As we look across the next six months, we are taking a prudent approach to our outlook for the remainder of fiscal '20. However, we think the uncertainty caused by macro-related events is only a short-term issue. We remain confident in our ability to achieve the fiscal '23 goals we have laid out for you. Our confidence is grounded in the value delivered by our products, their ability to help our customers differentiate via innovation and digitization, focused execution delivered by our partners and sales teams, and the significant strides we are making to capture the non-paying user community. I would also like to point out that although there are headlines of some impact from the current environment on a few industry verticals like Manufacturing, we outgrew competitors and gained share in the space. The construction industry is also holding steady and continues to invest in innovative solutions, and we saw ongoing strength in construction this quarter.

Before I offer you more color on strategic highlights during the quarter, let me first turn it over to Scott to give you more details on our second quarter results as well as details of our updated fiscal '20 guidance. I'll then return with further insights on the key drivers of our business, including Construction, Manufacturing and Digital Transformation before we open it up for Q&A.

R. Scott Herren -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Thanks, Andrew. As Andrew mentioned, revenue, billings, earnings and free cash flow all performed ahead of expectations during the second quarter. Overall demand in our end markets was solid during the quarter, as indicated by our strong billings and revenue growth. Growth was driven by both volume and pricing, which is a result of the strong uptake of our products by new users as well as increased usage with existing customers. Sales volume of AutoCAD LT also remained strong. This has historically been a leading indicator of a potential demand slowdown. And as you can see, revenue from our AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT products grew 31% in the second quarter. AEC and Manufacturing revenue rose 37% and 20%, respectively. Geographically, we saw broad-based strength across all regions. Revenue grew 32% in the Americas, 27% in EMEA and 33% in APAC, with strength across almost all countries. We also saw strength in direct revenue, which rose 38% versus last year and represented 30% of our total sales, up from 28% in the second quarter of last year.

Before I comment on ARR, I want to remind you how we define it. ARR is the annualized value of our actual recurring revenue for the quarter, or said another way, it is the reported recurring revenue for the quarter multiplied by four. Total ARR of $3.1 billion continued to grow steadily and was up 31%. Adjusting for our fourth quarter acquisitions, total ARR was up 27%. Within Core ARR, growth was roughly in line with total organic growth and was driven by the strength in product subscriptions. In Cloud, ARR grew 175%, propelled by our strong performance in Construction. Excluding $98 million of ARR from our fourth quarter acquisitions, growth in organic Cloud ARR, which is primarily made up of BIM 360 and Fusion 360, increased from 43% in the first quarter to 45%, which is a record for that product set.

We continue to make progress with our maintenance to subscription, or M2S, program. The M2S conversion rate of the maintenance renewal opportunities migrating to product subscriptions was in the high 30% range in Q2, which is higher than our historical rate. This uptick in the conversion rate was in line with expectations as our maintenance renewal prices went up by 20% in the second quarter, which made it significantly more advantageous for customers to move to subscription. Of those that migrated, upgrade rates among eligible subscriptions remained within the historical range of 25% to 35%.

Now moving to net revenue retention rate, during Q2, the rate continued to be within the range of approximately 110% to 120% and we expect it to be in this range for the remainder of fiscal '20. As a reminder, the net revenue retention rate measures the year-over-year change in ARR for the population of customers that existed one-year ago, or base customers. It is calculated by dividing the current period ARR related to those base customers by the total ARR from those customers one-year ago.

Moving to billings, we had $893 million of billings during the quarter, up 48%. The growth in billings was driven by strength in new customer billings, and strong renewals with continued momentum in our core products. And as we have said in prior quarters and in line with our plans, billings are also benefiting from a return to more normalized levels of multi-year agreements.

Remaining performance obligations, or RPO, which in the past we had referred to as total deferred revenue, is the sum of both billed and unbilled deferred revenue, rose 28% versus

last year and 3% sequentially to $2.8 billion. Current RPO, which represents the future revenues under contract expected to be recognized over the next 12 months, was a little over $2 billion, an increase of 23%.

On the margin front, we realized significant operating leverage as we continue to execute in the growth phase of our journey. Non-GAAP gross margins of 92% were up 2 percentage points versus last year. Our disciplined approach to expense management combined with revenue growth enabled us to expand our non-GAAP operating margin by 14 percentage points to 23%, while absorbing two meaningful acquisitions. We realized significant leverage from our investments in sales and marketing and R&D initiatives during the quarter and are on track to deliver significant margin expansion in fiscal '20 and further expand non-GAAP operating margin to approximately 40% in fiscal '23.

Moving to free cash flow, we generated $205 million in Q2. Over the last 12 months, we have generated a record $731 million of free cash flow, driven by growing net income and strong billings. Lastly, we continue to repurchase shares with our excess cash, which is consistent with our capital allocation strategy. During the second quarter, we repurchased 253,000 shares for $40 million at an average price of $159.54 per share. Almost all of our repurchase activity during the quarter was through our 10b5-1 plan, which we entered into before the most recent market volatility.

Now I'll turn the discussion to our outlook. I'll start by saying that our view of global economic conditions and their impact on our business has been updated to reflect the current state of various trade disputes and the geopolitical environment and their potential impact on our customers. While we have not seen any material impacts to our business, we are taking a prudent stance regarding customer spending environments in the UK due to Brexit, central Europe due to a slowdown in the Manufacturing industry there, and China due to trade tensions. These items individually are not material headwinds, but in the aggregate are responsible for our guidance adjustment, which now reflects our current views based on what we know about the environment today.

Our pipeline remains strong globally, including in these regions, but we began noticing some changes in demand environments in these areas toward the end of July. As such, for these affected areas, we feel it is appropriate to adjust our expectations for the rest of the year. As you will soon hear from Andrew, customers continue to increase their spending on our products even in these areas and our renewal rates are fairly steady. Additionally, we are now assuming more billings will occur later in the quarter for the remainder of the year.

At the mid-point of our updated guidance, we are calling for revenue and ARR growth to be approximately 27% and 26%, respectively, which speaks to the resiliency of our model versus prior cycles. The wider than normal range of our full year guidance is a result of the greater uncertainty we are expecting over the second half of the year. Additionally, currency now offers a headwind of about $10 million to our full year revenues versus being neutral at the beginning of the year. As such, the low end of our updated constant currency guidance is in line with the low end of the initial outlook we shared with you at the beginning of the year and it also reflects the potential for a slight deterioration of the environment from the current level.

While our billings guidance has come down by about $50 million, billings are still expected to grow approximately 50%, or 40% after adjusting for the adoption of the ASC 606 last year. This supports our view of strong demand for our products even in uncertain environments. Regarding free cash flow, the $50 million adjustment to $1.3 billion is primarily a result of our updated view of billings and their timing. We expect to achieve our original target of $1.35 billion trailing 12 months free cash flow during the first quarter of fiscal '21.

While it is too early to give you detailed color on fiscal '21, we expect to continue growing billings, revenues, and free cash flows while expanding our margins. This is supported by what we are seeing in North America, especially in AEC, where our pipeline remains strong and we have more visibility into our business than in Central Europe and China. Construction is also performing very well, as we continue to increase the value we are bringing to our customers. And we continue to make strides with capturing revenue from non-paying users.

Looking at our guidance for the third quarter, we expect total revenue to be in the range of $820 million to $830 million, and we expect non-GAAP EPS of $0.70 to $0.74. Third quarter free cash flow is expected to be modestly above the second quarter. The earnings slide deck on the investor relations section of our website has more details as well as modeling assumptions for fiscal '20.

In summary, I want to remind everyone that since our business model shift, we have moved to a much more resilient business model that generates a very steady stream of revenue that is less exposed to macro swings than when we were selling perpetual licenses. So while we are adjusting our fiscal '20 guidance slightly, we are still expecting revenue growth of 27% for the year, margin expansion of about 12 percentage points, and we are confident in delivering on our fiscal '23 targets.

Now, I'd like to turn it back to Andrew.

Andrew Anagnost -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Thanks, Scott. As you heard, we delivered very strong performance in the first half of the year, and despite negative headlines from Europe and Manufacturing, we are still seeing strong demand for our solutions. For example, a large European automobile company recently signed a new three-year enterprise business agreement, or EBA, despite a more challenging macro backdrop for their industry. They see the new agreement as an investment in design, and they know innovation is needed to stay ahead of the competition. They view Autodesk as a market leader in this area and count on us to provide new, innovative design solutions such as generative design.

The EBA also offers them the flexibility to access our entire product portfolio, including products ranging from manufacturing and AEC collections to Alias, 3ds Max, Maya and Vault, while at the same time representing a more than 130% increase in annual contract value for us. We will continue to partner with them to ensure that they get maximum value out of our products and remain a leader in an industry that is undergoing significant change. Our customers know that at the end of every downturn is an upturn, and if they don't continue to innovate and use the latest technology tools throughout the cycle, they will be at a distinct disadvantage when growth returns. This underscores the importance of our products regardless of the macro environment as well as our customers' commitment to investing in technology to stay ahead of competitors.

Now, let me give you an update on some key strategic growth initiatives we are focused on, specifically our continued traction within Construction, gains in Manufacturing and leveraging our Digital Transformation to capture the opportunity within our non-paying user base. These initiatives are key drivers of both our near- and long-term business.

In Construction, BIM 360 was the primary driver of our organic growth in Cloud, led by BIM 360 Design and Build. Our customers are continually finding value in this offering. And the PlanGrid team continues to see strong momentum. For example, Tutor Perini, one of the largest general contractors in the US, selected PlanGrid, over competitor offerings, for two $500 million key projects. The team wanted to provide real-time, up to date documentation and plans to the field. Senior management for these projects had used PlanGrid before at a different firm and this relationship provided an opportunity to demonstrate PlanGrid's capabilities for these two projects. PlanGrid set up the projects by processing the drawings and pulling out title block information, categorizing the drawings with tags, and hyperlinking detail call outs for 2,000 drawings in under an hour. This was an immediate time savings for Tutor Perini. Additionally, the field teams have access to new drawings, changes, RFIs, and submittals right away in an easy to use interface. Going forward, we continue to look for opportunities to partner with Tutor Perini across all their products and subsidiaries.

BuildingConnected and Assemble also performed well as we continue to focus on integrating these offerings. During the quarter, we integrated BuildingConnected's bid management solutions with PlanGrid technology, enabling the seamless transfer of data from pre-construction to the building process. The integration allows construction project managers to automatically push design and pre-construction files from BuildingConnected to PlanGrid, saving time, reducing errors and further enhancing the cost savings associated with using both platforms. And as you recall, we integrated Revit with PlanGrid with the launch of PlanGrid BIM last quarter and have received tremendously positive feedback from customers regarding the update.

In the first quarter after its release, the product is also being used in over 650 projects by more than 300 customers. These integrations are steady steps toward providing Autodesk construction customers with integrated workflows that connect the office, trailer and field. We are also continuing to see outstanding cross-selling with our recent construction acquisitions. For example, during the quarter, Chick-Fil-A, an existing Autodesk customer, expanded its relationship by adding BuildingConnected and Assemble solutions to reduce the time to open new locations and downtime due to construction updates in existing locations.

And as a reminder, infrastructure is an area that we have seen in the past perform well during macro-related slowdowns and we continue to focus efforts in this area. This quarter, we secured a new Enterprise Business Agreement with Gannett Fleming. Gannett Fleming is a leading, global engineering and architecture firm, ranked number 35 on the ENR Top 500 Design List. The Gannett Fleming executive team considers a strategic partnership with Autodesk to be a distinct competitive advantage. With the EBA, Gannett Fleming now has direct access not only to the full portfolio of Autodesk technology, but also to a wide range of Autodesk services and expertise that will help them achieve their corporate growth and market expansion goals.

On the manufacturing front, revenue grew 20% in the second quarter, despite a more challenging manufacturing environment in Europe. Customers are seeing the benefits of our differentiated solution, and we continue to gain market share while displacing competitive offerings in the space. For example, during the second quarter, a leading Swiss watchmaker selected Autodesk's Design and Manufacturing Collection to replace Solidworks given the flexibility offered by our solutions. In addition, our investments in generative design and Fusion 360 have resulted in competitive displacements not only in the CAD market, but also in the computer-aided manufacturing or CAM space where there are lower barriers to switching vendors. As a result, we see displacements of competitors like MasterCAM. And once we're embedded in those customers' downstream processes, we are increasingly penetrating design activities within those same accounts. Customers pick Fusion over competitive offerings due to its integrated CAD-CAM functionality, it's compatibility with other CAD tools, ease of use and the attractive pricing model.

Now, let's talk about progress with our digital transformation. Many of you recall that a key part of this transformation will increase the insight we have on our non-compliant user base. One of the initiatives we undertook to accomplish this started last year and has given us the ability to analyze usage patterns of our non-compliant users. Since last year, we have analyzed significant amount of data on these users, including how long they use the software and how their journey traverses across non-compliant usage to downloading free trials or using student editions. With this data, we can test different ways to convert them, including in-product messaging and leveraging our inside sales team.

While still early in the conversion process, we have an increasing amount of data that allows us to take necessary actions to convert this large pool of potential customers. In the quarter, we expanded our pilot cases for in-product messaging to many international regions and enhanced our license compliance initiatives using our sales teams as well as via email campaigns. These conversations resulted in multiple deals, including two over $1 million, one of which was in China. Our billings from license compliance initiatives were up by approximately 65% versus last year, although on a small base.

So, as you've heard, we made great progress this quarter that enabled us to finish the first half of the year strong. We continue to execute well in Construction where IT spending remains strong. We are making competitive inroads in Manufacturing with our innovative solutions and are making strides in converting the current 14 million non-paying users into subscribers. We are highly confident in Autodesk's ability to capitalize on our large market opportunity and are committed to delivering on our fiscal '23 goals.

With that, Operator, we'd now like to open the call for questions.

Questions and Answers:

Operator

Thank you, sir. [Operator Instructions] Our first question comes from the line of Saket Kalia of Barclays. Your line is open.

Saket Kalia -- Barclays Capital -- Analyst

Hi, guys. Thanks for taking my questions here.

Andrew Anagnost -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Hi, Saket.

Saket Kalia -- Barclays Capital -- Analyst

Hey, Scott. Hey, Andrew. Hey, Andrew, maybe just to start with you slightly higher level question on the macro. I know we spoke about some of the regional items that we've seen whether it was [Phonetic] UK, China or Central Europe, but I want to maybe think about the macro from a different lens. Clearly a lot of concern out there about the manufacturing economy. And as we know, not all of Autodesk's business is levered to the manufacturing space. But for the part that is, can you just give us some color on the verticals that Autodesk sells into, whether that's auto or aerospace for example. Just to sort of get a sense for where Autodesk kind of sits with regards to different sub-segments of manufacturing, specifically?

Andrew Anagnost -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Hey, Saket. Before we jump into that, I'd like to clear out something, we've heard that there is some confusion in our guidance metrics from the press release footnotes. So what our current guidance for free cash flow for fiscal '20 is $1.3 billion. If we get there by saying, free cash flow from operations -- cash flow from operations will be $1.37 billion, netted [Phonetic] $70 million of free cash flow to get to $1.3 billion. So I think that the footnote creates confusion that the $1.3 billion wasn't already netted for capex? It is. So it's $1.37 billion before capex as cash flow from ops, $1.3 billion is the free cash flow guidance for the year.

Saket Kalia -- Barclays Capital -- Analyst

Okay. Go ahead. Scott?

R. Scott Herren -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. So let me address your question about verticals and manufacturing in particular. First off just let me kind of just frame a few things. Our manufacturing business actually did pretty well, grew 20%, a lot better than any of our competitors. That has a lot to do with the way we're diversified. It also has a lot to do with the price points and the upfront, the reduced upfront cost of our offerings are pretty attractive to a lot of people. And we're also seeing acceleration in the CAM space due to the Fusion 360 portfolio and the way it integrates design and CAM along with the generative capability. So we're seeing is pretty strong performance in manufacturing, but to your point about which verticals we're exposed you know that our biggest vertical in manufacturing is what we call industrial machinery, and this is machinery of all manner and type. It's machines, you'll see inside automotive factories, but it's also machines you see the package serial, or to wrap toys, or to do any manner of things make paper in large industrial machines. It's our single biggest segment. Another really big segment for us is what's called building product manufacturers. And these are the people that build things that go into buildings and there are also the people that build things that hang on buildings in pre-fabricated components of buildings. So I think doors and windows manufacturers, think air conditioner manufacturers, think curtain wall manufacturers, if you understand how skyscrapers are made.

Our smallest level exposure is actually in the auto and aerospace where other competitors have deeper exposure in terms of the engineering processes. We are definitely big in auto in some of the more forward-looking aspects of the auto industry. So we're embedded deeper in the designed departments which are several years ahead of where the current production is and where current production volume is. And we're also working closely with a lot of autos and some of their next generation production workflows. I think you've seen some of the things we've been talking about with generative with regards to some of the work we've done with GM [Phonetic] and some of the other automotives to kind of help them consolidate multiple parts -- in multi-part assemblies into a single 3D printed part and we're definitely engaged in some of that work. But that's kind of the hierarchy of exposure we have to manufacturing. It makes sense?

Saket Kalia -- Barclays Capital -- Analyst

That does. That does. That's really helpful. Scott, maybe if you, for my follow up, a little bit of different topic, but I'd love to talk a little bit about the remaining maintenance business. Obviously, this is the last year of M2S price increases as you've mentioned before and that maintenance ARR sort of continues to decline in that high-30% range. How do you sort of think about that decline in coming quarters? And maybe just speak to sort of the profile of your remaining maintenance customers. I guess with the last 25% price increase should we start to see a step-up in that maintenance base decline, or should we kind of think about it kind of chugging along the way how, so far? Any color there would be helpful.

R. Scott Herren -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. Sure, Saket. So this is the year, by the way, it's a 20% price increase, not 25%. But this is, Q2 was the first full quarter that, that third price increase that we announced three years ago. It went into effect at the beginning of Q2. Since our first quarter with that, we actually had some interesting results, conversion rate of maintenance agreements that came up for renewal, actually increase, which is what you expect with the staying on maintenance going up 20% from what had been about one-third of those to come up for renewal converting to something in the high-30% range for the quarter. So conversion rate increased as expected the -- interestingly for those that did elect to stay on maintenance and some do. The renewal rate actually ticked up. I would have expected with the increase in price. It's a stay flat or maybe even decline. It actually -- the renewal rate for maintenance for those that did not convert actually ticked moderately, but ticked up slightly in the quarter. So we're seeing the exact same, the behavior we expected, when we laid out, the M2S program. And at this point, it's -- we have three more quarters to go, it will actually overlap into the first quarter of next year before it's finished.

Saket Kalia -- Barclays Capital -- Analyst

Got it. Very helpful, guys. Thanks.

R. Scott Herren -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Thanks, Saket.

Andrew Anagnost -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Thank you.

Operator

Thank you. Our next question comes from Phil Winslow of Wells Fargo. Your question please.

Philip Winslow -- Wells Fargo -- Analyst

Hey, thanks guys for taking my question. Yeah. Thanks for the commentary on Asia-Pacific and Europe. I wonder if you give us more color on what you're seeing in the US, particularly into the quarter? And in terms of the pipeline particularly by vertical that would be very helpful. Thanks.

Andrew Anagnost -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yes. The Americas in the US in particular were strong. We grew 32%. Our pipeline solid in the US, it's plus or across the whole Americas, our visibility is pretty good. We're seeing broad strength across all the segments. So we're not seeing any weakening in any kind of segment, or by any types of vertical. So the US business is looking solid and it continues to look solid right now until something changes in the environment, but we saw a great, a great, great visibility in our pipeline to the US.

R. Scott Herren -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Phil, the other comments, it's worth adding on to that is, I think there was some concern that emerging markets might have underperformed during the quarter and it's actually, you have to dig into the appendix of our slides that we posted on our website. But you can see emerging markets actually grew north of 30%. And obviously there is a chunk of those emerging markets are in the Americas as well. So we continue to see -- with the exception of three areas that we pointed out, we continue to see strength geographically across the board.

Philip Winslow -- Wells Fargo -- Analyst

Yeah. Got it. And then also in terms of the breakdown saying -- we're saying obviously your businesses sort of like a matrix internationally, but and then my multiple verticals and the multiple sort of sub verticals within inside those verticals. Would you think about just manufacturing exposure versus let's say your commercial construction versus media entertainment? Is there one geography that's weight more let's say toward your commercial construction won [Phonetic] more toward manufacturing? Any sort of color on sort of that --?

Andrew Anagnost -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. Absolutely. So that's an easy place to give some color. So construction we're definitely lean more toward the US, there's no doubt about it. On manufacturing, we're definitely lean more toward Europe. We've historically been more successful in Europe relative to competition than in the US. So when you see our manufacturing slowed down in Germany, it's slowed down our overall manufacturing business. So Europe is definitely where we're more exposed in manufacturing. The US is definitely where the bulk of the businesses for construction right now, though we're growing pretty quickly internationally on the construction side as well. But that's kind of the high-level breakdown.

Philip Winslow -- Wells Fargo -- Analyst

Okay, great. Thanks guys.

Andrew Anagnost -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Thanks, Phil.

Operator

Thank you. Our next question comes from Jay Vleeschhouwer of Griffin Securities. Your question please.

Jay Vleeschhouwer -- Griffin Securities -- Analyst

Thank you. Good evening. Andrew, a quarter ago, on the call you made some interesting remarks regarding what you're calling your early warning system. This was in the context [Phonetic] you're talking about digital infrastructure and your customer engagements team. The question is, what is that system telling you in terms of some of the key metrics that it's set up for in terms of usage and other metrics. And is it thus far a US-oriented system, or is it giving you signals globally that are helping you? And then secondly, a longer-term technology or roadmap question, you made some comments on the call earlier [Phonetic] about your integrations thus far with the PACS [Phonetic] acquisitions, the BIM and Revit and so forth. What about the roadmap however between AEC and manufacturing. If you are going to pursue nationalization of construction, you have to have that, that core segment integration, you haven't really spoken about it much, but perhaps you can talk about that roadmap?

Andrew Anagnost -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Okay. All very good questions, Jay. So first let me talk about the early warning system and what it's telling us. So it is broad geographically. It tells us about multiple products and multiple geographies. And one of the things and what is also intended to do it give us a predictor scores of at-risk renewal, so that we can go take direct action with regards to at-risk renewals. What I can tell you at a very high level is telling us that there is no slowdown in usage of our products, right. In fact usage continues to grow across all types of products and all manner of vertical. So we're not seeing any systematic declines in usage or usage activity with associated [Phonetic]. Our pirates continue to use, use our product robustly and as do our paying subscribers. But remember that the core part of that system is designed to help our teams understand, which one of our accounts are most at risk for renewal. And, yeah, you're right, we watch things like activations, we watch things like product usage, and we watch other things like access to support that allow us to kind of score these customers in terms of risk, but it's global and we're not seeing any changes in the usage trends. The usage continues to go up globally.

Now with regard to integration of the construction, I think you're actually pointing to a very important area and it's one of the things that we're really focusing on behind the scenes and it has to do with creating some workflows for the building product manufacturers, which includes like I said earlier curtain wall, as well as the component that go inside of buildings. So what we've been working to do is expand the Interop between Revit and Inventor, so that you can actually take low-precision models from Revit, move them into the high-precision environment of Inventor, so that you can get, do fabrication prep for things like curtain walls and other types of manufacturing components. And then actually move them back into revenue in the low-precision world in an account slated way for the changes that happen inside of Inventor go back and update inside of the Revit model as well. We've been improving those integrations continuously behind the scenes, you're going to see more improvement in those integrations in Q4, and a continuing roadmap next year. It's not -- that's not completing fully industrialized workflows for construction, but it's a pre-requisite to making sure you have a good BIM to manufacturing or 3D solid modeling workflows, that you can actually do some of these more complex interactions between a building information model and a 3D model for manufacturing purposes. So we continue to work on those Revit and Inventor integrations and you'll see acceleration in that area.

Jay Vleeschhouwer -- Griffin Securities -- Analyst

Okay. Thanks, Andrew.

Andrew Anagnost -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Thanks, Jay.

Operator

[Speech Overlap] Our next question comes from Heather Bellini of Goldman Sachs. Your line is open.

Heather Bellini -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst

Great. Thank you. Just a couple of questions here. Andrew, I just want to make sure that your tone and your conservatism seems like you're not seeing the weakness here so to speak, but you're just being more conservative in your outlook. I just want to confirm that, but that's how we should be reading your comments. And then I guess one of the other questions would be, how is C [Phonetic] growth trending? And churn in C growth, which may be a precursor to a slowdown, if you think of the fact that your products are deployed, if increased deployment as people are hired into the industry. And then I guess the follow-up from there would be just from a linearity perspective after last quarter when you said linearity with a little bit more back-end loaded, I know you guys were going back to assuming the same linearity in Q3 this year that you did last year. Is that where it actually came out if -- if you can give us some color there, that'd be great. Thank you.

Andrew Anagnost -- President and Chief Executive Officer

All right. So, what I'll do is, I'll answer your middle question first. Then I'll answer your first question, second, and I'll let Scott answer the third, OK? So your middle part --

Heather Bellini -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst

Thank you.

Andrew Anagnost -- President and Chief Executive Officer

C growth [Phonetic]. That's OK. C growth ensuring no change. All right, we're seeing the same kind of C growth where our renewal rates are solid in some places we're seeing improvements. So all of those trends are consistent right now with a fairly steady environment. Like we said earlier, we've seen some indications in certain specific markets that lead us to be a little bit more cautious, particularly Germany and manufacturing, UK and around Brexit, Brexit. And you know the state-owned enterprises in China, we simply cannot engage with them and that's going to put pressure on our expectations relative to those markets. Even though emerging in China is a small part of our business, it's a small percentage. Over a couple of quarters, we could easily add up to $5 million in missed expectations, but there is a lot of noise. You can all hear it, it's all going on, there's something new every day. All right, all you have to do is checking Twitter feed. So there is all sorts of noise and what you see us doing and I want to make sure we put this in context. What we did is we took the high end of our guidance down, so we narrowed the range. The low end of our guide on a constant currency basis is unchanged. So this is a prudent narrowing of the range to kind of reflect this noise we're seeing in the system. I think it's the right thing to do right now. I think it's appropriate.

But even if you look at the worst-case scenario, on all of that. Worst case scenario, we're coming in at 96% at worst case of the numbers we set out there four years ago. I think that's pretty good. It does not just great modeling, it's actually great execution in flexible and adaptive execution and it's that ability to kind of track the business to that kind of fidelity that gives us a lot of confidence in terms of what we're looking to see out in FY '23. And I want to make sure just since you asked the question, I want to reinforce a few things that are really important drivers around some of this stuff. First off, one just five [Phonetic] comment. We could easily do some unnatural acts to hit that free cash flow number at what we stated previously in the last call, you wouldn't want us to do that. I have no interest in pushing an agenda in that direction. And we're just simply not going to do it. It's not good for the business, it's not good for the long-term health and for the long-term prospects of the business and we have to pay attention to the long-term prospects of the business. So we're not going to do any unnatural [Phonetic] things to try to drive that free cash flow number up. And I think that, that's an important point. But the resilience in the model, because remember, as we move into next year the model transition is dying [Phonetic]. We've got the resilience in the model, let's just look out to FY '23. But look at just how the midpoint of the guide changed, half of that -- half of that is due to currency FX. Okay. A total complete short-term impact on our business.

The other thing I want you to be aware of, in terms of you know what's kind of guiding us with the conservatism and we're at our pipeline solid. We're looking out our pipelines and we've got more visibility to our business than we've ever had before. The pipeline looks good in countries where we historically having problems I think might remember a year ago, we talked a lot about Japan. Japan is doing great. So we're seeing things like that. But more importantly, as we look out beyond the FY '20 guide into some of the FY '23 things, construction is doing really well. We believe the construction is going to continue to do well during the downturn, IT spending construction continue to grow during the downturn last time, in '07 and '08 Revit continue to grow for us. I think you're going to see that same thing. Our performance on non-compliant users is getting better and better.

And also let's just say there was a protracted downturn. Something interesting happens in those downturns infrastructure spend tends to go up. We've gotten in front of that. We've done some things in our core design product and our construction portfolio to ensure that we're good partners to the infrastructure business. So we intend to capitalize on any infrastructure spend that could come out of a protracted downturn. So you're right. We are simply being conservative and we're being prudent because of the noise out there in the system and because of the weakness we saw in some places where they can have impact on our expectation, was correct. We're growing robustly in all those places. We just have higher expectations for those places. And I think it's the right time to make that kind of adjustment and it's all short-term, but we're still very confident about what we can do in FY '23.

R. Scott Herren -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

And Heather, I think the other part --

Heather Bellini -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst

Scott, yeah.

R. Scott Herren -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. The other part of your [Phonetic] question, that was around linearity. And I think the thing that we are seeing in linearity, and again in Q2, which was consistent with our expectations in Q2 was the more sales are happening a little bit later in the quarter than what we had experienced in the second half of fiscal '19. So it's more like the traditional linearity that we had in the first half of fiscal 2019, and that's now built it into our forecast for the second half of this year. So it has a couple of effects, when you do that, obviously, and Andrew has talked about there's a big chunk of the adjusted in our guidance is all-time the FX, but holding that aside as linearity pushes out a little bit, it has an effect on billings, where billings covered [Indecipherable] quarter, and then you end up collecting some of those billings is kind of during the current quarter and the following quarter. So there's a little bit of an effect on billings and an effect on free cash flow as well to linearity. But that's the way to think about it. The midpoint of the guide is a 27% revenue growth, midpoint of the billings guide is 40% growth even normalized for the 606 implementation at the beginning of last year and the midpoint of the guide as 12 points of margin expansion. So it's a good strong year. We continue to feel good about the momentum in the business.

Heather Bellini -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst

Great. Thank you so much.

R. Scott Herren -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Thanks, Heather.

Operator

Thank you. Our next question comes from Gal Munda of Berenberg Capital Management. Your line is open.

Gal Munda -- Berenberg Capital Management -- Analyst

Hi, thank you for taking my questions. The first one is just in the manufacturing side. We see the manufacturing is going below the AEC part of the business. And I was just wondering, if it's macro-related, or is it may be got something to do with the comments you made around the shift to the new platform you mentioned that Fusion 360 is gaining market share, you mentioned that Fusion 360 is growing very, very strongly. And I'm wondering whether Fusion 360 by taking market shares also potentially taking market share from some older solutions, they have like Inventor, which might provide kind of short-term headwind to the revenue there?

Andrew Anagnost -- President and Chief Executive Officer

All right. So let me kind of answer that from a public [Phonetic]. First off, we grew 20% manufacturing better than any of our competitors. All right. Better than the market. So our performance in manufacturing is actually very strong. The relative difference in the performance between manufacturing and AEC is simply due to the fact that AEC is stronger. What we're seeing in AEC is relevant is not only being adopted very robustly. It's actually being mandated or BIM is being mandated in more and more countries and for more and more projects. Japan in particular is an interesting place where historically BIM was slow to be adopted and it's starting to see an acceleration of adoption and you're seeing BIM mandates showing up in Japan as well. So I want to make sure that we understand the relative performance difference between those two things and our performance relative to competitors in the overall market.

Now, to your point about Fusion. One of the reasons why there is no cannibalization related to Fusion is because when every Inventor customer that's getting Inventor of the collection gets Fusion with it. All right. So they actually get both products. So if you buying subscribe to collection, you get all the things that our collection, you actually get Fusion as well. And Fusion is a design out can't do all the things that Inventor does. So there is very little cross overlap between those two applications in terms of actually complete design things.

The growth that you're seeing in Fusion is actually coming more from competitive swaps -- we always like we've always given several examples of SolidWorks displacements we've seen other placements as well and this growth in the CAM space as well where the integrated end-to-end solution in the price points or just really, really attractive. So I just want to make sure that we put color on that. Manufacturer is doing great, the relative difference between AEC and manufacturing has to do with fact that AEC is doing better, and it's doing better because of BIM the mandates and BIM momentum and we're not seeing any cannibalization from Fusion in our core business perfect.

Gal Munda -- Berenberg Capital Management -- Analyst

Perfect. That's very helpful. And then just as a follow up. Could you comment a bit about the performance between the direct and indirect. So basically the channel and your own sales force, you basically mentioned that you had some significant EBA wins, maybe also comment a bit more on the e-commerce side of things, how the direct performance is going down?

R. Scott Herren -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. Gal, we talked about the mix being 70% through the channel, 30% direct, which is compared to 28% direct in Q2 of last year. So it's grown a couple of points. Our direct business actually grew 38% year-on-year, so we're seeing good strength in direct. Within EBAs, we continue to do most of our EBAs in the second half of the year and within that most of them in the fourth quarter and the second half of the year. So the EBA business while we have good traction with EBAs in Q2, the quarters were really starting to see a lot more EBA businesses late in Q3 and then through Q4. The e-commerce business or e-store is actually growing very nicely year-on-year. Again growing off a smaller base are growing very nicely year-on-year and that's part of our overall digital sales approach. All right. It's not just put up a store and try to drive people to it. We also use the e-store as the back-end transaction engine for a lot of our inside sales teams. So we're seeing very nice growth through that whole digital sales channel, which comes to us at a higher net revenue per concept to Autodesk. So it's actually performing quite well.

Gal Munda -- Berenberg Capital Management -- Analyst

Thank you. Thanks for taking my questions.

Andrew Anagnost -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Thanks.

R. Scott Herren -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Thanks, Gal.

Operator

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Ken Talanian of Evercore ISI. Please go ahead.

Kenneth Talanian -- Evercore ISI -- Analyst

Thanks for taking the question. As you think about the uncertainty related to the second half, could you give us a sense for how you see the billings impact related to demand patterns and linearity differ, if at all between the larger EBA type customers in the smaller volume-oriented ones. And then along those lines, how should we think about the EBA renewal opportunity in the back half of this year versus last?

Andrew Anagnost -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. Ken, we always have, as I just mentioned we always have more EBAs in the second half of the year and in particular in the fourth quarter than we do in the first half of the year. That was -- we know when those EBAs are coming up for renewal and we have the best inside of any of our transactions on the what's happening with the EBAs. So we have a good sense of when those are going to close, that's always been pretty accurately reflected in our outlook. What you see in terms of the adjustment in billings of 50 million adjustment in billings; first of all, certain context, it's a 50 million adjustment at the midpoint on a number that's greater than 4 billion, right. So it's a little more than a 1% adjusted in the full year billings, half of that 50 million roughly, it is strictly FX. The remainder is really localized around the three areas that we talked about, around the UK with concerns over Brexit. And we saw that actually much more so in July than we did in the first two months of the quarter, same with the slowdown in the manufacturing base in Germany, and then with the state-owned enterprises in China. So the adjustment in billings is really a reflection of FX, and then those three kind of localized FX, but I think everyone's feeling not just all of us.

Kenneth Talanian -- Evercore ISI -- Analyst

Understood. And if I may, given that you've already reached about $98 million in ARR from your acquisitions. And I think you're targeting $100 million for the year. How do you kind of thinking about the contribution to the year now?

Andrew Anagnost -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. Super happy with the way the integration is on and [Indecipherable] this as well talk about the numbers. I'm super pleased with that. And the $100 million that you referred to was really what we talk about the PlanGrid. So it'd be slightly higher when you add building connected to that as well. I feel like we're on track, really happy with the way those are performed so far. It's -- those are two really significant transactions to pull in the same quarter and not. We haven't lost a bit of momentum in either one of those. So feeling good about our construction business overall. And I think the interesting point before I hand off to you, Andrew, is not only have we done well with the acquired products the breadth of the portfolio we have in construction now has created an updraft for BIM 360. And we talked about our cloud, our organic cloud ARR growth at 45% for the quarter. BIM 360 is one of the big drivers of that. So we continue to see not just success in construction with the acquired assets, but a bit of a halo effect because of the breadth of that product portfolio on our organic BIM 360 products.

You took all my interesting points.

R. Scott Herren -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

I'm sorry.

Andrew Anagnost -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, look, the construction portfolio is performing really well. That is very unusual to get this kind of first half -- first two quarter performance out of big acquisitions like that, we're happy. On the integration side, senior leaders from the acquired companies are taking senior positions inside the construction solutions team. So we're seeing better and better alignment between those organizations. We have a lot of confidence in where we're going with these things, you see continuing stream of product integrations. Our customers are getting comfortable with our road map. The reason customers accelerated their purchasing of BIM 360 is because basically they just they see the same doing and acting in all the right ways. So they're doubling down in Autodesk and that's nothing, but an excellent sign for how this business is going to grow into next year.

Kenneth Talanian -- Evercore ISI -- Analyst

Great, thanks very much.

Andrew Anagnost -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Thanks, Scott.

Operator

Thank you. Our next question comes from Zane Chrane of Bernstein Research. Your line is open.

Zane Chrane -- Bernstein Research -- Analyst

Hi, thanks for taking my question. I just wanted to dig into manufacturing a little bit more, the 20% growth in manufacturing revenue really was driven by ARR added in Q3 and Q4 of last year. If I look at the annualized value of manufacturing revenue based on number of days in the quarter, its size, looks like it's down about $4 million or $5 million in ACV compared to what it was at the end of Q4. So -- and that's in contrast to pretty strong incremental growth in manufacturing revenue each quarter of fiscal '19, is the weakness in first half on that incremental manufacturing revenue added, is that due to increased churn or lower expansion of existing customers or just a pause and adoption due to the macro uncertainty? Thank you.

Andrew Anagnost -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, I think it's neither, Zane. So to be clear, we -- the 20% growth in manufacturing is in line with the growth in manufacturing we've seen historically over the last two or three quarters that we're not seeing even in the markets that we talked about that the three markets that we talked about having localized impact. We're showing strong double-digit growth even in Germany, which of course is a manufacturing base in itself.

R. Scott Herren -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

In ACV.

Andrew Anagnost -- President and Chief Executive Officer

In an ACV. So we're not seeing that kind of a -- I'm not exactly sure the math that you did there, we're not seeing -- we can pick it up offline. We're not seeing any acceleration or deceleration, significant deceleration on the manufacturing side. Renewal rates were strong across the board. New product subscription growth -- with back to one of the questions that came up earlier was in line and actually slightly higher as what we see in the prior couple of quarters. So the manufacturing space continues to perform well and I think it's a bit of a stand out relative to our peers that are far more manufacturing focused when you look at that growth rate.

R. Scott Herren -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, just even to comment on Germany and we'll just talk about it from a pure ACV standpoint. The ACV growth in Germany was still double-digit, high double-digit growth. What we saw was a gap between our expectations and the growth we were seeing as we headed into the end of the quarter. We have high expectations for that market and those expectations were not getting met in the same kind of pattern that we would have expected in past quarters, but ACV is growing across the board manufacturing. So I think maybe it's something that we would be absolutely good to follow-up on make sure we got the math right there.

Zane Chrane -- Bernstein Research -- Analyst

Okay. That makes sense. Just a quick question on the gap between the results versus your high expectations going in, is the gap more driven by lower expansion than you expected or less adoption from potential new customers?

Andrew Anagnost -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. So what it is mostly a cross-sell and up-sell opportunity slowing down little bit. I'll give one example as we look out into the end of the second half. Accounts in some of the European countries where we expected to see EBA conversions are looking like to be more subscription sales versus the EBAs. So what we're seeing is a little bit of change in behavior at the EBA level and at the up-sell and cross-sell level. And that's really -- that's really what's triggering our caution. And in terms of what we saw during the quarter, we expect a certain level of uptick in the ACV as we get toward the end of the quarter and for the manufacturing in Germany, in particular, we didn't see that uptick in ACV. We're still doing great growing, but we didn't see the uptick we expected toward the numbers we want to see, we took that as an indicator of some slowness.

Zane Chrane -- Bernstein Research -- Analyst

Very helpful, thank you.

Operator

Thank you. Our next question comes from Kash Rangan of Bank of America. Your line is open.

Kash Rangan -- Bank of America -- Analyst

Hey guys, thanks for being completely detailed and transparent with all the disclosures. I was also curious given that we've not seen any meaningful turn in the business so far. How confident that are you that we have levels at the estimates or is it potential no router revisions potentially based on what you might uncover and cover quarter or do you feel that you've seen enough and you've scrubbed the model enough to account for, whatever it is that you saw in July and that we should be OK from this point onwards?

Andrew Anagnost -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, so obviously we spent a lot of time scrubbing the numbers and looking at this and making sure that we were -- we were looking at this in a prudent way. We feel confident that we've set the guide, right? I mean, obviously we're one tweet away from something changing, unless something radical changes in the macro environment. We feel pretty confident given our pipeline visibility to what we're guiding out there right now. And again I just want to reiterate what we did is, we narrowed the range from the top end down, the bottom at constant currency stayed the same right? Prudent measured action relative to what we're seeing out there. We think we've got it right and if you look at something comes from left field, something will come from left field, but we feel like we've got it right and we scrubbed our numbers.

Scott, do you want to comment anything?

R. Scott Herren -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, the only thing I'd add to that, Kash, and it's a great question and I appreciate you asking it, so we can talk about it on the call is that -- as we started to analyze not just where we're headed in the -- with the strength of our pipeline and the overall strength in our renewal rates, which the renewal rate is becoming a bigger and bigger part of our business. Net revenue retention stayed in the same range, renewal rates on a volume basis if anything ticked up modestly of course that picked up slightly sequentially. So, feel good about the core business and we talked about the remaining performance obligations, even the current RPO, right? So those are they're going to turn into revenue in the next 12 months, growing 23% year-on-year. So -- who knows what the next tweet will say, but we feel like we've built in everything that we can see at this point, yeah.

Kash Rangan -- Bank of America -- Analyst

Thanks so much again. Appreciate the transparency.

R. Scott Herren -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, thanks, Kash.

Operator

Thank you. Our next question comes from Richard Davis of Canaccord. Your question please.

Richard Davis -- Canaccord -- Analyst

Thanks. Two quick questions. One, you had a little bit of kind of work on rationalizing kind of the overlapping features between PlanGrid and some pre-existing functionality, how far are you on that? And then on -- second question would be, share repurchase I think you said 253,000. How much is left and can you accelerate that, can you surge that or what's up that, those are two simple questions? Thanks.

Andrew Anagnost -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, Richard, thank you for that. All right. So first off let's talk about how we positioned the portfolio to our customers and port position the breadth of our portfolio, I made it very clear that the BIM 360 products that's going to focus on project management, project centric workflows and all the things associated with managing projects from start to finish and integrating them into the pre-construction workflow. PlanGrid is going to focus on field execution and all the things associated with field execution in the capturing of information in around field execution and communicating that information back up into the global project management environment.

We made progress on multiple fronts. Like I said earlier, we've integrated BIM into PlanGrid and so there is a BIM PlanGrid integration. We've also integrated some BuildingConnected build bid management function into PlanGrid as well. But one of the really exciting things that we're working on and say it's part of the integration strategy is that both the PlanGrid team and the BIM 360 teams have seen the next generation building BIM 360 doc solution we built as being the foundation of what we call a common data environment. This is something we expect out in the AEC industry, it's called CVE. And docs is going to be the foundation of our common data environment in both PlanGrid and BIM -- on all the other core BIM 360 functionality are integrating into that platform, which gives us a great stepping stone, not only to satisfy some pretty complicated requirements around common data environment, but also to bring the products together more rapidly.

So you're going to hear a lot of things from us in the second half of this year, in the first half of next year about how these portfolios are coming together, but our customers get it, they understand and they are buying in more to our solution because they see us acting in the direction of what we said we're going to do.

R. Scott Herren -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

And Richard on your stock buyback question, that you're spot on. So, we spent $40 million during the quarter, year-to-date we spent $140 million. There is no change in our stance on cap allocation. So we'll continue to offset the -- of course support the growth of the company first, look offset the dilution from our equity plans and then return excess cash to shareholders. We've been doing that pretty effectively with a more opportunistic buying pattern. So price grid is based on some Monte Carlo modeling that we do. And during the trading blackout window of course we have to trade under a thin Finb plan. Our trading blackout window began in early July, right, before the most recent market volatility, so that the grid that we had set up necessarily reflect the volatility that we wound up experiencing. At this point, I think you should definitely expect us to be back in the market buying back stock.

Richard Davis -- Canaccord -- Analyst

Super. Thank you so much.

R. Scott Herren -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Thanks, Rich.

Operator

Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Tyler Radke of Citi. Your line is open.

Tyler Radke -- Citi Research -- Analyst

Hey, thanks for squeezing me in here. So you talked about how you think some of these macro issues, there are only a temporary thing or a short-term thing. I guess what gives you the confidence there. And then as you think about your lowered expectations, is it fair to say it's all coming from manufacturing or is there any reduction in your view on AEC? Thanks.

Andrew Anagnost -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. All right. So first off, again, let me just clarify a few things that give us confidence about the short-term impacts method is. One, half of the change in the midpoint of the guide is currency effect, OK? So, let's just make sure we all level set on that, remember it's currency effect. I think that's really important. The other thing that gives us a lot of confidence is our pipeline visibility. We have more visibility because of the changes in some of the models that we have in terms of our go-to market model with the rise of our mid-market programs and our some of our direct programs. We have quite a bit of visibility into our pipeline and we can see into our pipeline we see robust pipeline, we have visibility all the way through to the end of the year and also visibility beyond that. So we feel pretty good that some of these things are short-term effects.

In addition, we don't see anything slowing down with regards to construction and with regards to our piracy conversion work. So if we just -- if we just look at a high level, those things are all kind of short-term impacts on our business. And what was the second part of your question because I thought you asked another clarifying thing about what gave me confidence on the short-term?

Tyler Radke -- Citi Research -- Analyst

Yes, that was just the confidence that it's only a short-term macro part and on the -- I think you kind of answered it, but around the guidance was it all a reduction and manufacturing or was there any incremental cost on AEC?

Andrew Anagnost -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, so there is no incremental view on AEC, the change in guidance came from those FX effects and our view of the impacts of the softness we saw in manufacturing in Germany, the softness we saw in the UK and the gap between our potential in China and what we're actually able to execute on. Those were really the key drivers.

Tyler Radke -- Citi Research -- Analyst

Okay, great. And if I could just sneak in one more for Scott, as you think about kind of some of the expense levers you have, if you continue to see more softness just what's kind of your willingness to maybe pull back on hiring or be more conservative you have to keep free cash flow or profitability targets in place?

R. Scott Herren -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, it's a great question, Tyler. I think we've demonstrated pretty effectively over the last four years sound, spend, discipline. We continue to show to demonstrate sound, spend, discipline. We effectively kept total spend flat for X the acquisitions in Q4, we got total spend flat for four consecutive years. So there will be a bit of an opportunity for us to take up spend, at the same time we're increasing margins. If you look at this year, we talk about spend growth of 9% and margin growth of 12 percentage points of margin year-on-year. I expect margin to expand again into fiscal '21 although there is some pent-up demand percent having been flat for four consecutive years of some pent-up demand. So spending will increase, current course of speed, barring something significantly different happening in the overall macro environment, spending, we'll see a little bit of an increase again in fiscal '21.

Tyler Radke -- Citi Research -- Analyst

Thank you.

Operator

Thank you. At this time, I'd like to turn the call back over to management for any closing remarks.

Abhey Lamba -- Vice President, Investor Relations

Thanks for joining us. This concludes our conference call for today. If you have any questions feel free to contact us. Thank you.

Operator

Thank you, sir. Ladies and gentlemen, this concludes today's conference. Thank you for your participation and have a wonderful day. You may disconnect your lines at this time.

Duration: 64 minutes

Call participants:

Abhey Lamba -- Vice President, Investor Relations

Andrew Anagnost -- President and Chief Executive Officer

R. Scott Herren -- Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Saket Kalia -- Barclays Capital -- Analyst

Philip Winslow -- Wells Fargo -- Analyst

Jay Vleeschhouwer -- Griffin Securities -- Analyst

Heather Bellini -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst

Gal Munda -- Berenberg Capital Management -- Analyst

Kenneth Talanian -- Evercore ISI -- Analyst

Zane Chrane -- Bernstein Research -- Analyst

Kash Rangan -- Bank of America -- Analyst

Richard Davis -- Canaccord -- Analyst

Tyler Radke -- Citi Research -- Analyst

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