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In addition to U.S. GAAP reporting, Broadcom reports certain financial measures on a non-GAAP basis. A reconciliation between GAAP and non-GAAP measures is included in the tables attached to today's press release. Comments made during today's call will primarily refer to our non-GAAP financial results.

I'll now turn the call over to Hock.

Hock E. Tan -- President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director

Thank you, Ji, and thank you, everyone, for joining today. In our fiscal Q1 2025, total revenue was a record $14.9 billion, up 25% year on year, and consolidated adjusted EBITDA was a record again $10.1 billion, up 41% year on year. So, let me first provide color on our Semiconductor business. Q1 Semiconductor revenue was $8.2 billion, up 11% year on year.

Growth was driven by AI, as AI revenue of $4.1 billion was up 77% year on year. We beat our guidance for AI revenue of $3.8 billion due to stronger shipments of networking solutions to hyperscalers on AI. Our hyperscaler partners continue to invest aggressively in their next-generation frontier models, which do require high-performance accelerators, as well as AI data centers with larger clusters. And consistent with this, we are stepping up our R&D investment on two fronts.

One, we're pushing the envelope of technology in creating the next generation of accelerators. We're taping out the industry's first two-nanometer AI XPU packaging 3.5D as we drive toward a 10,000 teraflops XPU. Secondly, we have a view toward scaling clusters of 500,000 accelerators for hyperscale customers. We have doubled the RAID X capacity of the existing Tomahawk sites.

And beyond this, to enable AI clusters to scale up on Ethernet toward 1 million XPUs, we have tapped out our next generation 100 terabit Tomahawk 6 switch running 200G studies at 1.6 terabit bandwidth. We will be delivering samples to customers within the next few months. These R&D investments are very aligned with the roadmap of our three hyperscale customers as they each raise toward 1 million XPU clusters by the end of 2027. And accordingly, we do reaffirm what we said last quarter that we expect these three hyperscale customers will generate a Serviceable Addressable Market or SAM in the range of $60 billion to $90 billion in fiscal 2027.

Beyond these three customers, we had also mentioned previously that we are deeply engaged with two other hyperscalers in enabling them to create their own customized AI accelerator. We are on track to tape out their XPUs this year. In the process of working with the hyperscalers, it has become very clear that while they are excellent in software, Broadcom is the best in hardware. Working together is what optimizes via large language models.

It is, therefore, no surprise to us since our last earnings call that two additional hyperscalers have selected Broadcom to develop custom accelerators to train their next-generation frontier models. So, even as we have three hyperscale customers, we are shipping XPUs in volume today, there are now four more who are deeply engaged with us to create their own accelerators. And to be clear, of course, these four are not included in our estimated SAM of $60 billion to $90 billion in 2027. So, we do see an exciting trend here.

New frontier models and techniques put unexpected pressures on AI systems. It's difficult to serve all clusters of models with a single system design point. And therefore, it is hard to imagine that a general-purpose accelerator can be configured and optimized across multiple frontier models. And as I mentioned before, the trend toward XPUs is a multi-year journey.

So, coming back to 2025, we see a steady ramp in deployment of our XPUs and networking products. In Q1, AI revenue was $4.1 billion, and we expect Q2 AI revenue to grow to $4.4 billion, which is up 44% year on year. Turning to non-AI semiconductors. Revenue of $4.1 billion was down 9% sequentially on a seasonal decline in wireless.

In aggregate, during Q1, the recovery in non-AI semiconductors continued to be slow. Broadband, which bottomed in Q4 2024, showed a double-digit sequential recovery in Q1 and is expected to be up similarly in Q2 as service providers and telcos step up spending. Server storage was down single digits sequentially in Q1 but is expected to be up high-single digits sequentially in Q2. Meanwhile, enterprise networking continues to remain flattish in the first half of fiscal '25, as customers continue to work through channel inventory.

While wireless was down sequentially due to a seasonal decline, it remained flat year on year. In Q2, wireless is expected to be the same, flat again year on year. Resales in industrial were down double-digits in Q1 and are expected to be down in Q2. So, reflecting the foregoing puts and takes, we expect non-AI semiconductor revenue in Q2 to be flattish sequentially, even though we are seeing bookings continue to grow year on year.

In summary, for Q2, we expect total semiconductor revenue to grow 2% sequentially and up 17% year on year to $8.4 billion. Turning now to Infrastructure Software segment. Q1 Infrastructure Software revenue of $6.7 billion was up 47% year on year and up 15% sequentially, exaggerated, though, by deals which slipped from Q2 -- Q4 to Q1. Now, this is the first quarter Q1 '25, where the year-on-year comparables include VMware in both quarters.

We're seeing significant growth in the Software segment for two reasons. One, we're converting to a footprint of large -- sorry, we're converting from a footprint of largely perpetual license to one of full subscription. And as of today, we are over 60% done. Two, these perpetual licenses were only largely for compute virtualization, otherwise called vSphere.

We are upselling customers to a full-stack VCF, which enables the entire data center to be virtualized. And this enables customers to create their own private cloud environment on-prem. And as of the end of Q1, approximately 70% of our largest 10,000 customers have adopted VCF. As these customers consume VCF, we still see a further opportunity for future growth.

As large enterprises adopt AI, they have to run their AI workloads on their on-prem data centers, which will include both GPU servers as well as traditional CPUs. And just as VCF virtualizes these traditional data centers using CPUs, VCF will also virtualize GPUs on the -- on a common platform and enable enterprises to import AI models to run their own data on-prem. This platform, which virtualized the GPU, is called the VMware Private AI Foundation. And as of today, in collaboration with NVIDIA, we have 39 enterprise customers for the VMware Private AI Foundation.

Customer demand has been driven by our open ecosystem, superior low balancing, and automation capabilities that allow them to intelligently pull and run workloads across both GPU and CPU infrastructure and leading to very reduced costs. Moving on to Q2 outlook for software. We expect revenue of $6.5 billion, up 23% year on year. So, in total, we're guiding Q2 consolidated revenue to be approximately $14.9 billion, up 19% year on year.

And this -- we expect this will drive Q2 adjusted EBITDA to approximately 66% of revenue. With that, let me turn the call over to Kirsten.

Kirsten M. Spears -- Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer

Thank you, Hock. Let me now provide additional detail on our Q1 financial performance. From a year-on-year comparable basis, keep in mind that Q1 of fiscal 2024 was a 14-week quarter, and Q1 of fiscal 2025 is a 13-week quarter. Consolidated revenue was $14.9 billion for the quarter, up 25% from a year ago.

Gross margin was 79.1% of revenue in the quarter, better than we originally guided on higher infrastructure software revenue and more favorable semiconductor revenue mix. Consolidated operating expenses were $2 billion, of which $1.4 billion was for R&D. Q1 operating income of $9.8 billion was up 44% from a year ago, with operating margin at 66% of revenue. Adjusted EBITDA was a record $10.1 billion, or 68% of revenue above our guidance of 66%.

This figure excludes $142 million of depreciation. Now, a review of the P&L for our two segments, starting with semiconductors. Revenue for our Semiconductor Solutions segment was $8.2 billion and represented 55% of total revenue in the quarter, this was up 11% year on year. Gross margin for our Semiconductor Solutions segment was approximately 68%, up 70 basis points year on year, driven by revenue mix.

Operating expenses increased 3% year on year to $890 million on increased investment in R&D for leading-edge AI semiconductors, resulting in semiconductor operating margin of 57%. Now, moving on to Infrastructure Software. Revenue for Infrastructure Software of $6.7 billion was 45% of total revenue and up 47% year on year based primarily on increased revenue from VMware. Gross margin for infrastructure software was 92.5% in the quarter compared to 88% a year ago.

Operating expenses were approximately $1.1 billion in the quarter, resulting in Infrastructure Software operating margin of 76%. This compares to operating margin of 59% a year ago. This year-on-year improvement reflects our disciplined integration of VMware and sharp focus on deploying our VCF strategy. Moving on to cash flow.

Free cash flow in the quarter was $6 billion and represented 40% of revenue. Free cash flow as a percentage of revenue continues to be impacted by cash interest expense from debt related to the VMware acquisition and cash taxes due to the mix of U.S. taxable income, the continued delay in the reenactment of Section 174, and the impact of corporate AMC. We spent $100 million on capital expenditures.

Days Sales Outstanding were 30 days in the first quarter compared to 41 days a year ago. We ended the first quarter with inventory of $1.9 billion, up 8% sequentially to support revenue in future quarters. Our days of inventory on hand were 65 days in Q1 as we continue to remain disciplined on how we manage inventory across the ecosystem. We ended the first quarter with $9.3 billion of cash and $68.8 billion of gross principal debt.

During the quarter, we repaid $495 million of fixed-rate debt and $7.6 billion of floating-rate debt with new senior notes, commercial paper, and cash on hand, reducing debt by a net $1.1 billion. Following these actions, the weighted average coupon rate and years to maturity of our $58.8 billion in fixed-rate debt is 3.8% and 7.3 years, respectively. The weighted average coupon rate and years to maturity of our $6 billion in floating rate debt is 5.4% and 3.8 years, respectively, and our $4 billion in commercial paper is at an average rate of 4.6%. Turning to capital allocation.

In Q1, we paid stockholders $2.8 billion of cash dividends based on a quarterly common stock cash dividend of $0.59 per share. We spent $2 billion to repurchase 8.7 million AVGO shares from employees as those shares vested for withholding taxes. In Q2, we expect the non-GAAP diluted share count to be approximately 4.95 billion shares. Now, moving on to guidance.

Our guidance for Q2 is for consolidated revenue of $14.9 billion with Semiconductor revenue of approximately $8.4 billion, up 17% year on year. We expect Q2 AI revenue of $4.4 billion, up 44% year on year. For non-AI semiconductors, we expect Q2 revenue of $4 billion. We expect Q2 Infrastructure Software revenue of approximately $6.5 billion, up 23% year on year.

We expect Q2 adjusted EBITDA to be about 66%. For modeling purposes, we expect Q2 consolidated gross margin to be down approximately 20 basis points sequentially on the revenue mix of infrastructure software and product mix within semiconductors. As Hock discussed earlier, we are increasing our R&D investment in leading-edge AI in Q2, and accordingly, we expect adjusted EBITDA to be approximately 66%. We expect the non-GAAP tax rate for Q2 and fiscal year 2025 to be approximately 14%.

That concludes my prepared remarks. Operator, please open up the call for questions.

Questions & Answers:

Operator

Thank you. [Operator instructions] Due to time restraints, we ask that you please limit yourself to one question. Please stand by while we compile the Q&A roster. And our first question will come from the line of Ben Reitzes with Melius.

Your line is open.

Ben Reitzes -- Analyst

Hey, guys. Thanks a lot, and congrats on the results. Hock, you talked about four more customers coming online. Can you just talk a little bit more about the trend you're seeing? Can any of these customers be as big as the current three? And what does this say about the custom silicon trend overall and your optimism and upside to the business long term? Thanks.

Hock E. Tan -- President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director

Well, very interesting question, Ben, and thanks for your kind wishes. But what we think as -- and by the way, these four are not yet customers as we define it. As I've always said, in developing and creating XPUs, we are not really the creator of those XPUs, to be honest. We enable each of those hyperscalers, partners we engage with to create that chip and to create -- basically to create that compute system, call it, that way.

And it comprises the model, the software model, working closely with the -- and the compute engine, the XPU, and the networking that buys together the clusters those multiple XPUs as a whole to train those large frontier models. And so, I mean, the fact that we create the hardware, it still has to work with the software models and algorithms of those partners of ours -- before it becomes fully deployable and scale which is why we define customers in this case as those where we know they have deployed at scale and will received the production volume to enable you to run. And for that, we only have three, just to reiterate. The four are, I call it, partners who are trying to create the same thing as the first three, and to run their own frontier models, each of it on to train their own frontier models.

And as I also said, it doesn't happen overnight to do the first chip could take -- would take typically a year and a half and that's very accelerated and which we could accelerate given that we essentially have a framework and a methodology that works right now. It works for the three customers. No reason for it to not work for the four, but we still need those four partners to create and to develop the software which we don't do to make it work. And to answer your question, there's no reason why these four guys would not create a demand in the range of what we're seeing with the first three guys, but probably later.

It's a journey. They started it later, and so they will probably get there later.

Ben Reitzes -- Analyst

Thank you very much.

Operator

Thank you. One moment for our next question. And that will come from the line of Harlan Sur with JPMorgan. Your line is open.

Harlan Sur -- Analyst

Good afternoon, and great job on the strong quarterly execution, Hock and team. Great to see the continual momentum in the AI business here in the first half of your fiscal year and the continued broadening out of your AI ASIC customers. I know, Hock, last earnings, you did call out a strong ramp in the second half of the fiscal year driven by new three-nanometer AI accelerated programs kind of ramping. Can you just help us either qualitatively, quantitatively profile the second half step up relative to what the team just delivered here in the first half? Has the profile changed either favorably, less favorably versus what you thought maybe 90 days ago because, quite frankly, I mean, a lot has happened since last earnings, right? You've had the dynamics like DeepSeek and focus on AI model efficiency, but on the flip side, you've had strong capex outlooks by your cloud and hyperscale customers.

So, any color on the second half AI profile would be helpful.

Hock E. Tan -- President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director

You asking me to look into the minds of my customers, and I hate to tell me, they don't tell you -- they don't show me the entire mindset here. But one -- why we're beating the numbers so far in Q1 and seems to be encouraging in Q2 partly from improved networking shipments, as I indicated to cluster those XPUs and AI accelerators even in some cases, GPUs together for the hyperscalers, and that's good. And partly also, we think there is some pull-ins of shipments and acceleration, call it that way of shipments in fiscal '25.

Harlan Sur -- Analyst

And on the second half that you talked about 90 days ago, the second-half three-nanometer ramp, is that still very much on track?

Hock E. Tan -- President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director

Harlan, thank you. I only guide Q2. Sorry. Let me -- let's not speculate on the second half.

Harlan Sur -- Analyst

OK. Thank you, Hock.

Hock E. Tan -- President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director

Thank you.

Operator

Thank you. One moment for our next question, and that will come from the line of William Stein with Truist Securities. Your line is open.

William Stein -- Analyst

Great. Thank you for taking my question. Congrats on these pretty great results. It seems from the news headlines about tariffs and about DeepSeek that there may be some disruptions, some customers and some other complementary suppliers seem to feel a bit paralyzed perhaps, and have difficulty making tough decisions.

Those tend to be really useful times for great companies to sort of emerge as something bigger and better than they were in the past. You've grown this company in a tremendous way over the last decade plus. And you're doing great now, especially in this AI area, but I wonder if you're seeing that sort of disruption from these dynamics that we suspect are happening based on headlines what we see from other companies. And how -- aside from adding these customers in AI, I'm sure there's other great stuff going on, but should we expect some bigger changes to come from Broadcom as a result of this?

Hock E. Tan -- President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director

You asked -- you posed a very interesting set of issues and questions. And those are very relevant, interesting issues. The only issue -- the only problem we have at this point is, I would say, it's really too early to know where we all land. I mean, there's the threat, the noise of tariffs, especially on chips that hasn't materialized yet, nor do we know how it will be structured.

So, we don't know. But we do experience, and we are leaving it now, the disruption on -- that is -- in a positive way, I should add, a very positive disruption in semiconductors on generative AI. Generative AI, for sure, and I said that before the reason repeating here, but we feel it more than ever is really accelerating the development of semiconductor technology, both process, and packaging, as well as design toward higher and higher performance accelerators and networking functionality. We think that innovation those upgrades occur on every month as we face new interesting challenges.

And when particularly with XPUs, we're trying -- we've been asked to optimize to frontier models of our partners, our customers as well as our hyperscale partners. And we -- it's a lot of -- I mean, it's a privilege almost for us to be -- to participate in it and try to optimize -- and by optimize, I mean, you look at an accelerator, you can look at it for simple terms, high level to perform, to want to make the -- not just on one single metric, which is compute capacity, how many teraflops, it's more than that. It's also tied to the fact that this is a distributor computing problem. It's not just the compute capacity of a single XPU or GPU, it's also the network bandwidth it ties itself to the next adjacent XPU or GPU.

So, that has an impact. So, you're doing that. You have to balance with that. Then you decide, are you doing training or you're doing prefilling, post training, fine-tuning? And again, then comes how much memory do you balance against that.

And with it, how much latency you can afford, which is memory bandwidth? So, you look at least four variables, maybe even five if you include in-memory bandwidth, not just memory capacity when you go straight to inference. So, we have all these variables to play with, and we try to optimize it. So, all this is very, very -- I mean, it's a great experience for our engineers to push their envelope on how to create all those chips. And so, that's the biggest disruption we see right now from sheer trying to create and push the envelope on generative AI, trying to create the best hardware infrastructure to run it.

Beyond that, yeah, there are other things too that come into play because with AI, as I indicated, it does not just drive hardware for enterprises, it drives the way they architect their data centers. Data requirement -- keeping data private under control becomes important. So, suddenly, the push of workloads toward public cloud may take a little pause as large enterprises particularly have to take to recognize that you want to run AI workloads, you probably think very hard about running them on-prem and suddenly you push yourself toward saying you got to upgrade your own data centers to do and manage your own data to run it on-prem and that's also pushing a trend that -- we have been seeing now over the past 12 months and hence my comments on VMware Private AI Foundation. This is true, especially enterprises pushing direction are quickly recognizing that how -- where do they run their AI workloads.

So, those are trends we see today and a lot of it coming out of AI, a lot of it coming out of sensitive rules on sovereignty in cloud and data. As far as you mentioning tariffs is concerned, I think that's too early for us to figure out way to online, and probably maybe give it another three, six months, we probably have a better idea of where to go.

William Stein -- Analyst

Thank you.

Operator

Thank you. One moment for our next question, and that will come from the line of Ross Seymore with Deutsche Bank. Your line is open.

Ross Seymore -- Analyst

Nice. Thanks for letting me ask a question. Hock, I want to go back to the XPU side of things. And going from the four new engagements, not yet named customers, to last quarter and two more today that you announced.

I want to talk about going from kind of design win to deployment. How do you judge that? Because there is some debate about tons of design wins, but the deployments actually don't happen either that they never occur or that the volume is never what is originally promised. How do you view that kind of conversion ratio? Is there a wide range around it or is there some way you could help us kind of understand how that works?

Hock E. Tan -- President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director

Well, it's -- Ross, that interesting question. I'll take the opportunity to say the way we look at design-win is probably very different from the way many of our peers look at it out there. Number one, to begin with, we believe design win when we know our product is at -- produced in scale, at scale, and is actually deployed, literally deployed in production. So that takes a long lead time because from taping out, getting in the product, it takes a year easily from the product in the hands of our partner to when it goes into scale production, it will take six months to a year is our experience that we've seen, number one.

And number two, I mean, producing and deploying 5,000 XPUs, that's a joke. That's not real production in our view. And so, we also limit ourselves in selecting partners to people who really need that large volume. You need that large volume from our viewpoint in scale right now in mostly training, training of large language models, frontier models in a continuing trajectory.

So, we eliminate ourselves to how many customers or how many potential customers that exist out there, and we tend to be very selective who we pick, to begin with. So, when we say design win, it really is at scale. It's not something that starts in six months and die or a year and die again. Basically, it's a selection of customers.

It's just the way we run our ASIC business in general for the last 15 years. We pick and choose the customers because we know this guy, and we do multi-year roadmaps with these customers because we know these customers are sustainable. I put it bluntly, we don't do it for start-ups.

Ross Seymore -- Analyst

Thank you.

Operator

And one moment for our next question. And that will come from the line of Stacy Rasgon with Bernstein Research. Your line is open.

Stacy Rasgon -- Analyst

Hi, guys. Thanks for taking my questions. I wanted to go to the three customers that you do have in volume today. And what I wanted to ask was, is there any concern about some of the new regulations or the AI diffusion rules that are going to get put in place supposedly in May impacting any of those design wins or shipments? It sounds like you think all three of those are still on at this point, but anything you could tell us about worries about new regulations or AI diffusion rules impacting any of those wins would be helpful.

Hock E. Tan -- President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director

Thank you. In this era or this current era of geopolitical tensions and fairly dramatic actions all around by governments, yeah, there's always some concern at the back of everybody's mind. But to answer your question directly, no, we don't have any concerns.

Stacy Rasgon -- Analyst

Got it. So, none of those are going into China or to Chinese customers then?

Hock E. Tan -- President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director

No comment. Are you trying to locate who they are?

Stacy Rasgon -- Analyst

OK. That's helpful. Thank you.

Hock E. Tan -- President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director

Thank you.

Operator

One moment for our next question. And that will come from the line of Vivek Arya with Bank of America. Your line is open.

Vivek Arya -- Analyst

Thanks for taking my question. Hock, whenever you have described your AI opportunity, you have always emphasized the training workload. But the perception is that the AI market could be dominated by the inference workload, especially with these new reasoning models. So, what happens to your opportunity and share if the mix moves more toward inference? Does it -- does it create a bigger SAM for you than the $60 billion to $90 billion? Does it keep it the same, but there is a different mix of product, or does a more inference-heavy market favor a GPU over an XPU? Thank you.

Hock E. Tan -- President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director

That's a good question, interesting question. By the way, I never -- I do talk a lot about training. We do -- our chip -- our XPUs also focus on inference as a separate product line. They do.

And that's why I can say the architecture of those chips are very different from the architecture of the training chips. And so, it's a combination of those two, I should add, that adds up to this $60 billion to $90 billion. So, if I had not been clear, I do apologize. It's a combination of both.

But having said that, the larger part of the dollars coming from training, not inference within the service -- of the same that we have talked about so far.

Vivek Arya -- Analyst

Thank you.

Operator

One moment for our next question. And that will come from the line of Harsh Kumar with Piper Sandler. Your line is open.

Harsh Kumar -- Analyst

Thanks, Broadcom team, and again, great execution. Just had a quick question. We've been hearing that almost all of the large clusters that are 100K plus they're all going to Ethernet. I was wondering, if you could help us understand the importance of when the customer is making a selection, choosing between a guy that has the best Switch ASIC, such as you, versus a guy that might have the compute there.

Can you talk about what the customer is thinking? And what are the final points that they want to hit upon when they make that selection for the NIC cards?

Hock E. Tan -- President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director

OK. ASIC. No, it's a -- yeah, it's down to -- in the case of the hyperscalers now very much so, it's very driven by performance and its performance, what you're mentioning on connecting, scaling up and scaling out those AI accelerators, be they XPU or GPU among hyperscalers. And in most cases, among those hyperscalers we engage with when it comes to connecting those clusters, they are very driven by performance.

I mean, if you are in a race to really get the best performance out of your hardware as you train and continue to train your frontier models, that matters more than anything else. So, the basic first thing they go for is proven. That's a proven piece of hardware. It's a proven that it's a proven system -- subsystem in our case, that makes it work.

And in that case, we tend to have a big advantage because I mean, networking are us. Switching and routing are us, for the last 10 years at least. And the fact that you say AI just makes it more interesting for our engineers to work on. And -- but it's basically based on proven technology and experience in pushing that -- and pushing the envelope on-going from 800-gigabit-per-second bandwidth to 1.6 and moving on 3.2, which is exactly why we keep stepping up this rate of investment in coming up with our products where we take Tomahawk 5, we doubled the RAID X to deal with just one hyperscaler because they want high RAID X to create larger clusters while running bandwidth that are smaller, but that doesn't stop us from moving ahead to the next generation of Tomahawk 6.

And I'd say we're even planning Tomahawk 7 and 8 right now, and we're speeding up the rate of development. And it's all largely for that few guys, by the way. So, we're making a lot of investment for very few customers, hopefully with very large serve the available markets. That's even nothing else that's the big batch we are placing.

Harsh Kumar -- Analyst

Thank you, Hock.

Operator

Thank you. One moment for our next question, and that will come from the line of Timothy Arcuri with UBS. Your line is open.

Timothy Arcuri -- Analyst

Thanks a lot. Hock, in the past, you have mentioned XPU units growing from about 2 million last year to about 7 million you said in the 2027, 2028 timeframe. My question is, do these four new customers, do they add to that 7 million-unit number? I know in the past, you've sort of talked about an ASP of 20 grand by then. So, those -- the first three customers are clearly a subset of that 7 million units.

So, do these new four engagements drive that 7 million higher, or do they just fill in to get to that 7 million? Thanks.

Hock E. Tan -- President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director

And thanks, Tim, for asking that. To clarify, as I made -- I thought I made it clear in my comments. No, the market we are talking about, including -- when you translate the unit is only among the three customers we have today. The other four, we talk about engagement partners.

We don't consider that as customers yet and, therefore, are not in a served available market.

Timothy Arcuri -- Analyst

OK. So, they would add to that number. OK. Thanks, Hock.

Hock E. Tan -- President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director

Thanks.

Operator

One moment for our next question. And that will come from the line of C.J. Muse with Cantor Fitzgerald. Your line is open.

C.J. Muse -- Analyst

Yeah. Good afternoon. Thank you for taking the question. I guess, Hock, to follow up on your prepared remarks and comments earlier around optimization with your best hardware and hyperscalers with their great software, I'm curious how you're expanding your portfolio now to six mega-scale kind of frontier models will enable you to, and one blush share tremendous information, but at the same time, a world where these six truly want to differentiate.

So, obviously, the goal for all of these players is exaflops per second per dollar of capex per watt. And I guess to what degree are you aiding them in these efforts? And where does maybe the Chinese wall kind of start where they want to kind of differentiate and not share with you kind of some of the work that you're doing? Thank you.

Hock E. Tan -- President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director

We only provide very basic fundamental technology in semiconductors to enable these guys to use what we have and optimize it to their own particular models and algorithms that relate to those models. That's it. That's all we do. So, that's a level of -- a lot of that optimization we do for each of them.

And as I mentioned earlier, there are maybe five degrees of freedom that we do, and we play with them. And so, even if there are five degrees of freedom, there's only so much we can do at that point, but it is -- and how they true -- and basically how we optimize it is all tied to the partner telling us how they want me to do it -- to do it. So, that's only so much we also have visibility on. But it's --what we do now is what the XPU model is.

A sheer optimization translating to performance, but also power. That's very important how they play. It's not just cost, though. Power kind of translates into total cost of ownership eventually.

It's how you design it in power and how we balance it in terms of the size of the cluster and whether they use it for training, pre training, post training, inference, test time scaling. All of them have their own characteristics, and that's the advantage of doing that XPU and working closely with them to create that stuff. Now, as far as your question on China and all that, frankly, I don't have any opinion on that at all. To us, it's a technical game.

C.J. Muse -- Analyst

Thank you very much.

Operator

One moment for our next question. And that will come from the line of Christopher Rolland with Susquehanna. Your line is open.

Christopher Rolland -- Analyst

Hey, thanks so much for the question. And this one's maybe for Hock and for Kirsten. I'd love to know just because you have kind of the complete connectivity portfolio, how you see new greenfield scale-up opportunities playing out here between -- could be optical or copper or really anything and what additive this could be for your company? And then, Kirsten, I think opex is up. Maybe just talk about where those opex dollars are going toward within the AI opportunity and whether they relate.

Thanks so much.

Hock E. Tan -- President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director

Your question is very broad-reaching in our portfolio. Yeah, we deploy -- we have the advantage, and a lot of the customer -- hyperscale customers we deal with, they are talking about a lot of expansion for -- it's almost all greenfield. Less so brownfield. It's very greenfield, it's all expansion, and it all tends to be next generation that we do it, which is very exciting.

So, the opportunity is very, very high. And we deploy -- I mean, we are both -- we can do it in copper, but what we see a lot of opportunity from is when you connect -- provide the networking connectivity through optical. So, there are a lot of active elements including either multi-mode lasers, which are called VCSEL, or edge-emitting lasers for basically single mode. And we do both.

So, there is a lot of opportunity just as in scale -- scale-up versus scale-out. We used to do -- we still do a lot of other protocols beyond Ethernet to consider PCI Express where we are on the leading edge of that PCI Express and the architecture or networking, switching so to speak, we offer both. One is the very intelligent switch, which is like our Jericho family with a dumb NIC, or a very smart NIC with a dumb switch, which is the -- we offer both our architectures as well. So, yeah, we have a lot of opportunities from it.

All things said and done, all this nice white portfolio and all that adds up to probably, as I said in prior quarters, about 20% of our total AI revenue, maybe going to 30%. Though last quarter we hit almost 40%, but that's not the norm. I would say typically, all those other portfolio products still add up to a nice, decent amount of revenue for us, but within the sphere of AI, they add up to, I would say on average, be close to 30%, and the XPU the accelerators is 70%. If that's what you're driving and perhaps I give you some -- shed some light on toward where -- how one matters over the other.

But we have a wide range of products in the connectivity networking side of it. They just add up though to that 30%.

Christopher Rolland -- Analyst

Thanks so much, Hock.

Kirsten M. Spears -- Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer

And then on the R&D front, as I outlined, on a consolidated basis, we spent $1.4 billion in R&D in Q1, and I stated that it would be going up in Q2. Hock clearly outlined in his script the two areas where we're focusing on. Now, I would tell you as a company, we focus on R&D across all of our product lines so that we can stay competitive with next-generation product offerings. But he did line out that we are focusing on taping out the industry's first two-nanometer AI XPU packaged in 3D.

That was one in his script, and that's an area that we're focusing on. And then he mentioned that we've doubled the ratings capacity of existing Tomahawk 5 to enable our AI customers to scale up on Ethernet toward the 1 million XPU. So, I mean, that's a huge focus on the company.

Christopher Rolland -- Analyst

Yeah. Thank you very much, Kirsten.

Operator

And one moment for our next question. And that will come from the line of Vijay Rakesh with Mizuho. Your line is open.

Vijay Rakesh -- Analyst

Yeah. Hi, Hock. Thanks. Just a quick question on the networking side.

Just wondering how much up sequentially on the AI side. And any thoughts around M&A going forward? Seeing a lot of headlines around the Intel products throughput, etc. Thanks.

Hock E. Tan -- President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director

OK. On the networking side, as you indicated, Q1 showed a bit of a surge, but I don't expect that to be that mix of 60-40. 60% is a compute, and 40% networking to be something that is normal. I think the norm is closer to 70-30, maybe at best 30%.

And so, who knows, one, Q2 is -- we kind of see Q2 as continuing, but that's just my mind, a temporary blip. The norm will be 70-30. If you take it across a period of time like six months a year, to answer your question. M&A, no, I'm too busy -- we're too busy doing AI and VMware at this point.

We're not thinking of it at this point.

Vijay Rakesh -- Analyst

Thanks, Hock.

Operator

Thank you. That is all the time we have for our question-and-answer session. I would now like to turn the call back over to Ji Yoo for any closing remarks.

Ji Yoo -- Director, Investor Relations

Thank you, Sherie. Broadcom currently plans to report its earnings for the second quarter of fiscal year 2025 after close of market on Thursday, June 5, 2025. A public webcast of Broadcom's earnings conference call will follow at 02:00 p.m. Pacific.

That will conclude our earnings call today. Thank you all for joining. Sherie, you may end the call.

Operator

[Operator signoff]

Duration: 0 minutes

Call participants:

Ji Yoo -- Director, Investor Relations

Hock E. Tan -- President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director

Kirsten M. Spears -- Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer

Ben Reitzes -- Analyst

Hock Tan -- President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director

Harlan Sur -- Analyst

William Stein -- Analyst

Ross Seymore -- Analyst

Stacy Rasgon -- Analyst

Vivek Arya -- Analyst

Harsh Kumar -- Analyst

Timothy Arcuri -- Analyst

Tim Arcuri -- Analyst

C.J. Muse -- Analyst

Christopher Rolland -- Analyst

Chris Rolland -- Analyst

Kirsten Spears -- Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer

Vijay Rakesh -- Analyst

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Broadcom (AVGO) Q1 2025 Earnings Call Transcript was originally published by The Motley Fool