trying to make sure that you just have good processes in place, and that has been a component this year as well. But as long as you're doing that well, then really the question is just about how much compute do you have in the cloud and will -- the numbers I gave you for this year and for next year are based on our current estimates of how much of the compute will move into the cloud. I don't have a lot of information for you to think about it in terms of like the air stack versus the hotel stack. I mean, ultimately, we plan to move the vast majority of the compute into the cloud, and there will be both operational and customer benefits across all of the products. But the cost savings that will compute and kind of, to the extent, share externally, I wouldn't expect them to be products by products. We'll look at that on an all-in basis. As far as Egencia is concerned, no, there is nothing I would point out there that's a big story. There's likely some FX impact this quarter that wasn't there last quarter. It can be a little bit choppy in terms of the growth because it depends -- their top line growth depends on a combination of the business that they're selling, the business that they're implementing and then the share of wallet that they're getting from their customers, and all of those play into the growth rate quarter-to-quarter. I would just remind you that even with the top line growth rates that we posted for Q3, it's well in excess of what you would expect to see the travel industry growing at. So no big story there. I think you'll just see that ebb and flow from time to time.

Robert Cobret -- Wells Fargo Securities. -- Analyst

Thank you.

Mark Okerstrom -- CEO and President

Next question, please.

Operator

Thank you. And our next question comes from Michael Millman with Millman Research Associates.

Michael Millman -- Millman Research Associates -- Analyst

Thank you. Touching -- tendering this discussion, I guess, on disruptive technology, is it possible to break out the impact on the volume of sales and marketing and the cost of sales and marketing. And secondly, the obvious names in the industry were all at the same place or are there some leaders and -- well, of course, some leaders?

Mark Mahaney -- RBC Capital Markets -- Analyst

Hey, Mike, sorry, on the volume and cost of marketing, are you thinking about it in terms of the various marketing channels?

Michael Millman -- Millman Research Associates -- Analyst

No, I'm thinking in terms of your total sales and marketing.

Mark Okerstrom -- CEO and President

Right. And breaking it out by marketing channel or?

Michael Millman -- Millman Research Associates -- Analyst

No, just -- well, if you could do that in more detail, the better, but that wasn't. I was more looking at it from 30,000 feet in terms of what your total sales and marketing might become overtime as this disruptive technology becomes better and more in place?

Mark Okerstrom -- CEO and President

Got it. Well, I think -- first of all, I think sales and marketing is always going to be a big part of our business. The industry remains massive, $1.6 million and we're single digits of it. So we really do have a significant opportunity to expand and part of having an amazing service like we do is being able to tell customers all about it. Now, I do think that our increased sophistication in sales and marketing will allow us to do that more efficiently over time. I think that our focus on customer centricity and really building products that customers love to come back to and love to tell their friends about will help our marketing productivity and efficiency improve over time. I think mobile app and the investments we're making in mobile app will help as well. So I think there is a lot of opportunity for us to spend. Sales and marketing long into the future. But I do think on the margin, we should be able to get more efficient as we grow and certainly, that's a big focus for us.

Next question, please.

Operator

Thank you. And we have no further questioners in the queue at this time. I would now like to turn the conference over to Mark Okerstrom, President and CEO, for closing remarks.

Mark Okerstrom -- CEO and President

Great. Well, I want to thank everyone again for listening today and obviously a big thank you to the entire Expedia Group team for another solid quarter of progress. Let's end the year strong. With that, I'll turn it back to the operator.

Operator

Ladies and gentlemen, this concludes today's conference. You may now disconnect.

Duration: 55 minutes

Call participants:

Michael Senno -- Vice President of Investor Relations

Mark Okerstrom -- CEO and President

Alan Pickerill -- CFO

Mark Mahaney -- RBC Capital Markets -- Analyst

Kevin Kopelman -- Cowen and Company -- Analyst

Deepak Mathivanan -- Barclays -- Analyst

Naved Khan -- SunTrust -- Analyst

Jed Kelly -- Oppenheimer -- Analyst

Lloyd Walmsley -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst

Akshay Bhatia -- Bank of America -- Analyst

Michael Olson -- Piper Jaffray -- Analyst

Tom White -- D.A. Davidson -- Analyst

Ron Josey -- JMP Securities -- Analyst

Eric Sheridan -- UBS -- Analyst

Mark May -- Citi -- Analyst

Brian Fitzgerald -- Jefferies -- Analyst

Robert Cobret -- Wells Fargo Securities. -- Analyst

Michael Millman -- Millman Research Associates -- Analyst

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