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Also, please note that certain financial measures we use on this call are expressed on a non-GAAP basis and have been adjusted to exclude certain charges. We have provided reconciliations of these non-GAAP financial measures to GAAP financial measures in our earnings press release. With that, I will turn the call over to Jayshree.

Jayshree Ullal -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Thank you, Liz. Thank you, everyone, for joining us this afternoon for our fourth quarter 2023 earnings call. 2023 has been another memorable year for Arista. We gave initial guidance of 25% year-over-year revenue growth and instead achieved well beyond that at 33.8%, driving revenue to $5.86 billion, coupled with a record non-GAAP earnings per share for the year of $6.94, up in excess of 50% annually.

Back to some Q4 specifics, we delivered revenues of $1.54 billion for the quarter with a non-GAAP record earnings per share of $2.08 due to a one-time favorable tax rate. Services and software support renewals contributed approximately 17% of revenue. Our non-GAAP gross margins of 65.4% was influenced by improving supply chain and greater enterprise mix. International contributions for the quarter registered at 22.3%, with the Americas at 77.7%.

This was one of our strongest-performing international quarters in recent history. Shifting to annual sector revenue for 2023, Cloud Titans contributed significantly at approximately 43%. Enterprises, including financials, was strong at approximately 36% while the providers were at 21%. Both Meta and Microsoft are greater than 10% customer concentration at 21% and 18%, respectively.

Despite multiple capex reductions last year and the normal volatility of cloud titan and AI pivots, we cherish our privileged status with both M&M. Speaking of AI, in fall of 2023, Andy and I attended the 50th golden anniversary of Ethernet at the Computer History Museum. It truly is a reminder of how civilian widely deployed Ethernet is with the speed increasing by orders of magnitude from a shared collision 2.95 megabits for file, print, and share to a terabyte Ethernet switching in the AI and ML era. AI workloads are placing greater demands on Ethernet as they are both data and compute-intensive across thousands of processes today.

Basically, AI at scale needs Ethernet at scale. AI workloads cannot tolerate the delays in the network because the job can only be completed after all flows are successfully delivered to the GPU clusters. All it takes is one culprit or worst-case link to throttle an entire AI workload. Three improvements are being pioneered by Arista and the founding members of the Ultra Ethernet Consortium to improve job completion time.

Number one, packet SPRING. AI network topology needs packet SPRING to allow every flow to simultaneously access all parts of the destination. Arista is developing multiple forms of load balancing dynamically with our customers. Two is flexible ordering.

Key to an AI job completion is the rapid and reliable bulk transfer with flexible ordering using Ethernet links to optimally balance AI-intensive operations, unlike the rigid ordering of InfiniBand. Arista is working closely with its leading vendors to achieve this. Finally, network congestion. In AI networks, there's a common in-cost congestion problem whereby multiple uncoordinated senders can send traffic to the receiver simultaneously.

Arista's platforms are purpose-built and designed to avoid this kind of hotspots, evenly spreading the load across multi-packs across a virtual output queuing VOQ losses fabric. In terms of annual 2023 product lines, our core, which consists of cloud, AI, and data center products, are built upon our highly differentiated Arista extensible operating software system stack. It is successfully deployed across 10, 25, 100, 200, and 400-gig speeds. Our cloud networking products deliver power-efficient, high-availability zones without doubling the cost of redundancy as data centers demand insatiable bandwidth capacity and network speeds for both the front-end and back-end storage and compute clusters.

The core drove approximately 65% of our revenue. We continue to gain share in our highest performance switching of 100, 200, and 400-gig ports to attain the No. 1 position at approximately 40-plus percent according to industry analysts. We have increased our 400-gig customer base of 600 customers in 2022 to approximately 800 customers in 2023.

We expect both 400- and 800-gigabit Ethernet will emerge as important pilots for AI back-end GPU clusters. We are cautiously optimistic about achieving our AI revenue goal of at least $750 million in AI networking in 2025. Our second market is network adjacencies comprised of routing, replacing routers, and our Cognitive Campus workspaces. We continue to make progress in campus, aiming for the $750 million revenue by 2025 that we have shared at many Analyst Days.

Our investments in cognitive wired and wireless, zero-touch provisioning, and the introduction of AGNI, Arista Guardian for Network Identities, as well as AVA Sensor. The threat mitigation is resonating well with our campus customers. The post-pandemic campus is seeking network-as-a-service overlays and Zero Trust network embedded in with high availability, observability, and consistency across our OS and management domains. We are also successfully deployed in many routing edge and peering use cases.

Just in 2023 alone, we introduced six EOS software releases across 600 new features and 50 platforms. In fall of 2023, we introduced our WAN Routing System with a focus on scale, encryption, and WAN transit routing capabilities. It has positioned us well, giving our customers a seamless enterprise LAN and WAN portfolio. The campus and routing adjacencies together contribute approximately 19% of revenue.

Our third category is network software and services based on subscription models such as Arista A-Care, CloudVision, DANZ monitoring fabric or DMF observability, and advanced threat sensors for network detection and response. Arista's subscription-based network services and software contributed approximately 16% of the total revenue. We surpassed 2,400 cumulative customers with CloudVision, pivotal to building a modern operating model for the enterprise. Please note that perpetual software licenses are not included here and are counted inside the core or adjacent markets.

While 2023's headline has been mostly about AI, we are pleased with the momentum of enterprise and provider customers as well. Arista continues to diversify its business globally with multiple use cases and verticals. We have more than doubled our enterprise revenue in the last three years and we are becoming the gold standard for client-to-cloud-to-AI networking with one EOS and one CloudVision foundation. Our $1 million customer logos increased steadily in 2023 at approximately 35% as a direct result of our campus and enterprise momentum.

Three principles continue to differentiate us as we are poised to be a market share gainer in the enterprise: one, best-in-class, highly available proactive products with resilience and hitless upgrades at multiple levels; two, zero-touch automation for predictive client-to-cloud one-click operations that relies less on human staff or manual operations and is instead software-driven; and finally, prescriptive insights based on AI/ML Autonomous Virtual Assist, AVA, algorithms for increased security, observability and root cause analysis. Our foundational network data lake architecture and the ability to gather, store and process multiple modalities of network data is the only way to reconcile all the incongruent silos for network operators. While legacy vendors that are 30 to 40 years old are aiming for consolidation, Arista remains the only pure-play networking innovator, earning top spots in Forrester Wave's programmable switching and customer validation in Gartner's Voice of Customer for campus in 2023. In December 2023, we conducted one of our largest customer events called Innovate in Vegas.

While not my most favorite location, our customers and prospects found it very exciting and compelling for their network transformation initiatives. They resonate deeply with our Arista 2.0 vision, building best-of-breed data-driven networking platforms. In summary, as we wrap up another fantastic year in 2023, I am so proud of the team's execution across multiple dimensions. They have all worked tirelessly to improve our operational metrics such as lead times, gross margin, and on-time shipments.

Simply put, we outpaced the industry in quality, support, and innovation. We set the direction for the future of networking, working intimately with our strategic customers. Despite limited visibility at this time, we reiterate our double-digit growth of 10% to 12% from Analyst Day, aiming for approximately $6.5 billion in 2024. With that, I'd like to turn it one last time to review our financial metrics with Ita Brennan.

Ita?

Ita Brennan -- Chief Financial Officer

Thanks, Jayshree, and good afternoon. This analysis of our Q4 and full year 2023 results and our guidance for Q1 2024 is based on non-GAAP and excludes all noncash stock-based compensation impacts, certain acquisition-related charges, and other nonrecurring items. A full reconciliation of our selected GAAP to non-GAAP results is provided in our earnings release. Total revenues in Q4 were $1.54 billion, up 20.8% year over year and toward the upper end of our guidance of $1.5 billion to $1.55 billion.

Services and subscription software contributed approximately 17% of revenue in the fourth quarter, up from 16.8% in Q3. International revenues for the quarter came in at $343.5 million or 22.3% of total revenue, up from 21.5% last quarter. This quarter-over-quarter increase largely reflected a healthy contribution from our in-region EMEA customers. Overall gross margin in Q4 was 65.4%, well above our guidance of approximately 63% and up from 63.1% last quarter.

As a recap for the year, we continue to see incremental improvements in gross margin quarter over quarter with higher enterprise shipments and better supply chain costs somewhat offset by the need for additional inventory reserves as customers refine their forecast product mix. Operating expenses for the quarter were $262.7 million or 17.1% of revenue, up from last quarter at $255.6 million. R&D spending came in at $165 million or 10.7% of revenue, consistent with last quarter, reflecting lower levels of new product introduction costs versus what we experienced in the first half of 2023 and what we expect for the first half of 2024. This reflects the timing of prototype and other costs associated with the development of next-generation products.

Sales and marketing expenses were $83.4 million or 5.4% of revenue, up from $79 million last quarter, with increases -- increased sales compensation and travel costs. Our G&A costs came in at $14.3 million or 0.9% of revenue, up from $12.1 million last quarter, reflecting some seasonal fourth-quarter spending. Our operating income for the quarter was $744 million or 48.3% of revenue. Other income and expense for the quarter was a favorable $54.5 million, and our effective tax rate was 16.8%.

The lower-than-normal quarterly tax rate reflected the release of tax reserves due to the expiration of the statute limitations and some true-up of jurisdictional earnings mix. This resulted in net income for the quarter of $664.3 million or 43.1% of revenue. Our diluted share number was 318.85 million shares, resulting in a diluted earnings per share number for the quarter of $2.08, up 47.5% from the prior year. Now, turning to the balance sheet.

Cash, cash equivalents, and investments ended the quarter at approximately $5 billion. We did not repurchase shares of our common stock in the quarter. To recap our repurchase program to date, we have repurchased $855.5 million or 8 million shares at an average price of $107 per share under our current $1 billion board authorization. This leaves $144.5 million available for repurchase in future quarters.

The actual timing and amount of future repurchases will be dependent on market and business conditions, stock price, and other factors. Now, turning to operating cash performance for the fourth quarter. We generated approximately $526.5 million of cash from operations in the period, reflecting strong earnings performance, combined with some increase in deferred revenue, offset by reductions in taxes payable. DSOs come at 61 days, up from 51 days in Q3, reflecting the timing of shipments and seasonal strength in service renewal billings.

Inventory turns were 1.07 times, down slightly from 1.1 last quarter. Inventory increased slightly to $1.95 billion, reflecting the ongoing receipt and consumption of components from our purchase commitments and an increase in switch-related finished goods. Our purchase commitments at the end of the quarter were $1.59 billion, down from $2 billion at the end of Q3. We expect to continue to reduce our overall purchase commitment number.

However, we will maintain a healthy position related to key components, especially as we focus on new products. Our total deferred revenue balance was $1.51 billion, up from $1.195 billion in Q3. The majority of the deferred revenue balance is services-related and directly linked to the timing and term of service contracts, which can vary on a quarter-by-quarter basis. Our product deferred revenue balance increased approximately $153 million over last quarter.

This was ahead of our expectations for the quarter and yet again shows that this balance can move significantly on a quarterly basis. As of now, we expect the spend this balance to decline somewhat in Q1 '24 and still be up significantly from Q3 '23 levels. Accounts payable days were 72 days, up from 44 days in Q3, reflecting the timing of inventory receipts and payments. Capital expenditures for the quarter were $6 million.

I would now like to turn the call back to Jayshree. Jayshree?

Jayshree Ullal -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Thank you, Ita, first of all, for an incredible eight and a half years as our chief financial officer. We're going to miss you a lot and wish you all the best in your next innings. And if you ever miss an earnings call, please come, we'll invite you for one. Now, to describe our Q1 2024 guidance, it's my pleasure to introduce our incoming chief financial officer, Chantelle Breithaupt, for her very first earnings call at Arista.

Welcome, Chantelle.

Chantelle Breithaupt -- Incoming Chief Financial Officer

Thank you, Jayshree. Ita, congratulations on all that you achieved during your tenure as Arista. Your partnership during our transition is greatly appreciated. Since joining Arista, I've been impressed by both the outstanding leadership team and the highly innovative engineering team to both serve a set of marquee customers that are redefining the future of networking.

Arista began shipping products in 2008. And in 15 years, the annual bandwidth of the data centers has grown 350-fold. In just the past two years, the annual bandwidth has doubled with Arista shipping a cumulative 75 million ports in that time frame. Our acceleration of the data center switching market in recent quarters is evidenced by our market share gains in the 20-plus percent range of both ports and dollars.

I am thrilled to be joining Arista at such an exciting time. Now, turning to our outlook for the first quarter of 2024 and the remainder of the fiscal year. We remain confident with our Analyst Day view, which called for fiscal year 2024 revenue growth of 10% to 12%. This reflects our outlook for moderated cloud spending after multiple years of accelerated growth, combined with a continued growth trajectory in the enterprise business.

For gross margin, we reiterate the range for the fiscal year of 62% to 64% with Q1 '24 expected to be at the lower end due to a heavier cloud mix, including some expected release of deferred revenue. In terms of spending, we expect to invest in gross spending faster than revenue, in line with our Analyst Day view, with an operating margin of approximately 42% in 2024. This incremental investment may include go-to-market resourcing and increased new product introduction costs to support our product road map. This latter trend is already evident in Q1 '24 as R&D is expected to rebound from the unusually low levels in the second half of 2023.

On the cash front, we will continue to work to reduce our working capital investments and drive some further reduction in inventory as we move through the year. Our structural tax rate is expected to remain at 21.5%, back to the usual historical rate, up from the unusually low one-time rate of 16.8% experienced last quarter Q4 FY '23. With all of this as a backdrop, our guidance for the first quarter, which is based on our non-GAAP results and excludes any noncash stock-based compensation impacts and other nonrecurring items is as follows: revenues of approximately $1.52 billion to $1.56 billion, gross margin of approximately 62% and operating margin at approximately 42%. Our effective tax rate is expected to be approximately 21.5%, with approximately 319.5 million diluted shares.

In summary, I am excited to lead Arista 2.0 journey as CFO. We will migrate our best-of-breed products to best-of-breed data-driven platforms, enabling our impressive TAM of $60 billion. With that, I now turn the call back to Liz for Q&A. Liz?

Liz Stine -- Director, Investor Relations

Thank you, Chantelle. We will now move to the Q&A portion of the Arista earnings call. To allow for greater participation, I'd like to request that everyone please limit themselves to a single question. Thank you for your understanding.

Operator, take it away.

Questions & Answers:

Operator

Thank you. We will now begin the question-and-answer portion of the earnings call. [Operator instructions] Your first question comes from the line of Aaron Rakers from Wells Fargo. Please go ahead.

Your line is open.

Aaron Rakers -- Wells Fargo Securities -- Analyst

Yeah. Thanks for taking the question. Ita, it's been great working with you. I wish you the best in retirement.

I guess my question is, Jayshree, just obviously, the focus on AI and the build-out of back-end networks based on 400-, 800-gig Ethernet. I'm just curious, like as you -- as we progress through these last three months, how has your views evolved? And just remind us of the cadence of kind of product cycles that really set the table for Arista and this AI opportunity as we move through '24 and particularly into '25. Thank you.

Jayshree Ullal -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Thank you, Aaron. And yes, we will all miss Ita. So, our AI performance continues to track well for the $750 million revenue goal that we set last November at Analyst Day. To give you some color on the last three months, I would say difficult to project anything in three months.

But if I look at the last year, which maybe last 12 months is a better indication, we have participated in a large number of AI bids and when I say large, I should say they are large AI bids, but there are a small number of customers actually to be more clear. And in the last four out of five, AI networking clusters we have participated on Ethernet versus InfiniBand, Arista has won all four of them for Ethernet, one of them still stays on InfiniBand. So, these are very high-profile customers. We are pleased with this progress.

But as I said before, last year was the year of trials. This is the year of pilots and true production truly sets in only in 2025.

Operator

Your next question comes from the line of Tal Liani from Bank of America. Please go ahead.

Tal Liani -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst

I'm trying to find -- because we don't have the backlog contribution of last year, I'm trying to kind of dissect the numbers and see what's the correlation with core data center business and traditional compute. So, if service sales -- the service sales cycle is low, and we see some declines in servers, does it mean that at least in the short run, excluding the macro contribution, there is also a decline in the orders? Just how does it work between server demand and switching demand? Thanks.

Jayshree Ullal -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. So, Tal, first of all, as you know, Ita and I or Chantelle and I would never really comment on bookings, orders. We find these all to be kind of useless metrics because ultimately, what matters is what we ship, which is revenue. But just to sort of answer your question on ratio of CPUs or for that matter, GPUs in the future to the network, typically, we have to have the CPUs or GPUs come in before we can outfit the network.

To kind of go hand-in-hand, but as you know, in AI, we've been waiting for the GPUs. And in the last couple of years, they've been waiting for everything with a long lead time. But I would say, generally, in the leaf architecture, they go hand in hand where you have to create a rack of 1,000 servers or whether they are CPUs and GPUs. And generally, they look to rack and stack the cable, the CPUs, and the network together.

On the spine, which is our -- which connects all of our leads, that decision can be made independently even if the processors are not available. So, on the leaf, it's more correlated, on the spine, it's not.

Tal Liani -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst

Thank you.

Operator

Your next question comes from the line of Sebastien Naji from William Blair. Please go ahead. Your line is open.

Sebastien Naji -- Wedbush Securities -- Analyst

Great. Thank you. I just wanted to start and echo everyone's commentary and wish you the best, Ita. It's been a pleasure.

My question has to do with white box. People have been talking about the threat for white box since Arista has been around, and it hasn't really impacted Arista's ability to grow. Can you maybe articulate why you believe in the world of AI networks, more of the market would not move to white box or vice versa, maybe why more of the market would move away from white box?

Jayshree Ullal -- President and Chief Executive Officer

It's a good question, Sebastien. Thank you. Look, I think white box is here to stay for a very long time if somebody just wants a throwaway commodity product, but how many people want to throw away commodity in the data center? They're still mission-critical, and they're even more mission-critical for AI. If I'm going to spend multimillion dollars on a GPU cluster, and the last thing I'm going to do is put a toy network in, right? So, to put this sort of in perspective, that we will continue to coexist with white box.

There will be use cases where Arista's blue box or a stand-alone white box can run either SONiC or FBOSS, but many times, the EOS software stack is really, really something they depend on for availability, analytics, automation, and there's -- you can get your network for zero cost, but the cost of downtime is millions and millions of dollars. So, we have always embraced white box, we coexist with it, but it continues to be a relatively small use case in the larger mission-critical data centers for enterprise and cloud companies.

Sebastien Naji -- Wedbush Securities -- Analyst

Thanks.

Operator

Your next question comes from the line of Matt Niknam from Deutsche Bank. Please go ahead. Your line is open.

Matt Niknam -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst

Hey, thanks so much for taking the question. Maybe a higher-level strategy question. We've seen two of your key networking peers scale up through sizable M&A over the last several months. So, can you talk a little bit about how you view the value of such scale in order to maybe better serve and target both the cloud and AI -- Titan as well as enterprise verticals? Thanks.

Jayshree Ullal -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. No, Matt, that's a good question. I think on the cloud and AI, we feel pretty bulked up to deal with those customers because they don't look for size and bulk. They look for, as you know, networking innovation capabilities, and this has been Arista's heritage for 10 years and we'll continue to be with the AI cycle for the next foreseeable 10 years.

On the enterprise, there are multiple markets and size health. I think if you're targeting the early adopters, service has traditionally done very, very well there. And the last three years is a good example of how well we've done that both in the data center and in the campus. If you look at the next category of sort of the -- not necessarily the screening early adopters, but maybe the fast follower, I think Arista will continue to do well there in the large enterprise.

We are so underserved and underpenetrated in both the Fortune 1000 and the Global 2000. We've got a long, long ways to go. We probably have 20% of those customers. We've got 80% of them left to go.

And that, I'm not even talking about the mid-market and the SMB, which is a whole lot of markets that we are underserved in. So, absolutely, we need to make more investments in enterprise there. When I look at what onshore Chris Schmidt, Ashwin are doing, this is exactly where we're doubling down. This is exactly where we doubled down in the last three years, post-pandemic, and we have more than doubled our revenue and increased our logo presence because of this investment in the enterprise.

I can't comment about consolidation of vendors, but vendors don't grow, five plus five sometimes is 10. But to be careful on integration, five plus five can sometimes be seven, too. So, that's somebody else's responsibility, not mine. I think we can get a lot of organic growth.

Operator

Your next question comes from the line of Meta Marshall from Morgan Stanley. Please go ahead. Your line is open.

Meta Marshall -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst

Great. Thanks. Jayshree, maybe just a question. You noted limited visibility and understand that this early -- during the year.

But would you say that it's timing of when some of these back-end pilots scale into production, is it kind of level of front-end spending? Is it enterprise projects, just like where you're finding -- just more commentary on the visibility comment. And then second question, you guys noted on the gross margin, but it's a portion of mix and kind of supply chain costs coming down. But just if there's any one bias toward what led to the gross margin upside in the quarter. Thanks.

Ita Brennan -- Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. I mean, maybe I'll take that last one first. I mean, a lot of the upside in the fourth quarter was really just customer mix, right? I mean, we were weighted heavily toward enterprise in Q4, not for any particular reason. It just happened to be that way and that kind of dropped the margins higher.

Jayshree Ullal -- President and Chief Executive Officer

And Meta, to answer your question on enterprise and AI activity, I think Arista continues to drive the concept of EOS, multi-domain routing, campus, high availability, mission-critical enterprises for multiple verticals. We're making good progress there. This is going to be the part of our mainstream innovation and go-to-market. On the AI side, we continue to track well.

I think we're moving from what I call trials, which is connecting hundreds of GPUs to pilots, which is connecting thousands of GPUs this year, and then we expect larger production clusters. I think one of the questions that we will be asking ourselves and our customers is how these production clusters evolve. Is it going to be 400, 800, or a combination thereof? The role of Ultra Ethernet Consortium and standards and the ecosystem all coming together, very similar to how we had these discussions in 400-gig will also play a large part. But we're feeling pretty good about the activity.

And I think moving from trials to pilots this year will give us considerable confidence on next year's number.

Meta Marshall -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst

Great. Thanks.

Operator

Your next question comes from the line of James Fish from Piper Sandler. Please go ahead. Your line is open.

James Fish -- Piper Sandler -- Analyst

Hey, thanks for the question. Maybe, Ita, for you, and I'll miss having you on here, by the way, congrats on retirement. But what's causing the delay being able to ship that we saw that product deferred revenue jump as much as we did, or should we think about this as normal to see this level of jump in Q4 is based on what you've disclosed in the past. It doesn't seem like this is a normal jump.

I guess what's the hang-up and with supply chain starting to go the other way, it's supplied more readily available, could we actually see the price increases you guys have enacted in the past now have to be given back at some point in '24 or '25?

Ita Brennan -- Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, Jim, I think the deferred, if you think back to how this works, I mean, obviously, it's been shipped for it to actually be in deferred, right? So, I think that's -- it's just timing. And we've talked about this over the past -- I'm sure Chantelle is going to talk about it again, in the future, right, is that it really is just purely timing of shipments and where we have some new type projects, new capabilities that we're trialing with the customer, that's causing it to get caught in the deferred. But it's not a fundamental underlying driver of the business. I think on pricing and the very little that's happening in terms of pricing adjustments, that's kind of out of the ordinary, just normal pricing environment where we continue to compete for business.

I don't think there's anything particularly different there that we've seen.

James Fish -- Piper Sandler -- Analyst

Thanks.

Operator

Your next question comes from the line of Ittai Kidron from Oppenheimer. Please go ahead. Your line is open.

Ittai Kidron -- Oppenheimer and Company -- Analyst

Thanks, and congrats to you as well. Ita, I'll miss you and Chantelle, good luck, of course, to you in your new role. I guess a couple of ones for me. First of all, on the cloud mix, it kind of declined a little bit on the year.

Maybe you can tell us what are your underlying working assumptions for '24? And then more broadly on the '24 guide, Chantelle, it feels like you're talking about $600 million increase year over year in revenue. It feels like half of it can already come from the AI networking, given your '25 targets, and you seem very comfortable about your '25 targets, I would think your '24 should be comfortable as well. So, why -- if I assume that $200 million, $300 million come from AI networking this year, why should the rest of the business generate only $300 million to get to your annual targets? Why such an aggressive conservatism here on the guidance?

Jayshree Ullal -- President and Chief Executive Officer

OK, Ittai, let me take the first question, and then I'll pass it over to Ita and Chantelle for what you call conservatism. So, first of all, our cloud mix is very strong, very good. But I think what you should take away from this is not that our cloud mix came down, but our enterprise did really, really well. And since 100% is the total pie when something does really well, then the others look less so.

So, we're doing well on all three sectors and we're very proud of the enterprise momentum. AI is going to come. It is yet to come -- certainly in 2023, as I've said to you many, many times, it was a very small part of our number, but it will gradually increase. OK.

Which one of my fantastic CFOs wants to take the conservatism question?

Chantelle Breithaupt -- Incoming Chief Financial Officer

I'll start this call with that. Thanks. Hi. Nice to meet you.

Thank you for the well wishes. I think coming into 2024, it's a balanced view in the sense that we want to have multiple options to get to our year and so we'll work through what those mixes are and how to get to that performance that we've laid out for our guidance. I think that Jayshree very eloquently put in the sense of '23, '24, '25 on what we expect from AI going from trials to pilots to production. And so, we'll work through what that means in 2024.

But I think to change anything in Q1 at this time, we're just going to go a quarter at a time, especially with me coming in and we'll see how the year progresses.

Ittai Kidron -- Oppenheimer and Company -- Analyst

Very good. Good luck. Thank you.

Operator

Your next question comes from the line of Alex Henderson from Needham and Company. Please go ahead. Your line is open.

Alex Henderson -- Needham and Company -- Analyst

Ita, I can't believe you're leaving us. I'm going to miss you. So, the question I have really is, what are you hearing from the field, particularly in the enterprise segment? There's been a lot of noise about indigestion of large amounts of volume that have been shipped to various companies. And clearly, there's some concern that there's some oversupply over the last year into the enterprise market.

And I think you've talked to a lot of CFOs. What are they telling you in terms of where their IT spending intentions are for '24? Where are they saying the spending is going relative to the networking gear versus alternative spending priorities? Thanks.

Jayshree Ullal -- President and Chief Executive Officer

That's a good question, Alex. I certainly talked to a lot of CIs and CEOs. And if I rewind the clock to January last year, I think price was a lot [Inaudible] then. We were going through this whole financial crisis, Silicon Valley Bank, this, that, the other.

And if I now fast forward to a year later, our momentum in the enterprise is actually stronger now than it was a year ago. So, all this, I think, customers are looking for that innovation, modern network model, CI/CD principles, bringing DevOps, NetOps, SecOps, all of this together. And so, Arista continues, in my view, with the large TAM we have in the enterprise of at least $30 billion out of that $60 million to find the opportunity to really deliver that vision of client to cloud, break down the operational silos. And I would say today, the CIOs recognize us as the pure-play innovator more than any other company.

Alex Henderson -- Needham and Company -- Analyst

Great. Thank you.

Jayshree Ullal -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Thanks, Alex.

Operator

Your next question comes from the line of Atif Malik from Citi. Please go ahead. Your line is open.

Atif Malik -- Citi -- Analyst

Thank you for taking my question. Thanks for providing that comment on the four wins against InfiniBand. Now, your networking competitor announced a collaboration with NVIDIA on Ethernet AI enterprise solutions last week. Can you talk about what this means for your Ethernet back-end business, if anything?

Jayshree Ullal -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. I don't understand the announcement as well as probably my competitor does. I think it has more to do with UCS and Cisco-validated designs. Specific to our partnership, you can be assured that we'll be working with the leading GPU vendors.

And as you know, NVIDIA has 90% or 95% of the market. So, Jensen and I are going to partner closely. It is vital to get a complete AI network design going. We will also be working with our partners in AMD and Intel so we will be the Switzerland of XPUs, whatever the GPU might be, and we look to supply the best network ever.

Atif Malik -- Citi -- Analyst

Thank you.

Operator

Your next question comes from the line of Tim Long from Barclays. Please go ahead. Your line is open.

Tim Long -- Barclays -- Analyst

Yeah. Ita, going to miss you as well. Good luck. So, I wanted to follow up a little bit more on that AI, Jayshree.

You talked about those wins. Could you just talk a little bit about -- a little bit more color there? Do you think these deployments are going to be more sole-sourced or will there be multiple vendors? Did you face kind of a different competitive landscape than normal in these? And what are you thinking about breadth of this business? I'm sure it's a lot of the really large customers, as you said, right now. But can you talk a little bit about how you see this moving into whether it's other service providers or the enterprise vertical? Thank you.

Jayshree Ullal -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. Thanks, Tim. OK. So, let me just step back and say the first real consultative approach from Arista is to provide our expertise on how to build a robust back-end AI network.

And so, the whole discussion of Ethernet become -- versus InfiniBand becomes really important because as you may recall, a year ago, I told you we were outside looking in, everybody had an Ethernet -- everybody had an InfiniBand HPC cluster that was kind of getting bundled into AI. But a lot has changed in a year. And the popular product we are seeing right now and the back-end cluster for our AI is the Arista 7800 AI spine, which in a single chassis with north of 500 terabits of capacity can give you a substantial number of ports, 400 or 800. So, you can connect up to 1,000 GPUs just doing that.

And that kind of data parallel scale-out can improve the training time dimensions, large LMS, massive integration of training data. And of course, as we shared with you at the Analyst Day, we can expand that to a two-tier AI leaf and spine with a 16-way CMP to support close to 10,000 GPUs nonblocking, this lossless architecture for Ethernet. And then the overlay we will have on that with the Ultra Ethernet Consortium in terms of congestion controls, packet SPRING, and working with a suite of UEC mix is what I think will make Ethernet the default standard for AI networking going forward. Now, will it be sole-sourced? I would be remiss if I didn't tell you that our cloud networking isn't sole-sourced.

So, probably our AI won't be. But today's models are moving very rapidly, relying on a high bandwidth, predictable latency, the focus on application performance requires you to be sole-sourced initially. And over time, I'm sure it'll move to multiple sources, but I think Arista is very well-positioned for the first innings of AI networking, just like we were for the cloud networking decade. And one other thing I want to say is, although a lot of these customers are doing AI pivots, these AI pivots will result in revisiting the front-end cloud network, too.

So, this AI anatomy is being really well understood. And if you take a deep look at the centerpiece of it, which is all the GPUs, they have to connect to something very reliable and this is really where we come in. And so, this -- being actively involved has -- is going to pay a lot of dividends, but we're still very much in our first innings of AI.

Tim Long -- Barclays -- Analyst

OK. Thank you.

Jayshree Ullal -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Thanks, Tim.

Operator

Your next question comes from the line of Ben Reitzes from Melius Research. Please go ahead.

Ben Reitzes -- Melius Research -- Analyst

Hey, thanks for the question. And obviously, Ita, it's been great working with you. Thanks for all you've done for us. I wanted to ask about your guidance and the conservatism from another lens here.

With regard to 2024, since your November 9 Analyst Day, some things have changed. Microsoft, Meta, and Google have all raised their capex forecast for 2024. Obviously, your guidance for 2024 stays the same, and I know you're usually conservative. And then for 2025, AMD upped their TAM very significantly for AI and -- by a multiple.

And I guess they're seeing something that many of us are seeing with regard to the future demand. And you've kept your guidance at $750 million. I just -- with that backdrop and the changes since November 9 and you guys keeping your guidance, and I understand you're conservative. Do you mind addressing your conservativism or your guidance from those lenses, both with regard to '24 and '25, Jayshree?

Jayshree Ullal -- President and Chief Executive Officer

So, Ben, I'm going to let my two CFOs speak to the conservatism, and then I'll add more color, how about that? Who wants to go first?

Chantelle Breithaupt -- Incoming Chief Financial Officer

I think that change from November to January, February time frame, I don't think would change our guidance on the year. Kind of similar to the question before. I think that our guide right now resembles where we think we're at in the sense of what will materialize in '24, we'll take it one quarter at a time. The reflections of the changes you're mentioning, the timing of that, we have to wait and see.

There's no guarantee that's within our 12-month guidance time frame, and we'll watch and wait and see.

Ita Brennan -- Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. I think that says it all. I mean, all the drivers that you mentioned are great drivers, the timing of everything that's always complex, right? So, we'll take it a quarter at a time and see how things play out.

Jayshree Ullal -- President and Chief Executive Officer

And look, if our conservatism changes to more optimism in the second half or more likely in 2025, we'll keep you posted.

Ben Reitzes -- Melius Research -- Analyst

All right. Thanks a lot. Take care.

Jayshree Ullal -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Thank you.

Liz Stine -- Director, Investor Relations

Operator, we have time for one last question.

Operator

Thank you. Your final question comes from the line of Karl Ackerman from BNP Paribas. Please go ahead. Your line is open.

Karl Ackerman -- Exane BNP Paribas -- Analyst

Yes. Thank you for squeezing me in. Good evening from Paris. So, there have been several companies with the optimal supply chain that indicate the market for 800 gig and early deployments of 1.60 ports will begin to inflect later this year for actually front-end networks.

And so, I guess, why would I be wrong to conclude that your hardware sales would be a leading indicator of that? And I guess, as a result, shouldn't cloud tighten revenue grow at least in line with your outlook for 2024 of double-digit growth? Thank you.

Jayshree Ullal -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. Thank you, Karl. Again, I'll step -- history is a good indicator of future, and if you look at our 400-gig, everybody asked me the same question. They said, how come 400-gig isn't taking off in 2019 or '20? And it turned out it took our ecosystem several years, and of course, the pandemic didn't help whether it was optics or NICs or the whole entire thing to come together.

And I don't doubt we will have trials for 800 gig this year, but I think real production, 800 gig will happen in 2025. I'd like to be proven wrong, and maybe it'll come in sooner, in which case, like I said, we'll let you know. But at the moment, this is our best-case prediction. Thanks, Karl.

Liz Stine -- Director, Investor Relations

This concludes the Arista Networks fourth quarter 2023 earnings call. We have posted a presentation which provides additional information on our results, which you can access on the Investors section of our website. Thank you for joining us today, and thank you for your interest in Arista.

Duration: 0 minutes

Call participants:

Liz Stine -- Director, Investor Relations

Jayshree Ullal -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Ita Brennan -- Chief Financial Officer

Chantelle Breithaupt -- Incoming Chief Financial Officer

Aaron Rakers -- Wells Fargo Securities -- Analyst

Tal Liani -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst

Sebastien Naji -- Wedbush Securities -- Analyst

Matt Niknam -- Deutsche Bank -- Analyst

Meta Marshall -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst

James Fish -- Piper Sandler -- Analyst

Ittai Kidron -- Oppenheimer and Company -- Analyst

Alex Henderson -- Needham and Company -- Analyst

Atif Malik -- Citi -- Analyst

Tim Long -- Barclays -- Analyst

Ben Reitzes -- Melius Research -- Analyst

Karl Ackerman -- Exane BNP Paribas -- Analyst

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Arista Networks (ANET) Q4 2023 Earnings Call Transcript was originally published by The Motley Fool