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This really demonstrates the uniqueness and power of the CF Industries business model that despite the most extreme weather on record and uncertainty in shifting of planted acres by crop type. Our first half sales volume has been steady each of the past three years ever since our capacity expansion project started off at the end of 2016. North America has some of the best, most productive farmland in the world, and it will be planted each year, if at all possible, even in the year like this one. As it is planted, it requires nitrogen fertilizer, the only non-discretionary nutrient. This year also demonstrates why quarterly comparisons year-over-year are less meaningful than the comparability of first half results. As quarterly volume is impacted by weather but first half volume remains constant.

Our terrific results were driven by two factors, higher year-over-year nitrogen prices and outstanding execution by the CF team. Nitrogen price increases were underpinned by a tightening global supply demand balance. We also benefited from higher than normal in-region premiums, due to weather-related logistical issues that limited product supply at some inland locations. Meanwhile, the CF team and network performed exceptionally well during the first half. We set an all-time record for ammonia production. We took advantage of our systems flexibility to favor higher margin urea production over UAN, leading to all-time record urea production and shipments. And we leveraged our distribution terminals and our logistical capabilities to reliably deliver for customers.

Most importantly, we continue to work safely. Our 12-month rolling recordable incident rate remained at 0.6 incidents per 200,000 work hours. Despite the high level of activity that included a record 5.7 million product tons shipped during the second quarter.

As we have stated, we believe that we will generate superior free cash flow through the cycle compared to most of our global competitors. As shown on slide six and seven of our deck, over the last 12 months, our free cash flow was the industry's best at nearly $1 billion. It is clear that not all EBITDA is created equal. Many of our competitors cash from operations is consumed back into their business to keep the lights on and the plants running, while we convert a significantly higher percentage of ours into available free cash flow. This efficiency of EBITDA conversion into free cash means that although most industry participants equity is valued within a similar band of trading multiples of EBITDA, investors in CF Industries are rewarded with significantly higher free cash flow yield than for any of the other industry competitors. Why is that important? Because we use that industry best free cash to increase shareholder accretion in our business as measured by tons of nitrogen capacity per 100,000 shares.

As seen on slides nine and 10, over the last 24 months, we have driven approximately 9% accretion for shareholders by investing in attractive growth, returning cash to shareholders through share repurchases and dividends, and we were also able to significantly reduce our outstanding debt levels at the same time. We believe that we are well positioned to build on this track record over the next several years, as Bert will describe in more detail, there are a number of factors supporting our positive outlook.

First, we expect strong nitrogen demand in North America over the next two years, as farmer economic strongly incent corn plantings. Second, the forward curve for North American natural gas remains a very attractive compared to the rest of the world. This will continue to provide CF Industries a significant cost advantage, keeping us on the low end of the global cost curve. And third, we expect global demand growth for nitrogen to outpace net capacity additions over the next four years, further tightening the global supply demand balance. Because of these three critical drivers, we see tremendous opportunities ahead for us that will continue to support our generation of substantial free cash flow.

With that, let me turn it over to Bert, who will talk more about how we deliver these strong results and our outlook for the next few years. Then Dennis will cover the financial items, before I offer some closing remarks. Bert?

Bert Frost -- Senior Vice President, Sales, Market Development and Supply Chain

Thanks, Tony. The first half of 2019 demonstrated the tremendous flexibility of our manufacturing and distribution system and the skill of CF's people. We shipped 9.8 million tons in the first half, including a company record 5.7 million tons in the second quarter, achieved higher prices compared to a year ago and ensured our customers receive product when and where they needed it. We're very proud of this performance, given an extremely challenging spring application season. Historic flooding disrupted planting, applications and rail and barge transportation in many parts of the United States.

Our focus under these conditions was to be a reliable supplier to our customers. We did this in three ways. First, we had strong production at our facilities, including shifting our production mix to favor urea over UAN to capture higher margin opportunities. We also benefited from having inland production sites, given the transportation challenges. Our Port Neal, Iowa facility ran very well, which enabled record urea shipments that achieved higher than normal premiums to prices in New Orleans.

Second, we position product well at our distribution terminals in advance of the spring season. This was critical to our ability to ship 1.2 million tons of ammonia, a quarterly record for the company, despite a limited window for application.

Third, we put our transportation flexibility to full use to overcome river closures during the flooding. We procured extra railcars that enabled us to rail a significant volume of urea from our Donaldsonville, Louisiana facility to Minnesota in order to capture higher margins. We also secured additional barges that allowed us to focus on river terminals along the Ohio River, which remained open through spring. Additionally, we had record levels of truck shipments. All of this activity continue through July as nutrient applications went much later than normal across the United States. This is why we didn't launch our UAN field program until earlier this week. The latest we have ever done so.

As we look ahead, we believe that industry fundamentals are very favorable over the next several years. We expect farmers to have a strong price incentive to increase corn planting significantly in the United States over the next several years. We believe that the US will have around 85 million planted corn acres this year, much lower than anticipated heading into 2019. Additionally, late planting will lead to lower yield. As a result, we expect ending corn stocks to be at their lowest levels since 2013. It should take several years of higher corn acres to return to normal ending corn stalks.

Forward curves for North American natural gas continue to be extremely favorable compared to 2018 and to the rest of the world. Natural gas production in the US averaged a record 88 Bcf per day during the second quarter, which is almost a 10% increase over the second quarter of 2018, supporting continued low natural gas prices in the region. With Henry Hub forward price curves averaging well below $3 per MMBtu through 2025, we expect our production cost advantage to remain robust for the foreseeable future.

Globally, we anticipate continued strong demand for urea in Brazil and in India. We also continue to expect the global demand growth will be above net capacity additions over the next four years given the limited number of projects currently under construction, including none in North America.

The flexibility that we've built into the CF system served us and our customers well during a challenging spring season. We're looking forward to the rest of the year, continuing to work with our customers and preparing for the strong demand we expect in the years ahead.

With that, let me turn the call over to Dennis.

Dennis Kelleher -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Thanks, Bert. In the first half of 2019, the company reported net earnings attributable to common stockholders of $373 million or $1.67 per diluted share. EBITDA was $973 million and adjusted EBITDA was $936 million. There are two items affecting our first half results that I want to highlight. Our net earnings include an after-tax gain of $35 million recognized during the second quarter on the sale of the company's Pine Bend dry bulk storage facility at Minnesota. Our net earnings also include a previously announced net incentive tax credit of $30 million recognized in the first quarter.

During the first half, net cash provided by operating activities was $693 million and free cash flow was $453 million. We repurchased about 4.2 million shares for approximately $178 million under our current $1 billion share repurchase program. We also distributed $133 million in dividend payments. Cash and cash equivalents on the balance sheet at the end of the quarter were $858 million. Since the end of 2018, we have added $176 million of cash to the balance sheet, even as we have returned $311 million to shareholders through share repurchases and dividends. This demonstrates the CF's free cash flow power as Tony described earlier.

Our strong cash generation has provided us the flexibility to repay $500 million in debt on or before its maturity in May of 2020. It also allowed us to deploy excess cash in line with our long-standing capital allocation philosophy that is to pursue growth within our strategic fairway and in the absence of those opportunities, return excess cash to shareholders through dividends and share repurchases. Capital expenditures for the first half of 2019 were $154 million. For the year, we continue to expect to spend approximately $400 million to $450 million. As we noted in the press release, we expect ammonia production in the third quarter to be somewhat lower than in the first and second quarters as we enter the heaviest period of planned maintenance for the year.

With that, Tony will provide some closing remarks before we open the call to Q&A.

Tony Will -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Thanks, Dennis. Before we move on to your questions, I want to thank everyone at CF for their great work in the first half of 2019. They've put all of the capabilities we've talked about for years into action, to enable us to deliver for our customers and to generate strong financial results. Most importantly, they operated safely. I also want to recognize the team at our Ince UK facility, who won the Stephen R. Wilson Excellence in Safety Award for their innovation that protects people and equipment while servicing high voltage switchgear.

As I close, I want to offer a special thank you to Dennis Kelleher on his final earnings call with us. As you know, Dennis is retiring from CF on September 1st after eight successful years as our Chief Financial Officer. Dennis has been a tremendous leader in our company and an invaluable partner to me and to our whole senior team. As the scale and complexity of our business has grown, he has played a pivotal role in all of our significant initiatives: our major capacity expansions, our capital return program, our M&A transactions, our balance sheet management and navigating some of the most challenging nitrogen industry conditions in over a decade. We will miss him and wish him continued success. Dennis, thank you.

Dennis Kelleher -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Thanks, Tony. I appreciate it.

Tony Will -- President and Chief Executive Officer

As we announced, Chris Bohn will be appointed Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Chris is very familiar to many of you having led our manufacturing and distribution group for the last three years, in addition to holding other senior roles in the company since joining CF in 2009. Chris brings deep knowledge of CF in the marketplace to the role and will provide continued strategic leadership, as we capitalize on our future opportunities. Chris and Dennis have been working closely together the past several months and we expect a seamless transition.

CF's future is bright. Our unique and powerful business model has enabled us to generate and return to shareholders nearly $1 billion in free cash flow over the last 12 months. With our structural and operational advantages, along with the favorable industry fundamentals we see ahead, we are well positioned to drive substantial cash generation and long-term shareholder value creation in the years ahead.

With that operator, we will now open the call to your questions.

Questions and Answers:

Operator

[Operator Instructions] Our first question comes from the line of Adam Samuelson of Goldman Sachs. Your line is open.

Adam Samuelson -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst

Yes, thanks, good morning, everyone.

Tony Will -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Good morning, Adam.

Adam Samuelson -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst

So I guess, Bert, Tony, Dennis, just interested for -- market dynamics as we come out of spring and what this quarter and spring kind of has shown about the US marketplace. Thinking about the premium that urea has kind of captured to UAN specifically. You obviously shifted the production pretty sharply toward urea. But still with UAN and some more limited export opportunities, how do you see that marketplace evolving over the next 12 to 24 months? Do you just see things rebalancing as people who can flex to urea and the nitrate premium returning, just seems unusual for that to trade on a sharp discount on a nutrient ton basis for a prolonged period of time.

Bert Frost -- Senior Vice President, Sales, Market Development and Supply Chain

Yeah. It's interesting you pointed out the market dynamics and what we've seen over the last several years are those dynamics in play and again back to the creativity and flexibility of the CF system. We've seen heavy springs, where we've had applied -- and falls where we've applied a lot of ammonia. And the past fertilizer year being fall to spring, limited ammonia and what was going to happen and how are those end tons going to make it to the ground. And so when you look at what we've done and what the market has done when we look to future dynamics, what has shifted these tons has been more weather driven not necessarily agronomic decision making driven. And so we're seeing small shifts over time, urea to UAN, UAN to urea, but when they can apply the products, they choose the product that is economically or system advantageous for that producer.

And so that's where you see the balance that we have in our system with all the products that we make, all the markets that we have access to, all the rail lines, pipelines is very good for us. Specifically focusing on UAN and why it is trading at a discount today and it is. As I think, a reflection of the EU anti-dumping duties. That has forced additional Russian tons to come to the United States. And during the indecision time, probably additional Trinidadian tons to come to the United States. And as well as CF, we have focused on building out a greater access to the North American market for CF and that has happened.

So we have repatriated more tons to the coastal regions as well as additional tank spacing that we thought would be good for our system where we had holes. And then I think what you're going to see over time is as the Trinidadians have a lower penalty rate, we'll probably focus more of their tons to the EU and then we'll see what happens with the market overall. We'll still be active in South America and some of these other areas that we're developing. So I think right now it's natural that UAN would trade at a discount to urea. I think over time as it balances, we'll come back and we anticipate UAN to trade at a parity or even a premium. And the interior spreads that you mentioned, this is something we have articulated year-after-year that we believed that that was something that was structural to the United States and achievable as well as maintainable. And this year, we proved that in spades, where these expansions just went way out and we profited from that.

Tony Will -- President and Chief Executive Officer

And Adam, I'd add to that, kind of what Bert was saying. I think one of the things that the EU anti-dumping duties did is that, it led to some globally inefficient behavior. So you've got a set of EU producers that are basically running full that on a purely economic basis, ought to have been shutdown or at least largely curtailed, so that the lower cost Russian and Trinidadian tons and even our tons could have back filled into that marketplace. But sort of the real kind of irony, I guess, on all of this is -- what you've seen is UAN prices to the European farmers, in particular, the French farmers has gone through the rough and UAN pricing in the rest of the world has been relatively maintained. And so what Brussels really did is put a huge tax on the European farmers and turn it around and given it to the inefficient European producers, some of which are owned, ironically by Russian entities. So they've kind of taxed the French farmers and funneled the money back into the Russian oligarchs pocket. So it's kind of a weird twist of the way that worked. But as Bert said, we've got a lot of different levers to pull and we're navigating it as best as possible.

Operator

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Joel Jackson of BMO Capital Markets. Your line is open.

Joel Jackson -- BMO Capital Markets -- Analyst

Hi, good morning, team. A question about ammonia, I think that feeling was -- I think, ammonia inventories are higher in the country. And so I think the play was to be exporting a lot of ammonia in June into July and August, I guess, exports, higher netbacks -- excuse me, lower netbacks, your ammonia netbacks were incredible in the quarter Q2 because of the Midwest and then premiums. How should we think about that export dynamic? How you're dealing with it and sort of the convergence of maybe some lagging inland premiums, but also having to export at lower netbacks? Thanks.

Bert Frost -- Senior Vice President, Sales, Market Development and Supply Chain

So we look at ammonia, we look at a balanced portfolio always. And so we're constantly focused on the highest netback, which is our ag business. And you see that that we did very well and the team executed extremely well. Part of that is in the preparation of where we placed the tons and utilizing our terminals and our logistical capabilities. Part of that was Chris and the plants running extremely well. And so we were prepared, I'm not sure if our other market participants were as prepared as we were. And so we did execute and did achieve very good netbacks. But, look, there is a system when you look at the total consumption of ammonia per year -- on a fertilizer year, fall to spring, it's around 4 million to 4.4 million tons of ammonia. And from fall, we know that number was low, and now we expect that the spring number was also lower than normal. So there is less or there was less ammonia consumed.

And so of all of our systems, that's the inventory, that's higher than normal, but manageable. And we believe we executed extremely well based on that industrial export ag, and then spot sales during the quarter positioned us to get to fall and then participate in that ammonia season and capitalize on it. We will be exporting, we have exported, we exported more on a year-to-date basis than last year. And like you said, that's to be expected, but I don't see that significantly higher. And so premiums are good, market is good and we expect good things for this fall.

Tony Will -- President and Chief Executive Officer

I mean, I think the other thing I'd add to that, Joel, as Bert said, because the ammonia system ran so well and we set an all time production record in the first half. We're really pleased with the volumes that Bert and the team got down on the ground from an ag perspective, because ammonia still represented a great value to farmers compared to the -- on a nutrient basis compared to ammonia or UAN and in urea. But historically, Q3 is always our lowest volume and typically lowest price quarter for ammonia. And then when you get back into the application season in Q4, you see more of that ag business come through again. And so, I wouldn't expect that to be anything different this year than it is in every other year.

And as Bert said, we've got the right plans in place to be able to manage the inventory. It also helps that we're entering the period of the year where we've got the most planned maintenance and some downtime, and so the combination of some incremental exports, some of the industrial business that we've taken on as well as the planned maintenance. We feel very comfortable with managing the inventory situation.

Operator

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Christopher Parkinson of Credit Suisse. Your line is open.

Harris Fein -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst

Hi, good morning. This is Harris Fein on for Chris. Just given the current energy price stack and construction costs, can you update us on your views on Brownfield versus Greenfield economics for both US and global players? Thank you.

Bert Frost -- Senior Vice President, Sales, Market Development and Supply Chain

Yeah, I mean, I think what you'd see is in limited locations, it's actually is labor cost and your ability to lock in fixed costs labor is as important if not more so in some cases and then absolute gas costs is that you'd expect new capacities to be added where it is being added. So places like Nigeria, Iran and Russia are places where you can actually get fixed labor cost and in a place like that current economics, if you can get reasonable gas costs and manage the political risk situation. I'd expect there to be some level of build in those locations. And I think you've seen kind of that -- those announcements here and there including people like EuroChem and others looking at incremental units.

I think the challenge in North America is that the labor costs -- because it's on a reimbursable basis and not on an LSTK basis, no one is willing to take that risk is that a urea prices would have to rise quite a bit where -- over where they are today for someone to really take a serious run at it. And if anyone's talking about it or directionally thinking about it, it just means they're completely inexperienced in terms of dealing with major construction projects over here or just not that financially astute to because we just don't see the current price stack being supportive of newbuild here in North America. By the way, if you find someone that wants to build, we'll sell them a plant for the cost of new construction.

Operator

Thank you. And our next question comes from the line of Vincent Andrews of Morgan Stanley. Your line is open.

Vincent Andrews -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst

Sorry, I'm still laughing at that.

Bert Frost -- Senior Vice President, Sales, Market Development and Supply Chain

This is fair offer, Vincent.

Vincent Andrews -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst

I believe it. Anyway. So my question is this, we've seen Chinese exports pick up year-to-date and on one hand that's a good thing because obviously you needed higher prices in order to get the exports out of the country. But on the other hand, Chinese production is supposed to be declining for environmental reasons and so forth. So how do you reconcile those two things? And do you have any visibility on how much other shadow capacity might be there and sort of what incremental prices would be needed to get it out? Or just in general how you're thinking about the market?

Tony Will -- President and Chief Executive Officer

I'll give you the general and then let Bert kind of dive into more of the specifics. I think what you're seeing is based on where coal prices are, we absolutely believe that Chinese coal-based capacity is marginal production capacity, particularly given where gas prices in Europe today. And so we do think that there's a fair bit of capacity that gets campaigned and it runs for a portion of the year, runs at slightly below 100 -- or somewhat below a 100% rates for portions of the year.

And so what -- that's why their operating rates depending upon what publication you look at and what the denominators they use is somewhere in the 60% to 70% range. So we do think that there is a fair bit of capacity that can turn on and economically will turn on when it's profitable to export. And so -- I do know that there's a sort of the bear thesis out there that says upside in pricing is somewhat limited because of this overhang or this shelf of capacity.

And I'd say, yeah, there probably is some truth that I don't see urea going back to $450 or $500 anytime soon. I just -- I think that bid didn't weigh too many plants in the interim and people can find a way to make reasonable money as price comes up. But the price indication from India from Brazil, from the world in total in terms of the demand side, bid [Phonetic] in that production in the China and the world really needed those tons. And I think, as our first half results indicate, even if price doesn't go up dramatically, we're very comfortable operating in this sort of environment. We can generate a lot of cash. And I do think our view over the next four years is a somewhat tightening S&D balance going forward, which means that we don't see prices retreating versus where they are today. They may not double, but they're not going to retreat. And so I think the overarching view is, I think China will be there to export when the world demands those tons, it'll be sort of the flywheel that gears up or down depending upon what global demand is. And it's really going to be cost curve driven because they're much more economically or acting in a much more economically rational way now. Bert, you got?

Bert Frost -- Senior Vice President, Sales, Market Development and Supply Chain

Yeah. Just some key points about that issue, is that five years ago where China was producing 71 million, 72 million metric tons to today at 52 million metric tons. They do have a domestic consumption base, which is the largest in the world of approximately 50 million tons -- well, I would say 48 million to 50 million tons. And so the disposable incremental ton that will be exported has been consistent in the numbers that we've been talking about the last couple of years of 2 million to 3 million tons, and this year that looks to be 3 million to 3.5 million tons.

So in a global exportable ton of around 45 million metric tons, you're talking about an additional 1 million tons. And so I don't think a bear or bull case, it's no fun being a marginal producer, and the United States used to be in that position in the early 2000s. And so I don't think they can gear up a system to be a major exporter when it's idled a portion of the year. And let's not forget that a portion of those tons that are being exported today are Iranian tons. And so many Panamaxes have been loaded in Iran and discharged it, I mean that's a loose word, into China and then reexported or moved or reflaged to other locations. And so I'm not sure all of that 3.5 million tons is really Chinese. And so if that is the case and let's say 1 million tons of Iranian product has been moved in, then we're still back to that original thesis of 2 million to 2.5 million tons, and that's digestible by the international market.

Operator

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Don Carson of Susquehanna. Your line is open.

Don Carson -- Susquehanna -- Analyst

Thank you. I just want to go back to the very high in-market premiums we saw this year. The call saying you sold some product at the gate at Port Neal for 400 when NOLA was below 300. Does that become a headwind next year on pricing along with somewhat lower gas costs offshore? So could you quantify what that in-market premium benefit was to you in EBITDA this year?

Bert Frost -- Senior Vice President, Sales, Market Development and Supply Chain

So we did experience a very nice position in our in-market premium. And while we're seeing over time is, like I said earlier, the premium expands and contracts. And so it has maintained over the years with this new capacity because we're an import market and you're bidding in tons that have freight and have costs. And so as you have difficulties moving tons or as you have delays or advancement of the season, let's say we have an early season next year, those issues come into play and come into value.

You're exactly right in terms of a tailwind on gas, gas has been as low as $2.15 [Phonetic] on -- in Henry Hub and on a basis weight that's below -- that's actually very cheap in Canada and then some of the places that we produce like in Oklahoma. So those are tailwinds. I don't necessarily see this issue as a headwind in terms of the in-market premium [Speech Overlap] something to execute.

Tony Will -- President and Chief Executive Officer

I mean, I think, Don in that regard, the US remains an import-driven marketplace and we need to attract, still a fairly sizable amount of tonnage coming here, particularly when Bert's team is exporting out of diesel, it even requires more tonnage come in this direction. And it's always a question in terms of where those exporting regions go with their tons and they're looking for the best netback. And so the US has to bid those tons away from India, from Brazil, from Europe, from other places in order to get them here and then someone's got to get them into the marketplace. And what we've seen during periods of time, even during -- fairly what I'd call normal operating conditions, is you get some spikiness in market depending upon the particular year in question. And it has to do with availability of product when and where people are applying and planting, because there's a high urgency factor when they're doing the field work. And so that's one of the benefits that we have with the in-market plans and the distribution network that we've developed, which is we typically can capture some of that when it pops up. It just happened this year. It was a little bit more prolonged, but we've had river issues in the past. We've had rail line embargoes on some of the major rail carriers, other things like that that have created these kinds of opportunities on a more spot basis. This year, I'd say it was a little more widespread, but that is kind of the power of our system, which is we can capture that when opportunities present themselves.

Dennis Kelleher -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, Don. The other thing I'd add is, you asked about the cost curve. Think about lower gas price internationally and let's just focus on LNG in Western Europe. Western Europe is not the marginal producer. And I think that we -- that's proven by the fact that it's taking high prices that we're seeing currently to bid tons out of China that are produced by coal people -- coal based manufacturing. So that really hasn't changed much. And if you look at our slide on -- in the deck, you'll see that the cost per ton of ammonia, whether it's using a -- whether you're using a anthracite coal in China, which is basically the marginal producer today or TTF gas on a forward basis, average for the year. We still have a very substantial cost advantage and we expect that to be maintained.

The gas prices we saw earlier in the year in Western Europe like $4, ourselves at our plant gate. I think if you think about into the Great Britain, the marginal MMBtu being seaborne LNG at $4 plant gate our plants, it's very clear that didn't have value chain. There are people who are not getting paid and so we don't view those prices as sustainable, and if you look at the forward curve, in fact, it rises quite significantly above that.

Operator

Thank you. And your next question comes from the line of Mark Connelly of Stephens. Your line is open.

Mark Connelly -- Stephens Inc. -- Analyst

Thank you. Tony, a couple of quarters back, you commented about non-US producers making some suboptimal decisions about where they were shipping in international parity. And clearly since that time, the opportunities into the US haven't been that good. But as things normalize, do you think we're going to continue to see producers favor the US over markets where they might have better economics?

Tony Will -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. Mark, I think in a lot of cases the US access a little bit of a clearing house for some of the tons where there's timing differences between when there's enough inventory for exporters' to send it out and where the demand regions actually need to consume it. So I think during those shoulder periods, NOLA will probably trade at a bit of a discount to international parity just because there's not that much demand in some of those regions. And then I think there's other times of the year where NOLA is going to trade at parity if not a bit of a premium. If there's high demand periods like we saw earlier this year.

I also think the trade flows are realigning a bit better than where we were a couple of years ago. I think there were an awful lot of traders and importers in the US that really lost a lot of money over the last couple of years. And I think you've seen a number of the big names dramatically scale back trading operations and some of that activity in response to that. And I think there's just more discipline because the people in the channel that are taking inventory positions, it's not to their benefit to see prices fall after they've already committed. So I think people are being a little bit more responsible about the volume of tons they're bringing in, and the inland price back to the earlier comment from Don, it wouldn't surprise me to see a little bit of a gapping out between inland price and NOLA price, , just if you end up with NOLA being kind of again the liquidity clearinghouse for the world during periods of time. I don't think you'll see that price necessarily reflected back inland because you don't have the bad behavior that existed before. So I think there's a lot more rationality taking place and that's a good thing.

Operator

Thank you. Your next question comes from the line of Steven Biron of Bank of America. Your line is open.

Luke Washer -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst

Hi, this is actually a Luke Washer on for Steve. I wanted to touch on the farmer in North America. Did you see a shift in ammonia applications to side-dress this half and did growers -- do you think growers applied more than normal, perhaps due to wet weather anticipation for some that would be lost? And just general commentary on, if you saw any changes in farmer behavior compared to last year would be appreciated as well. Thanks.

Bert Frost -- Senior Vice President, Sales, Market Development and Supply Chain

So regarding North America, yes, we did see a shift to side-dress and we had ammonia going out into July for side-dress. So the change in behavior was that -- was a behavior driven by economics as well as weather, and decision making. There comes a point in time where you have to plant and get your seed in the ground no matter what crop you're planting. And when I state as well as, I guess even Northern corn states, are trying to put seeds in the ground in mid-to-late June. You better have the nitrogen there and ready to go. What happened was they came to the point where you couldn't do a pre-plant application, wait and then plant, they had to get the seed. So we saw a lot of movement late in June and early July of ammonia as side-dress and once you had emergence.

And so did they apply more? No, I don't think so. And we can see this from some of our own crop inspections and work with other people and just information on how much N was applied on average in some of the places that we watch. And you're seeing that holds the historical averages.

The interesting thing for me is going to be the yield. The USDA is still projecting a high acre number as well as a much higher yield number that we think is possible. And I still think they're at 166 and I think you'll be lucky to be at 160 and it's going to significantly impact the stocks-to-use ratio coming into this harvest season. And so --

Luke Washer -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst

And also harvested acres were -- I mean, they're at 91.5 million, where do you think that's good?

Bert Frost -- Senior Vice President, Sales, Market Development and Supply Chain

Our internal number is probably 84 million, 85 million. And so that's what's really still to play. And again, getting back to the nitrogen, what was applied and was taken up by the crop will be represented in yield. And so we'll see. But I don't think more was applied this year than any other year.

Tony Will -- President and Chief Executive Officer

I mean the other, I think, point to highlight is the side-dress of ammonia extending out is not unprecedented, before we've had kind of late wet springs and you see ammonia application on the side-dress that through the ice states in particular that is moved out through June and then June and into July. And as Bert said, if you look at the total amount of nutrient tons that went down, it is more reflective of the kind of numbers that we're thinking about from acreage, not in "over application of nitrogen" in any way.

Operator

Thank you. And our next question comes from the line of Ben Isaacson of Scotiabank. Your line is open. And Ben your line might be on mute.

Ben Isaacson -- Scotiabank -- Analyst

Good morning. Hi, can you hear me now?

Bert Frost -- Senior Vice President, Sales, Market Development and Supply Chain

Yeah.

Ben Isaacson -- Scotiabank -- Analyst

Thank you. I -- just a quick question on ammonium nitrate, I noticed your volumes were down year-over-year and everything else was so strong. Was that deliberate? And maybe you can just talk a little bit about how that market's doing right now?

Bert Frost -- Senior Vice President, Sales, Market Development and Supply Chain

When you look at ammonium nitrate for CF, we produce in the UK as well as in Yazoo City. And so as we talk about flexibility, this is now on the North American side, Yazoo City, Mississippi. The flexibility we have at that specific site as we make agricultural grade ammonium nitrate, industrial grade ammonium nitrate, nitric acid, UAN, ammonia and DEF. So that's a very versatile plant for us. And so during this period we saw some opportunities in some of the other products that we were able to segment and move tons to that direction. The other side is the UK assets, we have two plants there that make ammonium nitrate and NPKs. And in that side of the business, we focused less on exports and decided to produce at a different mix. We also make ammonia at that location -- make and sell ammonia at those locations. And so that was a little bit of the balance change, but not -- I don't think it was a big shift.

Tony Will -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, and I actually think of first half volume was up not down, so --

Bert Frost -- Senior Vice President, Sales, Market Development and Supply Chain

It was Q2.

Tony Will -- President and Chief Executive Officer

So it was Q2 that was down, but overall it was -- first half was up and again, we really think about this business in halves not in quarters, because I think that there was pretty good shipment in Q1.

Bert Frost -- Senior Vice President, Sales, Market Development and Supply Chain

Well, in the U.K., their ag season started relatively early.

Tony Will -- President and Chief Executive Officer

...early, so think about halves, not quarters.

Operator

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of P.J. Juvekar of Citi. Your line is open.

P.J. Juvekar -- Citigroup -- Analyst

Thank you. Dennis, first of all, congratulations on your retirement.

Dennis Kelleher -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Thanks.

P.J. Juvekar -- Citigroup -- Analyst

I have a comment and a question. My comment is, first of all, kudos to you guys for executing in this difficult environment. I mean, how did your urea volumes go up if you have 10 million prevent plant acres and supposedly it was so wet that farmers couldn't get the tractors out. All the urea volumes you've sold, do you think all of that was applied on the ground or do you think some of it is sitting in some of the bins at distributors? And then secondly for Tony, with your strong free cash flow, any thoughts on the M&A possibilities?

Tony Will -- President and Chief Executive Officer

So first of all, thanks for the comment. I think the whole team did an outstanding job this spring. And we do well and things are good, but really when it's challenged, when there are challenges out there is when the flexibility of the network really and the capability of the people really shine. Bert, you want to handle the urea? Did it go down or inventory question?

Bert Frost -- Senior Vice President, Sales, Market Development and Supply Chain

So looking at the whole system, obviously, we're up quarter-on-quarter, six months on six months and feel very good about that. Again, it goes back to a lot of the discussion that we had in the prepared remarks and as well as some of this Q&A, the whole issue of preparation. And when it became apparent to us that ammonia season would be challenged. We called in extra railcars. We'd already gone to maximum urea with an interesting side note that we didn't realize was how do you move all that urea just from the plant to the logistical asset, barges, railcars. And I give the team a lot of credit with coming up with creative ways working with ARTCO, our barge supplier to fleet as well as power, enough barges and get extra barging capacity. So we started working on this in April and with a flooded river or at least a high river at that point, slowing barge movements, we focused on getting those barges up into places where we could unload them and not send them up to St. Louis where they thought they would be embargoed and they ended up being so.

But another side note is we had record truck shipments. So another issue to work with our customers and truck providers. We had urea during the peak of demand. We know some of our urea went 1,200 miles to meet spot demand, and this means trucks are driving a long distance. We designed the Port Neal facility to load up to 10,000 tons a day by truck. And that happened. So when you take all of these individual movements in a totality as well as building inventory from Q1 to Q2 on purpose, that set us up to be in place and back to how we executed and achieved some of these record high prices and premiums because we were a supplier that had products that could deliver on time.

Tony Will -- President and Chief Executive Officer

But I think PJ, your question about did it go to ground versus is it sitting in a shed at someplace? Our experience with UAN, which is the vast majority of product that we shipped out in July was for prompt delivery and application, which is why we didn't launch the UAN and field program until just earlier this week because we were still seeing demand at spring pricing level, indicates that people weren't stuffing this product into bins and tanks because typically there's a price reset when you reach the application season and moving to the shareholder season. So all the stuff that we were selling through June and even into July even into July was at spring pricing indicating to us that all of it was going to ground. There was no one that was going to put that stuff into a warehouse because that's the long hold period for relatively firm pricing.

Bert Frost -- Senior Vice President, Sales, Market Development and Supply Chain

Our channel checks for urea and UAN, ours as well as our customers is low. And we believe that's represented, like you just said, Tony, on all this immediate demand, but you just talked about for UAM with the same issue for urea. We do think based on knowledge of barge and barge loadings and that there is a high level of P&K in the market, but not of urea or UAN and especially on the river.

Tony Will -- President and Chief Executive Officer

And PJ, on your second question around free cash flow and how we think about that. We have a very, very high conversion rate of EBITDA and free cash on this asset base. And so it puts a high bar out there for us in the way of acquisitions, because our focus really is, cash flow per share. That's what we want to drive accretion on. And so are we interested in growth? Absolutely. Are we interested in M&A? Sure. Does it have to be accretive on a cash flow per share basis after we're all said and done? It absolutely does.

So we're looking at things, but if it doesn't pass that test, then we're not going to execute it. And by the way, we've got great other options, which is a share price that yields the free cash flow yield that is still 2 times to 3 times better than anybody else in the space. So I think we've got a long way to go in terms of our own share price and we don't feel like there's a gun in our head that we have to go and do something that is dilutive.

Operator

Thank you. And our next question comes from the line of Duffy Fischer of Barclays. Your line is open.

Sean Gilmartin -- Barclays -- Analyst

Hi, good morning. This is Sean Gilmartin on for Duffy. Thanks for taking the question. Just real quickly, could you maybe give us your take on how we should start thinking about your overall volumes in the back half year in 2019, kind of given the late start in planting and maybe the potential for a late harvest? And I know you mentioned kind of your 2019 view on corn acres and I know nutrition kind of pegged next year's corn acres around 95 million. Curious if you had a view there. Thanks.

Tony Will -- President and Chief Executive Officer

I mean I think on the -- Duffy, on the tonnage, if you just look back the last couple of years were sort of between 19 million and 20 million product tons given sort of what the maintenance schedule looks like in the particular product mix. That's not a bad estimate because we basically are, as long as the plants aren't down for maintenance, they're running 24/7. And over the course of a year, we shipped what we make. So just like the first half of each of the last three years we'd been in 9.8 million, the back half has been relatively consistent as well. So I think that's a pretty good guide for what the volumes are going to look like second half.

Bert Frost -- Senior Vice President, Sales, Market Development and Supply Chain

I'm pleased with our order book. I think we're in a good position for their products. We're in good position with managing inventories in the production rates. We talked about ammonia being a little high, but we have so many options at our disposal that I agree with you Tony, that that we'll manage to what the market demands. However, I think your point on a late harvest is interesting. I was just in Canada last week and then driving to Michigan and Ohio and did some walks and runs as I go through four cornfields and I was shocked at what I saw was knee high to waist high and fields in need of nitrogen and not that many heat degree days left. So the likelihood of having that driven by a frost date, and if we were to have an early frost, you're not going to see maturities. And so that product could be cut for silage or just will be a low yielding. So the late harvest, it depends on dry down and then how much people want to spend on propane.

And so the 2020 [Phonetic] acres, we're bullish. I think 95 million [Phonetic] is a low end, and don't want to give a higher end. But when you look at stocks-to-use ratios where we are, we're back to 2013 type levels where corn was up to $7. Now corn today is trading in the $4.10 [Phonetic] range. So what could corn go to? But I think it's going to go up, but it's going to be -- I think people are waiting to see on these harvest results, acres results, but it's a positive economic proposition for a farmer today to focus on corn for 2020 and those acres will be available and especially the acres that weren't planted on the preventive plant or the silage acres, those would be planted early. So you're going to see ammonia going down I think just as we do normally. And if we have a late harvest or and dry down, then we'd have ammonia generally always applied in December, that can happen again.

Tony Will -- President and Chief Executive Officer

I mean I think it's also fair to say that we're probably more bearish on both yield and acres than USCA or in fact than a lot of people are. So to us, that says acres next year, both corn price, where it goes off the board this year after harvest and acres next year are going to be in our opinion stronger than where the market's pegging it today.

Operator

Thank you. And our next question comes from the line of Andrew Wong of RBC Capital Markets. Your line is open.

Andrew Wong -- RBC Capital Markets -- Analyst

Hey, good morning. So I guess just following onto that, sounds like from your commentary, you expect pretty strong nitrogen demand in North America over the next several years, not just next year and it's pretty clear next year it's going to be a really big corn acreage year. But I'm curious about your thoughts on how the crop balance sheets and the pricing changes over the next several years, given your confidence on providing some of that guidance so far out? Thank you.

Tony Will -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. I mean, I think when you look at stocks-to-use down in the mid single-digits, which is where we believe, it's going to end this year that you need 95 million-plus acres just to get back to where you began this year, which is also a relative low. And so we had this year at least initial intentions being sort of 92 million, 93 million acres and I would expect if next year is 95 million, you're probably back in the 92 million, 93 million the year after because I just think, the price signals are there.

I also think we expect ongoing and continued weakness in beans and whether that's because African swine fever culling of the hog population or ongoing kind of trade concerns or just other related issues and also bumper yields in other growing regions on the bean side. I think you end up with very, very strong incentives on -- certainly a mid-term basis, short and mid-term basis for farmers to grow corn. And so we're -- that really is the backdrop against our bullish view of corn and also nitrogen demand in North America. Bert, you got?

Bert Frost -- Senior Vice President, Sales, Market Development and Supply Chain

No, I agree. I think your numbers are spot and we're seeing a positive market.

Operator

Thank you. And our next question comes from the line of John Roberts of UBS. Your line is open.

John Roberts -- UBS -- Analyst

Thank you, and congrats to Dennis as well and also the Christopher.

Dennis Kelleher -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Thank you.

John Roberts -- UBS -- Analyst

I wanted to go back to your earlier comment that prices are not high enough for expansions. Was that directed just toward Greenfield since nutrients announced some small expansions recently? And I would guess your new clients have some pretty low costs, incremental de-bottleneck opportunities?

Tony Will -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, I mean, clearly, what I was talking about John with respect to expansions are putting in a whole new ammonia urea complex, not incremental de-bottlenecks, because I think generally speaking, once you've got the infrastructure in place at de-bottleneck is going to have much favorable economics to building a whole new plant. And it was really, whether it's a Greenfield or a Brownfield, building a new ammonia plant and then upgrade facility. But we're certainly evaluating similarly de-bottleneck opportunities and additional flexibility. I think this year in particular highlights the value of product flexibility in the more levers Bert can pull in order to manage what the product slate mix looks like, the better off our returns are. And given our strong cash flow and ability to invest some of that into some high return projects that add flexibility to the network, but are still fairly low cost in terms of the scale of a new plant is a great return. So we're looking at that kind of stuff too. But most of that can be accomplished within the framework of our normal capex budget, when we say $400 million [Phonetic] to $450 million [Phonetic] that includes some growth capital in there. And I think that's a pretty good number for us going forward and gives us some upside in terms of both product mix flexibility margin and absolute tonnage.

Operator

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Jonas Oxgaard of Bernstein. Your line is open.

Jonas Oxgaard -- Bernstein -- Analyst

Good morning, guys. We early on talked about the economics of new plants and completely agree that the economics for a urea plant doesn't really make sense today. But we've also seen that LNG price have fallen so much and urea is now the most profitable use of natural gas. And so two part question. Are you seeing any indication from places like Trinidad that they're going to allocate more natural gas toward urea over LNG, so reversing the trend for the last several years. And second, what do you think the risk and outlook is for places like Iran or Trinidad to sanction urea just to find the least bad version to get rid of the -- no to export their methane?

Bert Frost -- Senior Vice President, Sales, Market Development and Supply Chain

Yeah, I mean I think Trinidad in particular has had some challenges with respect to gas availability at the low costs that they had promised long-term contracts on. And so when most of those Caribbean based contracts have come up for renegotiation they'd been reestablished that a fundamentally different kind of profit sharing as well as floor price than initially envisioned.

And it's not clear to me that there's enough new gas available in terms of the supply price that they're willing to offer that would instant capacity going into Trinidad. Again, I think that much more likely to see that in the places like Nigeria and Russia and so forth. Relative to if there is some sort of reallocation of the hydrocarbon molecules in some of those regions so that they can generate more tax revenue, I think you don't have to look very far to figure out that the returns on urea are far superior to methanol today. And if there was going to be some sort of-- did you say embargo or whatnot, I think you'd see some rationalization of methanol operating rates in favor of urea. But there aren't a lot of urea plants in those regions that are sitting idle today. Everything is running in full on. So it's really more of a four year fix because you'd have to build a new ammonia urea complex and that's a long time in the future to be looking at that. You certainly could go through a methanol cycle that reverses course in that time horizon. So I know that's not one of those things that we look at and are terribly worried about.

Operator

Thank you. And our next question comes from the line of Michael Piken of Cleveland Research. Your line is open.

Michael Piken -- Cleveland Research Company -- Analyst

Yeah. Hi, I just wanted to touch base a little bit on Iran and your expectations for 2019 Iranian exports, I mean they're sending a lot of product into Brazil we'd heard. So just your thoughts there and how you see the potential for exports trending not just this year, but over the next couple of years?

Tony Will -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Good morning, Michael. I think, look, our view has always been that there's too much money at stake for those plants to run or not run. That they're going to run and they're going to find some way to get those tons out, and whether it's sending them to China and reexport them, send them direct to India or Brazil and barter, do something in the way of an exchange. Our view is those plants have been running and will continue to run. And I think the only time where you may see any sort of upset in that process is if they go down for maintenance or turnaround issues and are not able to get either the technical support or the catalyst or the critical vessels to bring them back online. And so I think that's really where you might see a pressure point, but that's a little bit longer wave length. That's not this quarter or next quarter. I wouldn't anticipate. So I think those plants have been running and they continue to run. Bert to you..

Bert Frost -- Senior Vice President, Sales, Market Development and Supply Chain

Yes, just there has been the various behavior, you've seen these tons, as Tony mentioned for a price people will do certain things and those prices have been low. So they're not a very attractive business for the Iranians, but they have been creative in bartering, reflagging, reexporting from China. And I do think their tonnage will be lower as a result of these sanctions continues, but they've been creative so far.

Operator

Thank you. Ladies and gentlemen, this is all the time we have for questions for today. I would like to turn the call back to Martin Jarosick for closing remarks.

Martin Jarosick -- Vice President, Investor Relations

Thanks everyone for joining us. And we look forward to seeing you at conferences over the next few months.

Operator

[Operator Closing Remarks]

Duration: 64 minutes

Call participants:

Martin Jarosick -- Vice President, Investor Relations

Tony Will -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Bert Frost -- Senior Vice President, Sales, Market Development and Supply Chain

Dennis Kelleher -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Adam Samuelson -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst

Joel Jackson -- BMO Capital Markets -- Analyst

Harris Fein -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst

Vincent Andrews -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst

Don Carson -- Susquehanna -- Analyst

Mark Connelly -- Stephens Inc. -- Analyst

Luke Washer -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst

Ben Isaacson -- Scotiabank -- Analyst

P.J. Juvekar -- Citigroup -- Analyst

Sean Gilmartin -- Barclays -- Analyst

Andrew Wong -- RBC Capital Markets -- Analyst

John Roberts -- UBS -- Analyst

Jonas Oxgaard -- Bernstein -- Analyst

Michael Piken -- Cleveland Research Company -- Analyst

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