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Now, I'd like to turn the call over to Accuray's President and Chief Executive Officer, Josh Levine. Josh, please go ahead.

Joshua H. Levine -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Thank you, Michael. Good afternoon, everyone, and thank you for joining us on today's call. Since we last talked with you in April, our team has continued to execute and build on our recent commercial momentum, advance our opportunities in China, reduce our overall operating costs and achieve full year operating profitability. This afternoon, we've reported results for our fourth quarter and full fiscal year 2019 highlighting this progress.

We generated $97 million in system orders during the fourth quarter and $342 million in system orders for the full fiscal year. Year-on-year orders grew 12% over fiscal 2018. For the fourth quarter, orders increased 1% as compared to last year's period, but that was against a tough prior-year comparison as we reported the largest US multi-system order in the Company's history in last year's fiscal Q4.

Regionally, Japan had the highest order growth rate during the fourth quarter at approximately 20%, while the Asia-Pacific region increased approximately 15%, driven by the continued strength in China. In EMEA, orders grew in the mid-single digits during the fourth quarter. This growth was highlighted by the receipt of the first multi-system, multi-clinic order that bundled both Accuray and RaySearch lab system and software offerings placed by the Swiss Medical Network.

Turning to our Americas region. Orders were down in the fourth quarter based on the previously mentioned comparison to the prior year fourth quarter. Nevertheless, fourth quarter orders in our Americas region achieved their highest level for any quarterly period during fiscal 2019, driven by contributions from the US and Latin America. For the full fiscal year 2019, the 12% total order growth was driven by our Asia-Pacific region, where pent-up license demand in China resulted in orders nearly doubling on a year-over-year basis. EMEA continued to be the largest contributing region in terms of absolute dollars, although total orders for the year were off 2%. Our Americas region was down 9% for the full year, given last year's multi-system order impact, while our Japan region continues to make solid contributions, representing approximately 20% of total Company orders.

On an order composition basis, approximately 20% of our fourth quarter orders were competitive replacements, 30% were trade-ins of older Accuray systems, and approximately 50% were new bunkers. From a product mix perspective, both the CyberKnife and TomoTherapy platforms grew double-digits year-over-year. Radixact continues to perform especially well and has reached a very significant milestone by recording the 100th system to revenue in the past 36 months. Our backlog continues to grow, increasing 4% year-over-year to $496 million.

I'd like to turn now to our recent progress in China. During the fourth quarter, we booked eight orders from our China distributor, totaling approximately $19 million. The orders were primarily for Type A products. Recently, the Chinese Ministry of Health provided an update on the overall timing for the Type A radiotherapy license review and approval process. Tied to feedback from end-user customers, we have a growing sense that Accuray Type A products covering both our CyberKnife and Radixact systems represent a substantial number of the applications that have been received by the Ministry of Health from Tier 1 hospital facilities. While there's no definitive guarantee that all of these applications will be approved for license, customer feedback does suggest that we continue to be competitively positioned to capture Type A devices.

Based on the current understanding of the process and the projected timelines, we are cautiously optimistic that Accuray's first shipment of Type A systems would occur sometime in the second half of fiscal 2020 and our inventory position will allow us to be highly responsive once licenses are issued. Shig will be reviewing in his prepared remarks how this updated timing is reflected in our fiscal 2020 guidance. We are very excited about our potential to build Type A system revenue during the second half of fiscal 2020 and beyond.

As for the Type B segment, currently our TomoH system has been defined as a Type B product. The joint venture dealer sales organization is actively selling this device and we strongly believe our best opportunity to maximize our participation in the Type B product segment in China is through our joint venture with China Isotope & Radiation Corporation. Since forming the joint venture company in January, meaningful progress has been made, with the new company reaching three important milestones. Over the past 120 days, the JV company has been granted the business license certification, the medical device operating permit, and most recently in July, the radiation safety license, which is the final business license required from a regulatory perspective to sell and service radiotherapy systems in China. The rapid and straightforward review and approval process related to these licenses, reaffirms our view that our JV partner China Isotope & Radiation Corp. has been a significant and helpful resource in expediting these approvals during a period of rising tensions in the US-China relationship.

Second, the JV has received its first two orders, which will in turn be reported as Accuray backlog during the first quarter of fiscal 2020. And lastly, in July, the new manufacturing and training facility located in Tianjin had its groundbreaking ceremony where our China branded Type B system will ultimately be produced. Our current plan, based on facility readiness and regulatory approval timelines, is to be in full production with a locally manufactured product in approximately two years. To avoid short-term disruptions of our revenue conversion cycle in China, while the JV ramps up, we will continue to work with our current distributor, TomoKnife, to convert orders to revenue. We believe this two-phase strategy in parallel with our current distributor continuing their sales responsibility over the next year allows Accuray to best maximize both near and longer-term opportunities. Overall, we have met or exceeded all of the milestones for the first phase of the China JV integration and ramp up process, and we're very excited about the future impact of our overall China JV strategy as a major growth catalyst for the Company.

Turning now to our product portfolio. We believe that the product development roadmap for both our CyberKnife and Radixact platforms are critical to our commercial momentum and accelerated growth going forward. To that end, we have some exciting news related to roadmap development projects. We have our first customer evaluation site under way for Acurray's proprietary Synchrony motion compensation technology for our Radixact platform. The site is Froedtert Hospital in suburban Milwaukee, which is the primary teaching affiliate of the Medical College of Wisconsin. They have successfully treated their first patient, utilizing the Synchrony technology on their Radixact system and the case details were impressive. The Froedtert clinical team delivered a three fraction fiducial free SBRT lung case utilizing Synchrony. This technology enables continuous delivery of radiation treatment being to the tumor, while the tumor is in motion by synchronizing the beam to the target on a continuous real time basis during the delivery of a treatment fraction.

We will be putting out a joint press release with Froedtert, containing more detail on this next week, but we felt it was appropriate to share this exciting milestone on today's call. The successful patient treatment gives us confidence that we are on track for full commercialization of this proprietary technical capability early in the second half of fiscal year 2020. Accuray is the only radio therapy system provider to offer this unique solution and we expect Synchrony to Radixact will be a catalyst for replacement of older TomoTherapy Systems, as well as improving our strategic positioning in competitive selling situations.

Additionally, with the proposed changes in future reimbursement captured in CMS' alternative payment model, we believe that more radiotherapy treatments will be performed with SBRT applications and hyperfractionated treatment regimens. These higher dose fractions will benefit from the improved precision and tighter margins that are obtainable through Accuray's Synchrony technology, which can help minimize toxicity and exposure to healthy tissue.

Switching to our CyberKnife platform. We view our VOLO Optimizer software upgrade as a significant benefit considering the proposed reimbursement changes by CMS. VOLO, which was introduced at ASTRO last fall, reduces treatment times by up to 50%, allowing CyberKnife treatments to be performed in 15 to 20 minutes depending on the disease site. Additionally, VOLO creates significant reduction in treatment planning times, in some cases approaching an improvement of 90%. As with Synchrony for Radixact, we believe the availability of the VOLO upgrade on CyberKnife will be both the catalyst to our installed base replacement cycle and allow us to attract new customers to the CyberKnife platform. Technology upgrades like Synchrony and VOLO offer material improvements and functionality in the form of precision, speed and efficiency across the Radixact and CyberKnife platforms at the same time that reimbursement changes are likely to drive more SBRT and hyperfractionated treatments, strengthening the value proposition of the Accuray product portfolio.

In summary, we are excited about our progress in fiscal 2019. 12% order growth, 3% revenue growth and 39% EBITDA growth, all of which were within our guidance estimates, despite not having a material revenue contribution from China during the 2019 fiscal year. Additionally, through operating expense management, we initiated $15 million in annualized cost savings and achieved an operating profit for the full year, which is the first time that has occurred since the TomoTherapy acquisition and a topic that Shig will discuss in greater detail.

Our fiscal 2020 guidance reflects the latest information we have from China in terms of the potential timing for Type A revenue recognition. At the same time, we expect to generate mid-single digit gross order growth globally during fiscal 2020 with strong year-over-year increases coming from the Americas, EMEA and Japan regions. Overall, with the pending commercialization of Synchrony for Radixact, the VOLO software upgrade opportunity on CyberKnife, the progress of our joint venture in China and future reimbursement developments in the United States, we are enthusiastic about our direction and our growth potential.

And now I would like to turn the call over to Shig.

Shig Hamamatsu -- Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer

Thank you, Josh, and good afternoon everyone. As Josh highlighted, for the full year, gross orders were $342.3 million, an increase of 12% over the prior year. We had $97.2 million of gross orders in the fourth quarter, representing a 1% increase over the prior year. Last year's Q4 included the largest US multi-system order in the Company's history, and therefore presented a tough year-over-year comparison. Starting in fiscal year 2019, gross orders include upgrades purchased through our service contracts. These upgrade orders totaled $1.9 million for the fourth quarter and $5.5 million on a full year basis. Excluding these upgrades, gross orders grew 10% on a full year basis.

From a product mix perspective, the TomoTherapy platform led by Radixact accounted for approximately 60% of gross orders for both Q4 and the full year. CyberKnife represented approximately 40% of total gross orders in both Q4 and the full year. CyberKnife orders grew double digits on a full year basis. Net age-outs for the quarter were $24.1 million, up from $17.1 million in the prior year. Net age-outs consisted of $28.2 million of age-outs, offset by $4.1 million of age-ins. Approximately, a third of the net age-out for the quarter relates to the orders with a longtime distributor in Turkey, where strengthening of the US dollar against the local currency over the past few years has caused a delay in revenue conversion. We also recorded $8.7 million of cancellations and other adjustments. As a result on a net basis, we generated $64.4 million of orders in the fourth quarter.

As discussed in prior calls, the volume of order cancellations can fluctuate from quarter-to-quarter. On a full year basis, order cancellations totaled $25 million or approximately 5% of our total backlog, which is consistent with prior year. We ended the fourth quarter with a backlog of $495.6 million, an increase of 4% over prior year.

Turning now to our income statement. Total revenue for the fourth quarter was $117.4 million, representing a 3% increase year-over-year. On a full year basis, revenue was $418.8 million and also grew 3%. On a regional basis, EMEA, Japan and APAC deliver a healthy year-over-year revenue growth in fiscal 2019, with EMEA and Japan growing 11% and 13% respectively. Growth in these regions was offset by decline in the Americas by 9%.

Product revenue for the quarter was $60.60 million, an increase of 11% over prior year, driven by strength in both CyberKnife and Radixact Systems. On a full year basis, product revenue was $196.7 million and grew 7%, driven by strong demand for the Radixact Systems, with full year revenue up more than 40%. Since its introduction, almost three years ago through June 30, 2019, we have recognized revenue for 100 Radixact Systems.

Service revenue for the quarter was $56.8 million or down 4% from the prior year. As a reminder, the prior year service revenue included a higher than normal level of upgrades purchased through service contracts, which was driven by new software releases related to our Precision Treatment Planning and iDMS connectivity. As we mentioned in prior calls, timing of upgrades can vary from quarter-to-quarter. On a full year basis, service revenue grew 1%, driven by service contract revenue growth, which is consistent with our installed base growth of 3%, offset by lower upgrade revenue on service contract for the reasons I stated earlier.

Turning now to gross margin. Our overall gross margin for the fourth quarter was 39% compared to 42% in the prior year. On a full year basis, our overall gross margin was 39%, down from 40% in the prior year due to a decline in our product gross margin. Product gross margin in the fourth quarter and for the year were 41%. Full year product gross margin of 41% was down from the prior year 44%, primarily due to the lower mix of CyberKnife systems. From a revenue mix perspective, CyberKnife accounted for approximately 35% of fiscal 2019 revenue, which is down from 50% in the prior year. We are, however, encouraged by the double-digit CyberKnife order growth in fiscal 2019, which we believe will drive CyberKnife revenue growth in the future. Service gross margin in the fourth quarter was 37.4% or flat year-over-year. On a full year basis, service gross margin increased to 37.2% compared to 36.6% in the prior year.

Moving down to income statement. Operating expenses for the fourth quarter were $42.7 million, a decrease of $2.2 million or 5% from the prior year. The decrease was driven by the cost reduction actions taken earlier in the year and the fourth quarter represented the first reporting period during which we realized the full benefit from these actions. On a full year basis, operating expenses were $162.1 or down 2% year-over-year. Excluding one-time charges related to the accounts receivable impairment in the first quarter, severance and lease termination credit, full year operating expenses decreased $7 million or 4% from the prior year.

Adjusted EBITDA for the fourth quarter was $8.9 million compared to $7.8 million in the prior year. Full year adjusted EBITDA was $23.7 million, an increase of 39% compared to $17.1 million in the prior year. I like to note that in the past fiscal year, we achieved GAAP operating profit for the first fiscal year since the acquisition of TomoTherapy in 2011. Operating profit of $600,000 was achieved by the direct result of the cost initiatives we undertook during the year. We believe we now have the right operating cost structure in place and remain focused and continue to improve our profitability metrics as we execute on strategic initiatives that will drive revenue growth. We ended the fourth quarter with $87 million of cash and short-term restricted cash.

Turning now to our guidance for fiscal 2020. During Josh's comments, he mentioned the revised timing for Type A system revenues in China. As a result of the push out of these system revenues to the second half of our fiscal year, we are currently anticipating fiscal 2020 revenue to be in the range of $410 million to $420 million. This top line guidance includes the impact of current tariffs in China for the full fiscal year, which reduced revenue growth guidance by approximately 1.5%. Outside of China, we are anticipating revenues in both EMEA and Japan to be flat or slightly below the fiscal 2019 levels, which are primarily due to revenue conversion delays related to wall modification and overall project planning slowdowns in our two largest distribution channel regions.

As we have highlighted in prior periods, the complexities of our both [Phonetic] readiness and construction projects are further challenged when a distributor organization is playing an intermediary role in between our site planning coordination efforts and the end-user customer. While additional resources we have put in place to assist with project planning activities have been effective, we are still subject to some inherent lumpiness in these activities in the overall timelines.

In addition, as I mentioned earlier, revenues from these two regions grew at a healthy double-digit rate in fiscal 2019 and therefore present a tough year-over-year comparison going into fiscal 2020. We see these issues in Japan and EMEA successfully resolving as we added fiscal 2020 and expect these regions will resume revenue growth in fiscal 2021.

As for the Americas, we anticipate modest revenue growth in fiscal 2020 as we continue to focus on rebuilding our order pipeline. Despite the near-term challenges in these regions, we are continuing to work on our backlog conversion through our distributors and building momentum in the Americas. We are also excited about out Synchrony motion tracking and correction launch for Radixact with the commercial installations expected to start in the back half of fiscal year.

Given the timing on Type A revenue and project delays imposed by certain end customers in other regions I just described, we expect our revenue in the first half of fiscal 2020 to be slightly below fiscal 2019 levels before resuming year-over-year growth in the second half of the year. As Josh mentioned earlier, we do believe we will generate gross order growth in the mid-single digit range during fiscal 2020 with Americas, EMEA and Japan leading the way.

Given our revenue outlook, we expect adjusted EBITDA for the full year to range between $19 million and $24 million. The fiscal 2020 EBITDA guidance includes approximately $2 million of our share of expected loss of the China joint venture operations. As mentioned in prior calls, we are accounting for a 49% joint venture interest using the equity method of accounting, and accordingly, expect to report our share of income or loss from the joint venture on a quarterly basis. We did not record any joint venture loss pickup in fiscal 2019. From a P&L reporting perspective, in fiscal 2020, we will start reporting our share of income or loss from the joint venture on a single line item called equity in income of joint venture, which will appear right above the net income line on that income statement.

In terms of our gross margin outlook, we expect overall gross margin to be approximately flat to our fiscal 2019 levels of 39%. We continue to work on cost down initiatives to lower cost of goods and expand margins. Tariffs in China negatively impact the fiscal 2020 gross margin outlook by approximately 150 basis points. Excluding the tariff impact, gross margin expectation will be over 40% in fiscal 2020, which represent healthy year-over-year improvement. With regards to operating expenses, we expect fiscal 2020 to be down approximately 3% year-over-year as we see the full benefit of the cost reduction actions we took in the prior year.

Turning to our Q1 net age-out forecast. We anticipate Q1 net age-outs to be in the mid $30 million range, with over 40% coming from China. As mentioned earlier, as we gain more clarity on the timing of the Type A license issuance in China, we will continue to work with our distributor and end customers on converting these age-out China orders to revenue.

And with that, I'd like to hand the call back to Josh.

Joshua H. Levine -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Thanks, Shig. Before moving into the Q&A, I'd like to spend a few moments on some of the details related to recent developments with US reimbursement. In July, CMS unveiled the radiation oncology alternative payment model that will be tested over a five-year period and is currently anticipated to be implemented sometime in the first half of calendar 2020. As proposed, 40% of all radiation oncology providers will be required to participate in the model, which will apply to both hospitals and freestanding cancer treatment centers. We believe that the proposed national payment rates and subsequent adjustments will likely result in increased utilization of hyperfractionation and SBRT treatments. As an original pioneer in the areas of hyperfractionation and SBRT, we believe Accuray is well positioned to benefit from the likely changes in clinical practice that will result from implementation of the APM.

At our upcoming analyst event to be held on September 16th at ASTRO, we'll be providing an expanded overview of Accuray's latest technology upgrades and how we see these advancements potentially benefiting from reimbursement trends.

Before we open the call up for questions, I'd like to thank the entire Accuray team for their commitment, increased focus, improved execution and supporting the important work that's making a difference in patients lives.

And now operator, we're ready to open the line for questions.

Questions and Answers:

Operator

[Operator Instructions] Our first question comes from Anthony Petrone with Jefferies. Your line is now open.

Anthony Petrone -- Jefferies -- Analyst

Thanks, Josh. Thanks, Shig. Maybe I'm going to begin with -- with guidance fiscal 2020 and just kind of moving through the moving parts here. Shig, you mentioned 150 basis point impact from tariffs, the 25% tariff. So if I'm doing the math correctly, if we back that out, the implied underlying guidance is something around down 60 basis points to up 1.8% coming off fiscal '19 where you did 3.4%. And so I'm just wondering, you know, the spread between where we're exiting '19 and the underlying outlook excluding tariffs for 2020, how much of that is purely the delay in Class A licenses and is anything baked in there for the US as, you know perhaps maybe hospitals hesitate a little bit as the APM is sort of finalized and implemented? And then I'll have a follow-up. Thanks.

Shig Hamamatsu -- Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. Anthony, thanks for the question. You're right about the math. You know, if you did a 1.5% tariff impact, let's say, roughly $400 million, that's about $6 million. So that is the dollar impact of the tariff. And so if you sort of remove that, you know we can say that top end of our range is $420 million plus 6 million, $426 million over, you know where we had therefore '18, '19 -- FY '19. So the -- as Josh and I said in prepared remarks, a lot of that is kind of a muted growth. Unfortunately the FY '20 is impacted by the China Type A revenue. We now expect it to be the second half of the fiscal year and all of that is due to the license timing, which is outside of control.

Good news is that, we're getting a lot more clarity on the license issuance timing as the day goes by. So that's good news. It's just the timing slipped. And I think you heard, I speak about the other regions, Japan and EMEA, in particular, we're expecting flat to slightly down for them, these regions due to, you know what we think is sort of a one year hiccup in terms of managing the end user installation timing, but they -- as I said, they grew double-digits in fiscal '19. So clearly the management of the revenue conversion pipeline has been very effective last couple of years. But again, these two regions, we think we -- by the time we finish FY '20, going into FY '21, they might be in the growth mode going to '21 as we resolve these temporary issues on installation schedule and we got the modest growth in revenue expected for CMS [Phonetic] revenue.

Josh, do you want to add something?

Joshua H. Levine -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. Anthony, just to tag on Shig's piece, you got a part of your question which you ended with was really around how much, if anything, we've baked into some of the assumptions on guidance related to the slowdown perhaps in purchasing decisions based on CMS' direction. The answer on that last piece is virtually nothing. I don't think anybody right now can predict what the implementation timing. We've got obviously an understanding about implementation timing from CMS, probably sometime in the first half of the next fiscal cycle or the next calendar year, but the reality is, it's a complex -- it's a complex proposed model. There are a lot of moving pieces to it.

I happen to believe very, very strongly that when you look at what will result in terms of clinical practice, direction and impact, we are probably going to benefit more than any of our competitors from what is happening with the reimbursement. It's moving people in a direction that we have more continuous experience with related hyperfractionation and SBRT treatments than arguably the bulk of the people we compete against. So I think overtime, there's no question that we will benefit from it and I think that our portfolio was well positioned to capitalize on what CMS would like to see happen there, which is patients treated more rapidly with higher doses. But I think it's too early to call whether or not there's going to be a definitive impact or slowdown or freeze, if you will, on purchasing decisions, and therefore, we didn't really have anything baked into the guidance related to that component.

Anthony Petrone -- Jefferies -- Analyst

Great. And then I just had a follow-up going back to China. I mean, do you think, as sort of trade war continues back and forth, I mean, is there any risk to the target now of the second half for Class A license contribution? I'll get back in queue. Thanks.

Joshua H. Levine -- President and Chief Executive Officer

So, again, I think you've heard me say in last quarter's call, it would be terrific to wake up in the morning and not have a tweet or another headline related to trade war or tariffs and the back and forth that's been taking place. With that said, we still have a high degree of confidence that these licenses are going to issue. One of the reasons that we put the prepared remarks in place that we did in today's discussion related to China Isotope & Radiation Corp. is that, if you think about what's going on between China-US relations, and then you look at what we've experienced with the practical flow of regulatory decisions or licensing and permitting that the JV structure has been receiving approvals on, you know, over the last 120 days, we've had three wins in terms of the permitting and licenses that that business structure needed to start operation and I'm thoroughly convinced that the reason it went so rapidly and was so effective was because we're dealing, quite frankly, with the Chinese government directly, it's not Washington, it's not President Trump, it's us dealing with our partner and they are a very, very large state-owned entity. And they have, kind of, an inside the tent view, I think, and capability of helping advance some of these things and I think that what we've seen is kind of indicative of that. So, again, if nothing else, it just reaffirms in our mind that we've got the right -- the right partner and we're seeing them help and interject themselves in ways that I think over time will continue to be helpful.

Right now, again, based on what you heard us say in prepared remarks, the early indications are that we have a reasonably substantial number of Tier 1 hospitals with applications in the system for Type A license review and approval that are related to either Radixact product or CyberKnife product. And I think that we feel well positioned based on that. Again, we're not going to win, probably not going to win all of those. We're not going to get approval on all of those, but I think that we feel good about what we see at this point directionally in terms of momentum or the representation of our products in the total pool of applications that are related to Type A.

Anthony Petrone -- Jefferies -- Analyst

All right. Thanks again.

Operator

Thank you. And our next question comes from Josh Jennings with Cowen. Your line is now open.

Josh Jennings -- Cowen & Co -- Analyst

Hi. Good evening. Thanks for taking the questions. I wanted to follow-up on China just with the Class A license timing and it's a wild card and out of your control, unpredictable. But just to think we're all clear, when you do get the licenses in terms of recognizing revenue in the back half, you guys will recognize revenue upon the license granting and you -- you will shift to TomoKnife and you'll be at a recognized revenue there. I'm just trying to think about the risk of -- if licenses are granted later in the first half of this fiscal year versus -- or the benefit of them being recognized earlier to -- relative to your guidance here?

Shig Hamamatsu -- Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer

Yeah, Josh. This is Shig. I'll take that question. In general, you're correct. When we shift to TomoKnife, that's the timing on revenue recognition for us. And just to add a little more clarity there. Once the license is granted to end-user hospital, there's additional step to go through the tender process. So I just want to make it clear that beyond the license grant, this additional step of the tender process for public hospitals in China to go through the bidding, and after bidding is complete, the -- that's when our shipment occurs to TomoKnife and take revenue.

Joshua H. Levine -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Josh to be clear on what Shig just said. I want to make sure we're precise on this that the tendering process is essentially a process that will define and lock down the contractual terms between the distributor and the end user facility that's receiving the license. It is not open -- it's not an open bidding situation relative to something that would result in a different product being awarded a license in that customer -- that end-user customer situation, just for purposes of clarification. But what Shig has identified is right on in terms of, you know we'll recognize revenue when we ship to TomoKnife and inventory availability for us is not going to be a problem in us being able to respond rapidly to, once hospitals are ready to install and once TomoKnife is ready to take product.

Josh Jennings -- Cowen & Co -- Analyst

Great. And just a final question again on China, a hot topic. Just in terms of your growth order guidance in the mid-single digit range. I mean, how should we be thinking about Class A licenses being granted and the impact to potential that pent-up demand and maybe even stronger order flow out of China. And also can you just remind us how -- once the JV is fully in play and sales responsibility shift over from TomoKnife to the JV, those Type A -- Class A orders will still flow through Accuray's order number and I just want to make sure that there's not going to be any overhang there in terms of Type A orders falling off of your backlog or into your gross order number? Thanks for taking the question.

Joshua H. Levine -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, sure. So just -- Shig and I will tag team this. Just to answer your last part of your question directly. One of the reasons we put the structure in place and negotiated the agreement details, the way we did between ourselves, our JV partners CIRC and TomoKnife is, we wanted to make sure that exactly what you are asking about was not going to happen that we weren't going to have any disruption from a revenue conversion cycle standpoint in the transition between TomoKnife and China Isotope. And so, TomoKnife has a protected window what you will for a defined number of accounts that they're going to be able to take revenue on and we'll do so quite frankly for the next -- for defined period of time. And the -- at the end of that period, all revenue will be flowing through the JV restructure.

The selling activity for Type B products, I mean, we have TomoH today that's available for sale and we've got a window of time, obviously, before a local product is going to be available and manufactured for us, but we have a network of distributors or dealers, if you will, that are covering the vast majority of the provinces at this point. They're in place. There are people that -- our CEO there, who is our former GM for the APAC -- Accuray APAC region that he worked with in prior life at Siemens and other companies, so he's got a strong commercial experience with him. They're on board. They're already trained and they're actively out trying to sell TomoH under the Type B discussion or at least positioning that product. So we think that we have the right mechanisms and protections in place to ensure no disruption or no overhang to use your terminology in that transition.

Shig Hamamatsu -- Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer

And Josh to, kind of, hit some of the points you are raising. In transitioning Type B activities from TomoKnife to a JV on order front, there will be no loss to backlog in that process. In other words, we have, you know, you heard the number, 100 plus million background Type A we have with TomoKnife. TomoKnife has the opportunity to convert -- to convert those backlog to revenue over the next couple of years and they'll focus on that. And there's no orders loss or backlog lost in that transition. I want to make that clear.

And as we said, right now, JV and TomoKnife are also sourcing additional orders on top of what we already have on Type A. And the one of the press release, we had about a month ago on our JV progress, one of the two orders they received was -- the JV received was Type A. So they are already generating both Type A and Type B orders. So hope that answered your question.

And I think the other one was, our mid-single digit order growth guidance in how to think about China, the -- we are expecting additional China orders to flow in fiscal 2020 and all the pseudo assumptions is embedded in mid-single digit guidance. However, I do expect tough comp year-over-year on China, because as you pointed out, we had a bolus of orders in Q2, Q3. So we're going to see some tough comp on order side in China, in particular FY '20.

Josh Jennings -- Cowen & Co -- Analyst

Great. And just a follow-up, just -- so we're clear on -- just on the gross order flow through the year. When you have a transition from TomoKnife to the JV for selling Type A and Type B, will the Type A and Type B orders be recognized to the JV or you guys recognize those orders as gross orders for Accuray? And could there be any disruption to order growth or is that been accounted for in that middle -- mid-single digit gross order guidance you provided?

Shig Hamamatsu -- Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. So logistically, the way it works, Josh, is that obviously the end users will place an order with joint venture, because obviously the joint venture is the local distributor of the product and the joint venture will turn around and place the order with Accuray, at which point it becomes our backlog. So hopefully that makes it clear for you. The logistics of the order we see.

Josh Jennings -- Cowen & Co -- Analyst

Perfect. And that's for Type A and Type B, Shig?

Shig Hamamatsu -- Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer

Correct.

Josh Jennings -- Cowen & Co -- Analyst

Great. Thank you.

Operator

Thank you. And our next question comes from Brooks O'Neil with Lake Street Capital Markets. Your line is now open.

Brooks O'Neil -- Lake Street Capital Markets -- Analyst

Good afternoon. I have a couple of questions. On August 2nd, you guys filed an 8-K indicating that you had terminated the employment of your Chief Commercial Officer. Can you just give us any color that you're able to offer as it relates to what was going on there, what is going on there?

Joshua H. Levine -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah Brooks, this is Josh. I can confirm that our former Chief Commercial Officer has left the organization. On an interim basis, the regional GMs are reporting to me directly, which I'm and they are very comfortable with. It has given me direct line of sight to the business and the trends in each region. And in my mind, it ensures hat we'll minimize any business disruption as a result of our Chief Commercial Officer's departure. It's very much a business as usual environment. We've got an active search under way for a new commercial leader and as we have additional updates or news to report on this topic, we will do so.

Brooks O'Neil -- Lake Street Capital Markets -- Analyst

That sounds great. I appreciate that. Second question I had was, you guys talk quite a bit in your prepared remarks about your excitement about the motion management capabilities you're introducing to the marketplace. Can you just, you know, in layman's terms, give us a little bit of a sense for how you feel those position you comparatively in the environment you see out there in the marketplace right now as it relates specifically to motion management capabilities you bring as well as what you're seeing from your competition?

Joshua H. Levine -- President and Chief Executive Officer

So the world that -- the world that we will be living in, all of us will be living in, Brooks, going forward, we'll see a shift in case mix from IMRT cases and 3D conformal cases to much more -- much higher dosing fractions and fewer fractions. So I think in terms of those historical mix moving more to SBRT cases and SBRT cases driven by hyperfractionated treatment regimens as opposed to more conventional fractionation approach. And so that movement is going to -- and CMS is taking this into account when they start -- when you look at their proposed APM, because they're talking about patient -- about quality measures, they're talking about patient safety measures. So there is likely going to be and certainly will be, I'm guessing, some transition here from a clinical practice standpoint that people that and the providers that are not as familiar with or haven't historically been doing as much SBRT work or hyperfractionated work, are actually going to need to come through some kind of a learning curve.

And the learning curve is really about confidence -- clinical confidence in being able to increase the dose and delivered over fewer fractions from where they've been and ensuring -- and what drives that confidence clinically is knowing that you are going to have the beam focused on the target as you want it as precisely as it can possibly be. And our view is that we've -- we pioneered the use of hyperfractionation. If you go back 15 years ago, 18 years ago, we were the only voice in the marketplace talking about this and SBRT and it was because CyberKnife was a unique technology that allowed you to do this safely, increase the dose and ensure that motion management through Synchrony was able to accommodate for either positional changes by the patient motion of -- respiratory motion from a patient breathing or any other changes that needed to be taken into account that would require synchronization compensating for the motion and synchronizing the beam. And we do that in real time. We do that on an automated basis in real time. That's a very, very different mechanism than our competitors are using. Gating, patient restraints, you can go down the list, but none of them -- none of them provide the peace of mind and the confidence clinically to be operating at dosing levels, you know those higher fraction dosing levels that SBRT cases are going to require. And that's why I think we're feeling the way we are about what benefit -- what the value proposition looks like in our product portfolio when you think about this kind of new backdrop or future backdrop related to what CMS wants to have happen with the APM.

Brooks O'Neil -- Lake Street Capital Markets -- Analyst

It sounds like a very positive environment for you and I'm excited. Thank you very much.

Joshua H. Levine -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Thanks, Brooks.

Operator

Thank you. And our next question comes from Tycho Peterson with JP Morgan. Your line is now open.

Tycho Peterson -- J.P. Morgan -- Analyst

Hey, thanks. Josh, I want to go back to some of the comments you made before on the bundle and you highlighted it's a complex model, a lot of moving pieces. I'm just curious if you could talk qualitatively about what you are hearing from customers, because the idea that we might not see a capex freeze is a little bit odd. I mean, I would think customers may pause until there's better kind of visibility here?

Joshua H. Levine -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah. So, I mean, -- I haven't had any any overt inputs that are -- give me pause or trepidation or concern about long delays, Tycho. I think the reality is that, again, what CMS is hoping to do is to try and get this implemented as rapidly as they can. You know, as you know, that we're in a public comment period right now, as you might imagine, in typical fashion. You know, all the constituents that have a stake in the outcome here being led by ASTRO are assembling information and putting their -- putting their information together to be able to present to CMS.

I think when you think about what they've communicated so far, what CMS has communicated so far, you know, there are -- the big topics, at least from what ASTRO was saying and what -- what I'm gathering is that, the national payment rate, the view generally is that -- the sense is that that it's low. There are also a whole series of withholds and adjustments that will be a part of the payment model that are going to need to be worked through. And so, you know, I think that there's going to be some negotiation and some movement on those before the music stops playing, and something it's definitively ruled out. But I know that CMS wants to get moving on this rapidly. And so I think that in general should try and create an environment where it moves this along. I mean, I think that there will be -- there will be some people that will probably take a wait and see approach to, you know if they're in the midst right now of purchasing decisions definitively, but I think directionally people that are understanding what CMS wants to have happen here with regards to the movement just on SBRT case mix and hyperfractionated treatment delivery, I think, -- I think that if you use that directional context for what the world is going to look like and how you're going to have to be elaborate in it clinically, I think it takes a lot of the confusion out of where or the potential confusion out of where this should land. And again, it supports a more rapid, you know, people being able to make quest decisions about what they need to do from an equipment standpoint.

Tycho Peterson -- J.P. Morgan -- Analyst

Okay, that's helpful. And then on VOLO and kind of the replacement cycle here. I think you've talked in the past about a third of the compatible CyberKnife customer base is already adopted. Can you just talk a little bit about how you think about the adoption curve and the replacement cycle around VOLO going forward?

Joshua H. Levine -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, we have again in round numbers about 350 CyberKnife in the installed base. And roughly as you pointed out, about a third of those are in the latest generation device, M6, and that's the -- the part of the installed base that's device compatible or backward intergratable from a installed base compatibility standpoint, which essentially leads another 65% or 70% of the installed base that are -- you know, that are pre-M6 devices and that is a primary target for our VOLO software upgrade introduction. And that's a -- I'd say, the heaviest concentration geographically is the US and EMEA with a concentration in EMEA really in Western Europe and that's the selling focus right now related to VOLO.

Tycho Peterson -- J.P. Morgan -- Analyst

And then on guidance, a question on margins. Regarding the flat gross margins, you had a good double digit CyberKnife quarters, which is higher margin for you guys. Can you maybe just talk about the give and take on gross margins and then any profitability comments as we think about 2020 for you guys. [Indecipherable] net income there is, yeah.

Shig Hamamatsu -- Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer

Yeah. So gross margin, Tycho, you heard, I say that will go into flat 39% year-over-year and that includes the 1.5% impact on tariffs. So if we -- if we remove that tariff impact, we would have been something like 40%, 40.5%, showing improvement year-over-year. We certainly think that, you know, we can improve on coming into this year. The mix of CyberKnife, as you pointed out, has a higher margin. We also see the benefit of the cost actions we took last year, some of that went to COGS [Phonetic] line, but the tariff impacted really kind of pressing it down unfortunately for our fiscal '20.

And the profitability metric, again, we are very happy about $600,000 small fee amount, but it is operating profit that we turned first time since the TomoTherapy acquisition in 2011 and the cost cutting options are paying off. And even though, you know, that we'll guide into a relatively flat revenue here, we can expand on the operating income line going into fiscal 2020 here.

Tycho Peterson -- J.P. Morgan -- Analyst

Okay. And if I could just ask one last one. In Japan, you had a great order number, but you're talking about some some kind of delays there. Can you just clarify what's exactly going on in the Japanese market?

Joshua H. Levine -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Yeah, it's basically -- I mean, as you've heard us kind of at different moments and time talk about in the past, you know, we've got -- we've added resources as Shig indicated in the site planning area in support of distributors. But quite frankly, in Japan specifically, there is a especially around technically complex construction-related type projects. There are competing resources now in play with regards to the Olympic -- the Olympic construction infrastructure build up. And I think that's probably the single biggest contributor to end-user delays or slow down, if you will, on revenue conversion cycle. I don't see this as a continuing trend. We actually have seen since the -- probably the end of 2016, we've seen in the last several years much improved revenue conversion cycle activity based on some of the steps we took and implemented back then. And I think that these are more transitional or transitory. Japan and EMEA in the context of Shig's remarks, I don't see this being a long-term situation, Tycho, but it's definitely going to slow things down with regards to revenue generation capability in those two regions for fiscal '20.

Tycho Peterson -- J.P. Morgan -- Analyst

Okay. Thank you.

Operator

Thank you. Ladies and gentlemen, this concludes our question-and-answer session. I would now like to turn the call back over to Josh Levine for any closing remarks.

Joshua H. Levine -- President and Chief Executive Officer

I want to thank everyone for joining the call this afternoon and we look forward to speaking with you again in October when we report our fiscal 2020 first quarter. Thanks very much for participating.

Operator

[Operator Closing Remarks]

Duration: 61 minutes

Call participants:

Michael Polyviou -- Investor Relations

Joshua H. Levine -- President and Chief Executive Officer

Shig Hamamatsu -- Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer

Anthony Petrone -- Jefferies -- Analyst

Josh Jennings -- Cowen & Co -- Analyst

Brooks O'Neil -- Lake Street Capital Markets -- Analyst

Tycho Peterson -- J.P. Morgan -- Analyst

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