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Our size and service offerings allowed us to grow faster than published IT services industry growth rates and we believe that we are well positioned to generate solid above-market revenue growth in the future. During the quarter, we saw strong double-digit revenue growth at Apex Systems and Creative Circle and a return to year-over-year growth at Oxford Core and our Oxford Segment. Our Federal IT services and solutions business, ECS, grew revenues at roughly twice the projected annual growth rate of its peer group for 2018. ECS has grown above its peer group's organic growth rate in the last two quarters since it was acquired by ASGN. Customer demand was strong across our federal, local and mid-market, and large national accounts.

Adjusted EBITDA was up 35.3% year-over-year to $112.9 million and cash generation continues to be at or above our expectations. Free cash flow was $84.6 million and our leverage ratio was 2.89 times trailing 12-month adjusted EBITDA at quarter-end. Year-to-date we have paid down $231 million in debt and expect to pay down at least an additional $60 million before the end of the year, resulting in a leverage ratio at year end of approximately 2.7 times.

With respect to recent production at our Apex and Oxford Segments, our weekly assignment revenues, which excludes conversion, billable expenses and direct placement revenues averaged $56.3 million for the last two weeks, up 13.8% over the same period in 2017. As for ECS, we estimate revenues will range between $160 million and $165 million for the fourth quarter.

Our IT business continues to see high demand from its customers, driven in part by greater adoption of staff augmentation as a viable alternative to outsourcing, offshoring and consulting. We believe that we are well positioned to continue to service our customer's IT needs as technology rapidly evolves and is adopted. We also continue to see signs that the ongoing debate regarding the on demand workforce or gig-economy is accelerating the usage of contract labor. Fractionalization of human capital by using the staffing industry's services is truly the only way to avoid the risk of misclassification of employees as independent contractors. Our customers have and are realizing this, creating attractive secular growth opportunities for the entire industry.

Our Federal IT services and solutions business continues to see new long-term contract awards, robust spending against existing contracts, and the forward positive benefits of increased funding and visibility of defense, intelligence, and federal civilian agency budgets, particularly in the areas of artificial intelligence and machine learning. During the quarter, ECS secured $306.4 million in new awards. George will speak in more detail regarding these recent awards.

I would like to now turn over the call to Ted Hanson, who will review the operations of the segments. Ted?

Theodore Hanson -- President

Thanks, Peter. For the third quarter, all three segments contributed to ASGN's growth. The Apex Segment, which Rand will review, grew 14% year-over-year, which is an increase from the growth rate in Q2 of 2018, and the Oxford Segment grew 2.1% for the third quarter. The Apex and Oxford end markets we serve in IT, Digital/Creative Marketing, Life Sciences and Engineering all remained stable and productive throughout the quarter. Secular changes remain in our favor in regards to how our customers approach solutions to supporting their business and getting projects completed. While our staffing services continue to grow, and we are taking share, our value added service offerings, or consultative work, are growing at a much faster pace.

Now on to the Oxford Segment results. The Oxford Segment is comprised of Oxford Core, CyberCoders, our permanent placement business, and Life Sciences Europe. For the third quarter of 2018, Oxford Segment revenues were $152.8 million, up 2.1% year-over-year. Adjusted for constant currency and same number of billable days, the third quarter revenues grew 3.7% year-over-year. Oxford Core revenues, which account for approximately 75.1% of the segment revenues, were up approximately 2.5% year-over-year, or 3.6% on an adjusted for billable day basis, in line with our expectations. CyberCoders, our permanent placement service offering, which accounts for 96.2% of the segment's permanent placement revenues, had 3.9% growth year-over-year, or 5.6% on an adjusted for billable day basis meeting our initial expectations. Gross margin for the segment was 41.1% performing in-line with expectations, but down 70 basis points year-over-year due in large part to business mix within the segment.

As we typically do, let me give some color on the progress in Oxford Core. We have seen moderate year-over-year revenue growth year-to-date through Q3. Growth was driven by momentum in our domestic IT and Engineering disciplines and strong performance in our European business. It is a longer road to fully institutionalize our sales strategies and build upon the productivity we have created over the last few quarters. However, our results provide us the confidence that our actions have and will lead to better growth and bottom line results in the future.

I will now turn the call over to Rand Blazer. Rand?

Randolph Blazer -- President, Apex Systems

Great, thank you, Ted. The Apex Segment, which consists of Apex Systems, Apex Life Sciences and Creative Circle business units, again reported solid results for the quarter. Revenues for the segment in the third quarter were $589.6 million, up 14% year-over-year. Apex Systems, which accounts for 75.5% of the segment's revenues in the quarter, continues to lead the way with 15.1% year-over-year revenue growth. Our Creative Circle unit again posted double-digit year-over-year growth at 11.3%, and our Life Sciences' unit was up 8.9%.

Gross Margin for the segment was slightly up compared to the previous quarters again reflecting stable pricing in our end markets. Our segment's EBITDA also grew double digits in the quarter and once again outpaced top line growth. Our EBITDA performance and conversion of gross profit to EBITDA was driven by revenue growth and continued strong productivity of our sales, delivery and infrastructure teams. As we usually do on these calls, we give you insights with respect to factors driving Apex Systems performance. Apex Systems' revenue growth again was driven by broad based growth across accounts in all of our industries.

Double-digit revenue growth in four of the seven industry verticals we service including Financial Services, Healthcare, Consumer Industrial, and Technology industry accounts. Of the remaining three industry verticals, Aerospace & Defense and Business Services accounts grew high single digits, while Telecommunications accounts exhibited lower single digit growth year-over-year. Growth was achieved in both our top accounts and retail or branch centric accounts with top accounts again growing double-digits and outpacing our overall revenue growth rates. Retail accounts also experienced high single-digit growth rates. Growth in SOW, our consulting type work remained strong in the quarter and continues to outpace our expectations and our overall revenue growth rate. Finally, as mentioned, field and back office teams exhibited exceptional productivity during the quarter while supporting Apex Systems' EBITDA performance.

Creative Circle grew revenue double-digits in the quarter as I mentioned and continues to exceed our expectations for overall profitability. Generally, the digital marketing end markets remains favorable and we continue to see growth in corporate business as our accounts are shifting more work internally and to us versus using Ad agencies for support. Our Life Sciences business revenue growth was also up, again driven by strength in our top accounts and in our clinical skill areas. Overall, the Apex Segment had yet another solid quarter and continues to significantly outpace the published growth rate of the overall staffing industry.

Now, I'll now turn the call over to George Wilson. George?

George Wilson -- President, ECS

Thanks, Rand. ECS had very good performance in the third quarter, both from a revenue and profitability standpoint. ECS reported revenues of $164 million, an increase of 7.1% year-over-year and 5.7% sequentially. This growth was ahead of the industry average for peer companies operating in the federal IT services space. We have seen continued strong demand for services and solutions in areas of cybersecurity, cloud and artificial intelligence, key business areas for ECS. We have also seen increased funding and customer interest in IT modernization, where ECS is well positioned to support our clients with deep customer knowledge, the required IT skills, and the relevant contract vehicles.

In the third quarter, we received a total of $306.4 million in contract awards across a variety of customers and we continue to see a high level of proposal activity into our fourth quarter. Included in our awards this quarter were new task orders in AI and machine learning work for Defense and Intelligence customers and a new award to support the Army's Integrated Pay and Personnel System, referred to as IPPS-A. With a Q3 book-to-bill ratio of 1.7 to 1, ECS's end of third quarter contract backlog of $1.5 billion equates to a healthy coverage ratio of 2.5 times our trailing 12-month revenue.

In the third quarter, ECS continued to strengthen its technical skills and business partnerships with commercial providers in cloud, cyber, risk management and artificial intelligence. During the third quarter, we were awarded a contract with US Transportation Command, referred to as TRANSCOM, to manage commercial cloud services. More recently we were awarded a contract with the United States Marine Corp to plan and support cloud migrations.

In addition to our premier status with AWS and Microsoft, we were recently designated as a Premier Partner for Google's Cloud Platform. We were also awarded the Machine Learning Competency Status from Amazon Web Services and continues to deliver critical AI solutions to customers in Defense and Intelligence communities. From a profitability standpoint, ECS's adjusted EBITDA grew faster than our revenues in the quarter. We largely attribute the growth in adjusted EBITDA to higher top line revenues, which allow us to leverage our fixed indirect costs over a wider contract base.

I will now turn the call over to Ed Pierce to discuss ASGN's overall financial results. Ed?

Edward Pierce -- Chief Financial Officer

Thanks, George. As Peter mentioned, revenues for the quarter were up 10.5% year-over-year on a pro forma basis and exceeded our previously announced estimates. Our pro forma growth rate was approximately 40 basis points higher than last quarter's growth rate of 10.1%. On a Constant Currency and same Billable Day basis, our pro forma growth rate was approximately 10.9%. Gross margin for the quarter was 29.8%, which was in line with our previously announced estimates.

SG&A for the quarter totaled $177.3 million and were lower than our previously announced estimates. Despite sequential growth in revenue and gross profit, SG&A expenses excluding acquisition and integration-related expenses were flat from the second quarter as a result of favorable variances in compensation and healthcare expenses. Interest expense for the quarter was $14.6 million, down $6 million from the second quarter. The sequential decrease was mainly attributable to one-time expenses of $5.8 million in the second quarter related to the amendment of our credit facility on April 2nd. Interest expense on our credit facility was also down sequentially as a result of principal repayments of $221 million over the last two quarters, partially offset by increases in LIBOR. Our effective tax rate for the quarter was 17.5% or 9 percentage points lower than our previously announced estimate of 26.5%. The lower rate was the result of, one, changes, based on recently issued IRS guidelines, to our provisional estimates for the transitional tax on deemed foreign dividends and the tax treatment of executive compensation. Two, excess tax benefits from stock based compensation of approximately $1.1 million, which we do not include in our guidance estimates. Three, higher employment tax credits. And four, a one-time cash and earnings benefit of approximately $1.8 million related to the acceleration of tax deductions for deferred loan costs into 2017.

On a prospective basis we expect our effective tax rate will range between 26% and 27% for any excess tax benefits from stock based compensation. Net Income for the quarter was $49.2 million, up from $34.9 million in the third quarter of last year, adjusted net Income was $68.7 million, up from $44.1 million in the third quarter of 2017. Adjusted EBITDA for the quarter was $112.9 million, up 12.7% from $100.2 million in the third quarter of last year on a pro forma basis. Cash flows from operating activities were $92.1 million and free cash flow was $84.6 million or 9.3% of revenues. Cash flows benefited from a lower cash tax rate for the quarter, related to the items previously mentioned, as well as the benefit of various tax attributes related to the ECS acquisition. During the quarter, we repaid $88 million of our long-term debt.

For the fourth quarter of 2018 revenues are estimated to range from $905 million to $915 million, which implies growth of 8.8% to 10% on a pro forma basis. Billable days as defined in today's release are estimated to be 60.2 days, up 0.2 days year-over-year and down 2.2 days sequentially. Revenues per billable day for the fourth quarter are estimated to be 3.5% to 4.6% higher than the preceding quarter.

Net income is expected to range from $40.9 million to $44.6 million, adjusted net income to range from $59.2 million to $62.9 million and adjusted EBITDA to range from $107 million to $112 million. Our adjusted net income estimates do not include the cash tax savings related to the amortization deduction for goodwill and trademarks, with savings are approximately $6.8 million quarterly.

I will now turn the call back over to Peter for some closing remarks. Peter?

Peter Dameris -- Chief Executive Officer

Thank you, Ed. As our quarterly results continue to prove out, our scale, size and breadth of services has us well positioned to benefit during a period of historic secular growth for the services industry. Without a doubt,the world of work is changing. Accelerating digital transformation, coupled with favorable labor and immigration legislation and an improving US government market are all market forces occurring in our space. We are optimistic that ASGN is well situated to continue experiencing strong results into the foreseeable future. The entire ASGN team is pleased with our third quarter performance. We look forward to carrying this momentum into the last quarter of 2018.

Our focus remains on growing the business profitably along with maintaining our healthy rate of growth. We would like to once again acknowledge and congratulate our many loyal dedicated and talented employees whose efforts have enabled ASGN to progress to where we are today. Thank you for your time.

I would like to now open the call up to participants for questions. Operator?

Questions and Answers:

Operator

(Operator Instructions) Our first question comes from the line of Kevin McVeigh with Credit Suisse. Please go ahead.

Kevin McVeigh -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst

Great. Thank you, and Peter and team congrats on the results. You just continue to really put a tremendous numbers. Hey, Peter, just any thoughts, number one on, what drove the upside to the estimates which was obviously came in above the high end of the range, just let's start with that and then just what conversions were in the quarter if you could?

Peter Dameris -- Chief Executive Officer

Okay. Well, I'll start and then I'll turn it over to Ted and Rand. First, just on a high level basis, our growth in revenue was driven by increase in hours billed and increase in number of billable consultants. And the least, the smallest contributor was increase in bill rate. Our bill rate, I think in our largest segment Apex, only grew like 1.6%. The real growth was in the number of billable consultants in the hours that they billed. As it relates to specific demands and things that we saw. Rand and Ted -- Rand why don't you go first and Ted follow up with your segment. Rand are you on mute ?

Randolph Blazer -- President, Apex Systems

Yes, I'm sorry. So I guess as you said, Peter, I think the growth is coming across the Board in every industry in every accounts. Kevin, you'll recall, we've -- an investment in our segment is really an investment in a client base in a portfolio of clients that themselves are healthy and are spending money on technology. So if you look at our skills that we're providing, it's across the Board, both the application, the high-end, the growth skills as well as the infrastructure. If you look by industry, you can see pretty much growth across the Board, telecommunications the only ones, a little slower than the others. But it's just our consulting business are growing. Everything I just said, it's kind of across the Board and I think it's a lot of bread and butter work that the clients are doing to themselves continue to achieve efficiency and cost effectiveness in their internal operations.

Peter Dameris -- Chief Executive Officer

Ted, do you want to add something?

Theodore Hanson -- President

Yeah, I would just add and maybe that by division if you looked at it, Apex Systems and Apex Life Sciences and ECS all came in above where they were, so in that way it was pretty broad based and the rest of our units came in basically in line with where we expected.

Kevin McVeigh -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst

Got it. And then, Peter, this is more just the thrust obviously with the stocks didn't related (ph) to the market. I mean, it seems pretty clear there is no recessionary clouds on the horizon. But can you just kind of take us through the process like what client conversations you're like here versus heading into the last cycle? This way, we can frame a more realistic case for investors.

Peter Dameris -- Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, I mean, all I can do is give you an insight into how we view our business. Our businesses haven't -- has never had a larger backlog or visibility than it does today because of the ECS and also the SOW work that we're doing at Apex. On top of, as you know, Apex's business, it tends to be more mission-critical than it is CapEx driven. The second thing is, our business really with greater adoption, really can exist and perform satisfactory in any environment except job destruction. Because more and more work is being performed with contract labor, outsource labor, offshore labor, project consulting labor versus internal labor. So as long as there's not job destruction, work has to be performed and our model can take market share from other models.

And finally, as you see from our results, our profit margin is very durable, because we have a very, very small contribution of profit derived from permanent placement, that's just not our model. I mean, we do, do permanent placement at the request of our customers and to stay close to our customers and not to invite competitors into our meaningful accounts. But if you look at our contribution from perm and conversion fees, it's less than 4%, it's about 4% of revenue. So we feel equally confident with regard to our ability to generate attractive margins, profit margins in the event of an economic slowdown.

So I don't -- everything is cyclical, GDP growth drives certain decisions, but so much of the money that's being spent with us is -- must have where customers are digitizing their business and automating their businesses, and it's not replenishing inventories. And then, George, why don't you give him a little bit of an insight into the government space in your backlog and spending today versus two, three years ago, because of budgets, et cetera.

George Wilson -- President, ECS

Yeah, sure. Peter. What we've said in the call, so what we're really seeing is a lot more money throwing into the AI/ML projects that we're doing and also our cloud services, also IT modernization, all tying back to our customers feeling. A) more comfortable with the technologies and B) more comfortable with the budgets and such. So -- and all the IT modernizations include cloud and cyber components, and as I mentioned, our AI/ML which is really targeted at this point in time in defense areas, but we look forward to providing AI/ML solutions in things like document management, document review and business analytics down in the future. And again it all ties back, like Peter said, they're feeling a lot -- our customers are feeling much more comfortable with the current budget environment.

Kevin McVeigh -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst

Very helpful. Congrats again. Thank you.

Operator

All right. Now we'll go to the line of Gary Bisbee with Bank of America Merrill Lynch. Please go ahead.

Gary Bisbee -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst

Hey, guys. My congrats as well on the quarter. I guess a couple of questions. The consulting or SOW work at Apex, you talked a lot about at the Investor Day. I guess the question for me is, is this getting you deeper into customers, is that really the driving force behind doing it, you've got a relationship and this allows you to get more share, if you will, or is it just there is a shift in each what they want from you in that, that's more what you're seeing in complexity?

Peter Dameris -- Chief Executive Officer

So, I'll let Rand address that, but it's really not something that we've come up with that we're selling into the customer, truly the customer who's driving us in a collaborative fashion to work with them. Rand?

Randolph Blazer -- President, Apex Systems

You said it right, Peter. It's just, Gary, it's about serving the account, serving the client. And what they found is our efficiency in the relationship we already had with them and with high performance support they've said hey how about this, how about that, can you help us here? And we've stepped into that and served and provided that support, and it just builds on itself. Does it in fact end up strengthening the relationship after the fact? Of course, it does. But we had to have it first and just as Peter said, it's just about focusing on providing real value to the client.

Gary Bisbee -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst

And should we think that there is any real meaningful difference in economics of those relative to the -- how your Apex businesses performed or is it, are you able to do that at a level that's not much better, not much worse?

Peter Dameris -- Chief Executive Officer

Rand?

Randolph Blazer -- President, Apex Systems

Yeah. The economics of the consulting work are a little stronger than the traditional staffing work. But I'll emphasize again, Gary, if it's hand and foot, they go together, you have to be excellent in both sides of that and strengthen the relationship. But you can get a little better -- look, you're taking on more value creation for the client, and you're taking on some risk although it's manageable risk given the way we've set this up. So by virtue of that, you're going to get better economics as long as you can execute correctly.

Peter Dameris -- Chief Executive Officer

I would just add, Gary, that the sales cycles are little bit longer and the length of the assignments tend to be -- the projects tend to be a little bit longer.

Gary Bisbee -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst

Okay, that's helpful. Thanks. And then maybe one for Ed. I think all of your debt at this point is floating rate given that you've taken debt up and down, but maintained the balance for a while. Is there any desire given the way rates are trending to lock any of that in or are you comfortable with the balance sheet the way you do? Thank you.

Edward Pierce -- Chief Financial Officer

Well, we're considering a lot of things.

Peter Dameris -- Chief Executive Officer

What I would share with you Ed, because we're in the midst of considering and right now is that the CLO market is relatively attractive where there might be an opportunity to reprice our debt downward again. And so we don't look to fix the rate at this point, mostly because we're deleveraging so quickly. Our absolute cost -- dollars out the door to service, our interest expense is down year-over-year because we're paying down debt so rapidly. So I don't think you'll see us fix in that rate, Gary, and I don't think it's going to create a lot of volatility to the P&L.

Gary Bisbee -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst

Yeah, no, I guess, I was more thinking you might want to buyback some stock given what's happened lately and if that led to keep not paying debt down so quickly at some point that maybe it might make sense, but, fair enough that's a good answer. I appreciate it guys. Thank you.

Operator

Right now we'll go to the line of Jeff Silber with BMO Capital Market. Go ahead, your line is open.

Jeff Silber -- BMO Capital Market -- Analyst

Thank you so much. I noticed in your supplemental material, excuse me, when you talk about the number of staffing consultants, we got ramp-up in the number staffing consultants hired at Apex. I know you typically do that in 3Q, but I'm just curious, was there anything driving that specifically and what are your internal hiring plans going forward?

Peter Dameris -- Chief Executive Officer

So, Ted?

Theodore Hanson -- President

Thanks. You know up a little bit in third quarter, but in response to business opportunity. I think going forward, we won't be hiring ahead or behind, we'll be matching it up with the opportunity in the market. You typically see us add to headcount, but not at the -- as faster rate as we grow the business and that's really what we're shooting for over an long window of time.

Jeff Silber -- BMO Capital Market -- Analyst

And would that hold true in your other divisions as well?

Theodore Hanson -- President

That's how we treat the other divisions as well.

Jeff Silber -- BMO Capital Market -- Analyst

Okay, great. And then, Peter, when you answered the question about the upside, you did mention that billing rates, overly up, I think about 1% in Apex, if I remember correctly. Was there any specific reason? Was it a mix shift issue? Are you seeing pushbacks on increases? Any color would be great.

Peter Dameris -- Chief Executive Officer

Well, I'll go first and I'll pass it on to Rand. Our business model was such that we have deep meaningful ongoing relationships with Fortune 400 companies, Jeff. And I can't tell you precisely how much we're going to do each year with them, but I know we're going to do a meaningful amount of work with them each year. So our pricing model is not as dynamic as someone who is putting one or two people in a retail account. And there are customer who has 50 internal employees where we're just taking advantage of the supply/demand imbalance. We're building a relationship that's durable, do tight labor market and otherwise. So I don't think you would ever expect the wage and -- the bill rate increase you see at other smaller retail IT services businesses translating to what we're seeing in our market. Rand, would you add or subtract to that please?

Randolph Blazer -- President, Apex Systems

Yeah. Well, Peter, again you said most of it right on. Jeff, listen, I don't think given our client base and the nature of our contracts with the clients, we are not negotiating bill rates every day, we're usually setting bill rate today a year or two ahead into these master service agreements and then we're executing against those. We will get reliefs in bill rates if it's a tough skill set or a tough -- in a tough geography or if it's a consulting piece of work and we can mix together a different theme. But those are the times where we'll get some change in the bill rate composition. And our bill rates are increasing this past year a little close to 2%. Pay rates by the way not -- are a little below that number, which is allowing us to add to our margin. But, Jeff, it's not, don't think of this as a day to day auction, this is I think longer term, as Peter implied, contracts and relationships in bill rates. And so we have to find labor that fits to bill rates to the client and/or get relief, which we do on occasion.

Jeff Silber -- BMO Capital Market -- Analyst

Okay. Really appreciate you guys clarifying that. Thanks so much.

Operator

All right. Now we'll go to the line of Edward Caso from Wells Fargo. Please go ahead.

Edward Caso -- Wells Fargo -- Analyst

Hi, good evening. Could you talk a little bit about the noise out of Washington with the Trump administration squeezing tighter on professional visas particularly H-1Bs. If that has had any indirect impact on your business, are you hearing any concerns from your clients?

Peter Dameris -- Chief Executive Officer

So, Ed, we're pretty well verged on this for a number of reasons. There was an enormous amount of abuse of the H-1B visa system with regard to whether people were truly advertising and offering a prevailing wage, who was the true employer of record. And the lottery system where true Indian body shops where outsourcers were overwhelming the visa lottery system. Whereas, an offshore may put in 39 visa lotteries and someone like a Google or an Apple or Facebook -- and this is all public data, might put in a 1,000 applications.

And if you look at the data, the visa applications that were awarded to the defined (ph) stock names, the big tech names, were paying these people on average a $110,000 a year. And the visas that were awarded to the body, the offshore body shops, the average was about $71,000. So the true talent was getting squeezed out just because of the lottery system and the gaming of the situation. So what the Trump administration really has done is tightened up on really requiring strict adherence to the rules about prevailing wage publication, amendments et cetera. And that has forced to greater attention and focus on domestic labor. We're fortunate in our business that added 23,000 people. I've gone by memory, but less than a 1,000 of them are really on H-1B visas. These are truly green carded or domestic labor people. So it makes our model a lot more credible and reliable that the people are going to be available to perform the work, there's not a threat of a visa not being timely awarded.

So it's actually helped our business. It hasn't hurt it. And it actually has helped the American tech worker. And so -- and so where there was a wage arbitrage, that's being eliminated by the adherence to prevailing wage. And the other thing that's also going to be changing how these visas are awarded is, the lower-end stuff is getting automated. So some of the lower-end stuff that was being done with cheap offshore labor is getting automated. And those visas just aren't going to be applied for.

Edward Caso -- Wells Fargo -- Analyst

A question on the government side, of the $306 million, how much is sort of new-new work and how much is sort of repeat -- recompete or extensions?

Peter Dameris -- Chief Executive Officer

George?

George Wilson -- President, ECS

Yeah, it's new work, new task orders coming from our customers and then a competitive awards that we've gotten.

Edward Caso -- Wells Fargo -- Analyst

That is none of it that is just sort of ongoing work that you sustained?

George Wilson -- President, ECS

No. No.

Edward Caso -- Wells Fargo -- Analyst

And my last request is that, Ed Pierce repeats the tax reasons 4 times fast, so -- but thanks, congrats.

Edward Pierce -- Chief Financial Officer

All right. Well, everybody enjoyed that.

Operator

And now we'll go to line of Tobey Sommer with SunTrust. Please go ahead.

Tobey Sommer -- SunTrust -- Analyst

Thank you. With respect to consultative services and SOW work, what do you feel like the differentiators are? If you are taking share. Why?

Peter Dameris -- Chief Executive Officer

Well, the differentiator is that it's -- we are not envisioning or architecting the solution, but the customer is making a conscious decision that they're going to retain a little more of the responsibility of the project on the envisioning, the architecture and some of the project consulting and then giving some to us. And by having that blended project development Tobey, they can avoid the complete higher end project consulting. So to the extent that the projects customization or it's the carry-on, I mean, adjusted embedded software, they feel comfortable on doing that and they are using a more cost effective, control and visibility delivery model than just the old project consulting. So, vis-a-vis taking market share from a particular competitor, I don't think that's what we're really trying to focus on. We're just saying that our delivery model is shared resources or shared responsibility is taking market share from other deployment models.

Tobey Sommer -- SunTrust -- Analyst

Okay, thanks, Peter. How would you describe the competitive threat (technical difficulty) from new online platforms?

Peter Dameris -- Chief Executive Officer

I'm sorry, you broke up a little bit. Could you repeat it?

Tobey Sommer -- SunTrust -- Analyst

Yeah. How would you describe the competitive threat or lack thereof from new online platforms?

Peter Dameris -- Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. So it varies by company. But if you really look at some of the noise in the marketplace right now for things like Takl, TaskRabbit, Upworks. If you really dive into the revenue streams, we're not competitors at all. I mean, first of all, one of them just went public and they got $250 million of revenue and 83% of the revenue comes from North America and they call our core customers, somebody that paid $100 in fees to them over the past 12 months. And the vast majority of the business is non-IT. So it's -- those models I think are durable on a business-to-consumer basis. If you need someone to clean your gutters, walk your dog, give you a massage, maybe even do a static web page and you're not a Fortune 400 company that has to worry about labor department audits and HR and legal department reviewing what you're doing and you're not worried about cyber and personal security, you may use one of those kind of marketplaces.

But you see what our growth rate is, and it continues to grow. And so those really are on the IT space, the clinical research and especially in the government space, meaningful threat, and they've been around forever. Look, if you are able to go back in history and look at the job postings on Craigslist, Craigslist has been putting graphic designers and content writers on their postings forever. So this isn't -- these businesses have been around for some time and they're still relatively small vis-a-vis the total spend in IT. And so I don't see on a true commercial basis that they're a threat.

Now with that said, I think they have an application if you're working with day laborers and there's been a rock concert in Central Park and you need people to come pickup trash or breakdown the event facilities and you only need them for two or three days, but SunTrust is not finding somebody off of Upworks to go help them with the mobile banking app, we're just not seeing that.

Tobey Sommer -- SunTrust -- Analyst

Thank you, appreciate that. What's your strategy for internal investments in consultant headcount growth?

Peter Dameris -- Chief Executive Officer

Well, I'm going to let Ted speak to that again, just I'll reiterate what he said, that's steady state. We have the privilege that we have never held back on our investments. So there's no deferred maintenance here. And you'd not once heard through this whole period from us that things are so strong, we're adding ahead of the curve and it's going to affect our profits, we're exactly the opposite. Ted, why don't you give him more granularity to where you see maybe bigger spend?

Theodore Hanson -- President

I think that's it, Peter, I mean, I don't think I have too much to add. It's a steady state, and we'll keep adding where there's better for a business opportunity, we'll keep working internally on different things that we think make us more productive or efficient from an automation and toolset standpoint, but it's steady as we go there.

Tobey Sommer -- SunTrust -- Analyst

Thanks. Last one is just a numbers question. What was the leverage ratio at the close of ECS? Thank you.

Peter Dameris -- Chief Executive Officer

Yes, it was 3.7 on April 2, 2018.

Tobey Sommer -- SunTrust -- Analyst

Thank you very much.

Operator

All right. Now we'll go to the line of Tim McHugh from William Blair. Please go ahead.

Tim McHugh -- William Blair -- Analyst

Thanks. Most of my questions has been asked, but just on ECS that backlog number I know given the acquisition, there is some noise, but can you give us a sense of the backlog growth rate that you're seeing on a year-over-year basis?

Peter Dameris -- Chief Executive Officer

So, George I want you to answer that more on a historic qualitative basis, but we have not published your historical quarterly backlog. So just kind of compare it form of what you've seen in prior cycles and historically, if you could.

George Wilson -- President, ECS

Yeah, sure. And I have been with the company for almost seven years now and this is a very, very healthy pipeline that we have as well as the submitted waiting award. I'll say last quarter reported at 2.3 times our coverage ratio, so that's going a bit 2.3 or 2.4, so it is accelerating. We have moved now to 2.5 in terms of the backlog, OK?

Peter Dameris -- Chief Executive Officer

Thanks.

Operator

All right. And now from the line of Mark Marcon from Robert W. Baird. Please go ahead.

Mark Marcon -- Robert W. Baird -- Analyst

Good afternoon. I was wondering if you could give us a little bit more color with regards to the guidance outside of ECS, specifically within Apex. Would you assume that Apex Systems will continue to lead the way in terms of the growth followed by creative and that maybe Life Sciences ends up being the slowest grower, but still solid?

Peter Dameris -- Chief Executive Officer

One, Mark, I'd tell you, we gave you the two weeks revenues exiting the quarter. We exited the quarter with good momentum, fortunate for us our largest division grew the fastest and we kind of continue to expect that. Our next largest division outside of ECS grew 11.3% and the Apex Life Sciences grew but it's the smallest division. And it was -- it had I think 8.9% growth this year, but it's on a much smaller base of revenue. So I think what you'll takeaway from my kind of wondering comments is that momentum was good exiting the quarter.

Mark Marcon -- Robert W. Baird -- Analyst

Great. I got that. I was just thinking about Apex Systems, specifically. With regards to the statement of work business, can you talk a little bit about how much that has grown or what percentage of the revenue it is at this point?

Peter Dameris -- Chief Executive Officer

Rand, give him some qualitative comments. We're not prepared to break that out on a specific revenue basis yet, but give him some qualitative comments if you would please.

Randolph Blazer -- President, Apex Systems

Yeah, so Mark, first of all, it's growing faster than the numbers we posted for Apex Systems overall. So if Apex Systems in the quarter was 15.1%, consulting is growing faster than that, that's the first data point. Does that answer your question for do we --

Mark Marcon -- Robert W. Baird -- Analyst

I was wondering magnitude of --

Randolph Blazer -- President, Apex Systems

The magnitude of consulting?

Mark Marcon -- Robert W. Baird -- Analyst

Right.

Randolph Blazer -- President, Apex Systems

Well, it's certainly double-digit percent of our revenues. I think it's -- we haven't given that number. We spent the last ex number of years jumping into providing more value to the clients and it's becoming material and it's an important part of how we serve the client. So -- but it's definitely into the double-digit range now and as a percent of our revenues overall in Apex Systems. And by the way, Creative, Life Sciences and the Oxford team also have consulting revenues in their client in account base.

Mark Marcon -- Robert W. Baird -- Analyst

Great. And then with regards to the bill rate increases and the wage rate increases, what are you anticipating, particularly on the wage rates and how's that impacting recruiting trends in terms of kind of fill rates, and just when we think about the tightness of the labor market?

Peter Dameris -- Chief Executive Officer

Rand?

Randolph Blazer -- President, Apex Systems

Well, I think we've watched our pay rates. Our pay rates are migrating up not as fast as the bill rates in general, but I would say it's obviously different market by different skill types. So there are some skills that are in higher demand, it may have less availability in certain regions around the country. But for the most part, the IT world I think we've talked about this before, has been in a very high employment status for years. And so while the overall economy is now had a 3.7% unemployment rate, IT is already been a very low unemployment rate.

So it's nothing new from what we've seen over the years. And I think, remember, people are rotating off the jobs constantly and we've built a certain brand awareness and loyalty with a candidate base, if you will, that knows that not just what the pay rate is but certain benefits and healthcare, medical insurance and pay time off and 401K opportunities. So -- as well as technical training and continued support and almost a concierge service to help them through some of their issues.

So it's a combination of things that I think keep that factory there, but we haven't -- look, knocking on wood, we haven't run into a situation where we found a big disconnect between what we need and what we can provide our clients.

Mark Marcon -- Robert W. Baird -- Analyst

Great. And then with regards to the SG&A this past quarter, it was actually a little bit lower than what we were looking for even though there were headcount additions. What was the key driver for that?

Edward Pierce -- Chief Financial Officer

Mark, as we said in our prepared remarks, we had some favorable variances in certain expenses and we're also giving guidance obviously for Q4. And we expect it to be on a cash basis before acquisition related expenses, about 18% of revenues on a go-forward basis, at least in near term.

Mark Marcon -- Robert W. Baird -- Analyst

Great. Thank you.

Operator

(Operator Instructions) And there are no more questions at this time. Please go ahead.

Peter Dameris -- Chief Executive Officer

All right. Well, thank you for your attention and we look forward to reporting our fourth quarter results. Everyone have a good evening. Thank you.

Operator

Ladies and gentlemen, that does conclude your conference for today. Thank you for your participation and using AT&T Teleconference. You may now disconnect.

Duration: 50 minutes

Call participants:

Laura Bainbridge -- Managing Director

Peter Dameris -- Chief Executive Officer

Theodore Hanson -- President

Randolph Blazer -- President, Apex Systems

George Wilson -- President, ECS

Edward Pierce -- Chief Financial Officer

Kevin McVeigh -- Credit Suisse -- Analyst

Gary Bisbee -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst

Jeff Silber -- BMO Capital Market -- Analyst

Edward Caso -- Wells Fargo -- Analyst

Tobey Sommer -- SunTrust -- Analyst

Tim McHugh -- William Blair -- Analyst

Mark Marcon -- Robert W. Baird -- Analyst

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