Dakota Semler
Thanks, David. And thank you, everyone, for joining us. Q4 marked the close of Xos' strongest year yet and it sets the stage for an even stronger 2025. Over the last 12 months, we've demonstrated that we can not only grow revenue and diversify our customer base, but also improve profitability, cash flow management and operational execution. As we look ahead, we expect that trend to continue with top line growth, margin expansion, and improved product diversity.
This momentum positions Xos as the most efficient public commercial EV company in the market today. We're delivering more medium-duty electric vehicles than any other company in our sector and we're doing it with the most efficient operational expense structure in the industry. Even as the economic environment continues to evolve and we see changes in administration, regulatory policies, and tariff structures, Xos remains resilient.
While these changes have brought their own set of challenges, including potential cost impacts from new tariffs, we've been preparing for these shifts for over a year. We'll talk more about these steps we're taking to stay ahead of those changes in today's call.
In Q4, we generated $11.5 million in revenue and delivered 51 units. Despite regular seasonal delays in the parcel delivery segment, where many of our customers experienced peak volume during Q4 and Q1 delaying vehicle acceptance, we remain confident in our demand pipeline. While we fell short of our guided deliveries for the year, we still achieved significant year-over-year revenue growth in 2024.
This reflects continued demand for our products even at higher average selling prices than we've previously seen, which we view as a strong validation of our value proposition in the market. Importantly, Xos is also one of the very few electric vehicle manufacturers delivering double-digit gross margins on our products.
In addition to gross margin gains, we're continuing to drive improvements in liquidity, inventory turnover, and working capital management. Beyond our financial accomplishments, we also achieved a number of operational milestones in 2024. We began delivery of our second-generation hub, a product now in low-volume series production. We expanded our powertrain business, completing FMVSS testing and securing production orders with both Blue Bird and Winnebago, and we have delivered vehicles to some of the largest and most sophisticated fleets in the world, including FedEx Ground and UPS.
Following the end of the year, we also secured several major commercial orders just under 200 strip chassis to be delivered to UPS, 20 hub units to be delivered to Caltrans and our first production order of 20 Blue Bird powertrains. Each of these orders represents the largest unit volume order we have received in the respective product categories, and we believe this momentum will only continue.
Additionally, we closed a significant transaction that added over $40 million in liquidity to our balance sheet, providing essential flexibility as we manage the timing of incentive program collections. In my remarks, I'll cover highlights from Q4 across our vehicle deliveries, Hub product ramp-up, and broader market shifts. Then Gio and Liana will walk through our operational and financial performance in more detail.
Of the 51 deliveries this quarter, we've seen growing momentum and customer diversification across sectors and applications. As mentioned earlier, we've experienced seasonal challenges from our parcel delivery customers who typically deprioritize vehicle intake during their peak season in Q4. This temporarily impacted unit deliveries and contributed to a 27.3% decline in top line revenue compared to Q3.
In our StepVan business, we anticipate a positive shift towards strip chassis deliveries. This operational pivot can reduce our inventory turnover period by two to three months helping us accelerate cash collection and a working capital-intensive environment.
We plan to continue delivering completed vehicles as well but we expect this mix shift to give us more flexibility and responsiveness across our order base. We also made significant progress in our powertrain business.
In Q4, we delivered our first powertrain product for use in a Blue Bird electric school bus. The short wheelbase Type C school bus has already completed FMVSS testing, and we plan to begin commercial production deliveries in early 2025. We anticipate our powered by Xos segment will continue to grow through strategic partnerships with Blue Bird and Winnebago.
In 2024, we delivered one of Winnebago's specialty vehicles and completed FMVSS testing for that configuration. We also delivered the first production mobile medical vehicle to a Winnebago customer. This quarter marked a major milestone as we ramped into low-volume series production of the hub, our mobile charging and energy storage solution.
Hub customers now include Waymo, ABM, Loomis, Florida Power & Light, Tampa Electric, Duke Energy, and Caltrans, the California Department of Transportation, who is deploying hubs to support critical infrastructure across the state. The demand for Hub continues to expand across fleet and utility applications alike.
In light of that success, we ramped up hub demonstrations in Q4 to showcase use cases across mobile fleet charging, large event charging, and disaster response. The response has been overwhelmingly positive and reinforces our belief in the long-term potential of the Hub platform. Beyond our deliveries, we secured several million dollars in new incentives in 2024. We also anticipate additional funding opportunities opening up soon. The New Jersey voucher incentive program is expected to resume, and Washington State has announced a new program with up to $80 million in available funding.
Our incentive team is closely tracking these programs and is already in discussions with interested customers about leveraging them for future orders. We're also excited to share that we secured nearly $10 million from the Texas vehicle emissions reduction program for vehicle deliveries scheduled in 2025. We're pleased with the momentum of that program and believe it will continue to be a growth driver for us.
Given recent changes in federal policy, we anticipate some of our customers will lose access to tax credits and federal incentives. While the federal 45W tax credit does provide some benefit, the most impactful incentives are administered at the state level.
In California, New York, Texas and others were point-of-sale or voucher style programs are critical to our customers' purchasing decisions. While some of these programs may be impacted by shifts in federal policy, we believe that many states will maintain or even increase their support for these incentives. These programs are essential for our ability to grow our business, and our largest regional markets all continue to have active incentive programs in place.
On the operational side, we've also taken steps to improve inventory turnover. In Q4, we began working with several partners to help floor plan vehicles during the delivery process, improving our ability to manage working capital without needing to carry inventory on our books for extended periods.
As the environment for zero-emissions vehicles continues to evolve, we know there will be challenges. However, we believe that with a focused team and a strong execution plan, we can overcome these obstacles.
One of the major headwinds on the horizon is the proposed introduction of new tariffs on imported EV components and vehicles. Depending upon the configuration, these tariffs could add $5,000 to $20,000 per vehicle in costs. While these figures are not insignificant, we are proactively working with both our suppliers and our customers to minimize the impact.
That includes reshoring critical components where feasible and exploring federal cost offset programs to reduce the burden of these tariffs. Our goal remains unchanged to provide customers with the most competitive total cost of ownership in the commercial EV space. Just as we began 2024, we closed the year with a sharp focus on reducing operational expenses.
Gio will speak more about the progress we've made, including reductions in operating facility costs and head count as we continue our push towards achieving positive free cash flow in the near term.
Giordano Sordoni
Thanks, Dakota, and good afternoon, everyone. Our manufacturing, supply chain, and engineering teams delivered a strong close to the year, improving efficiency while executing at our highest production rates yet. Despite operating with a significantly smaller team, we achieved our most efficient vehicle and hub production rates to date, demonstrating the strength of our streamlined operations.
In addition to our regular chassis production, the team worked hard this quarter to prepare for the launch of a longer wheel-based variant of our StepVan chassis platform. We are now producing this 208-inch wheel-based variant on our main chassis line.
This longer wheelbase allows for a larger body and an additional 200 cubic feet of cargo capacity, a direct response to customer requests. A key highlight this quarter was our continued engineering work on chassis improvements for one of our largest customers to whom we are now making deliveries.
Our focus on refining vehicle design and durability ensures we're meeting the evolving needs of our fleet customers while driving long-term cost efficiencies. We steadily increased our hub production rates throughout the quarter reaching approximately two hub units per week. This significant accomplishment positions us well to build and deliver additional hub units to meet customer demand in 2025.
The engineering and supply chain payments remain dedicated to reducing bill of material costs through both vehicle design optimization and strategic supplier partnerships. In the last 12 months, our team has implemented over $10 million in cost reductions, and we have additional reductions planned for the coming year.
We are actively working to mitigate potential tariff impacts and related uncertainties by continuing to drive down direct material costs through engineering improvements and supplier partnerships. We remain focused on our strategy to invest more in Tennessee, which has become the foundation of our operations. Our StepVan chassis and the Xos Hub are both built at our main plants in Byrdstown, Tennessee.
Recently, we secured a sublease for part of our Los Angeles facility and transferred possession to our new tenant. This move will reduce our operational expenses throughout the lease term. We're also actively working on subleasing two additional properties that we assumed through our acquisition of ElectraMeccanica. There is interest in both properties, and we hope to provide more updates on these potential subleases soon.
Our operational improvements and cost control measures are designed both to support short-term production and delivery needs and keep us on track for our long-term goals.
In light of the recent election results, we anticipate potential federal level policy changes that could impact our industry and business, particularly possible increases in tariffs and imported components. We're closely monitoring this evolving situation with the help of customs advisers.
Meanwhile, we're actively working with our supplier partners to pursue alternative sourcing strategies, including reshoring components to North America and expanding our investment in the US supply chain. While these tariffs could be disruptive, we are confident they won't hinder our ability to source necessary components and continuing delivering trucks profitably.
Additionally, we anticipate offsetting much of the potential tariff impact through continued cost reductions in our goods, along with efficiencies from our engineering and supply chain initiatives. We're committed to American manufacturing, which is why we've invested significantly in our Tennessee facility. As we look ahead, we will continue to enhance our manufacturing and supply chain infrastructure to adapt to potential regulatory changes while maintaining our strong operational momentum.
With that, I'll turn it over to Liana for an in-depth look at our financial performance.
Liana Pogosyan
Thank you, Gio. This year, we continue to grow our revenues, delivered our first positive full year GAAP gross margin and reduced total operating expenses. For the full year of 2024, our revenue was $56 million, up from $44.5 million compared to last year. Our cost of goods sold during the year increased to $52 million compared to $45.8 million in 2023. GAAP gross margin during the year was a profit of $4 million or 7.1% compared to a loss of $1.3 million or negative 2.9% in 2023. Non-GAAP gross margin during the year was a profit of $10 million or 18% compared to a loss of $2.3 million or negative 5.2% in 2023.
Margin improvements were mainly driven by higher average selling price, continued focus on reducing labor and overhead costs and improving our production processes. The increase in average selling price was primarily due to selling our newer generation StepVans and hubs, which have higher prices than our legacy products for the full year 2024 as compared to just a portion of the 2023 year.
For the fourth quarter of 2024, our revenue was $11.5 million, down from $15.8 million in the third quarter this year. Our cost of goods sold during the quarter increased to $15.2 million compared to $12.9 million in the third quarter. GAAP gross margin during the quarter was a loss of $3.7 million or negative 32.4% compared to a profit of $2.9 million or 18.1% in the third quarter. GAAP gross margin was significantly impacted in the current quarter by changes in our inventory reserves and write-offs of inventory from our annual physical counts as well as obsolete parts.
Write-up of inventory mainly related to consolidation of two warehouses in 2024 into our main plan in Byrdstown, as well as write-off of inventory related to previous versions of our product. Excluding these adjustments, non-GAAP gross margin during the quarter was a profit of $2.7 million or 23.2% compared to a profit of $3.7 million or 23.2% in the third quarter. This quarter marks our sixth consecutive quarter of positive non-GAAP gross margin performance.
Turning to expenses. Our full-year 2024 operating expenses were $49.8 million compared to $63.7 million last year as we remain disciplined in managing our costs while continuing to support key growth initiatives. Our operating profitability continues to follow a promising trajectory with a non-GAAP operating loss for 2024 of $32.1 million compared to a loss of $58.1 million in 2023.
Our fourth-quarter operating expenses were $10.9 million compared to $12.6 million last quarter. This was driven by several cost-cutting measures taken during the fourth quarter, which included a reduction in our total workforce in October, and temporary salary reduction for certain of our senior executives. This contributed to our non-GAAP operating loss for the fourth quarter of $6.4 million compared to $6.6 million in the third quarter.
Turning to the balance sheet. We closed the year with cash and cash equivalents totaling $11 million. Operating cash flow less CapEx or free cash flow was negative $49.1 million for the year, compared to a negative free cash flow of $40.7 million last year. Free cash flow was $3.3 million for the quarter compared to a negative free cash flow of $11.7 million last quarter. The favorable working capital changes, primarily in accounts receivable collections contributed to achieving our first quarter ever of positive free cash flow.
Inventory decreased to $36.6 million this year from $37.8 million at the end of 2023 and from $42.4 million last quarter. Inventory dropped due to a combination of faster turns and our focus on strategic purchasing and inventory management as well as changes in inventory reserves and write-offs as previously mentioned.
We are actively managing our liquidity position and plan to improve our liquidity and working capital requirements, including preserving financial resources, improving accounts receivable collections, and exploring options for enhancing our liquidity.
In the past quarter, we have made great progress in collecting receivables from customers and from organizations helping to administer state grant programs. We remain focused on our goal of earning positive gross margins by delivering innovative products that help our fleet customers achieve lower operating costs.
Now turning to our outlook for 2025. We anticipate revenue to fall within the range of $50.2 million to $65.8 million, unit deliveries to be within the range of 320 to 420 units and non-GAAP operating loss to be in the range of $17.2 million to $14 million.
With that, I'll turn the call back over to Dakota.
Dakota Semler
Thank you, Liana. As we look ahead to 2025, we remain focused on delivering growth, increasing liquidity and margins and building products that stand the test of time. While the broader EV landscape continues to evolve, facing regulatory shifts, infrastructure bottlenecks, and cost pressures, we see these as opportunities to differentiate ourselves.
Over the past year, we've expanded our product portfolio, deepened our customer partnerships and proven that we can adapt quickly while maintaining discipline in execution and our high-quality standards. The interest we're seeing across powertrains, strip chassis, and the Xos hub reflects the strength of our company and the trust we've built with customers. With the foundational work of 2024 behind us, we believe we are entering the new year in one of the strongest positions in our company's history. We're excited for the road ahead and we're just getting started.
With that, I'll hand it back to the operator for questions.
Operator
(Operator Instructions) Craig Irwin, ROTH Capital Partners.
Craig Irwin
So Dakota, to start from the top, your gross margin is 23% in the quarter on an adjusted basis really surprised me. Really strong when we consider volume in the quarter of 51 units down 45% sequentially, but your margins are flat. So that kind of suggests that either you have a substantial improvement in variable production costs or production costs overall or maybe a positive mix issue going on. Can you help us understand what's going right in there to really deliver on margin results like this.
Dakota Semler
Yeah, absolutely, and thanks for the question, Craig. It really comes down to a shifting product mix. When we look at some of our specialty products that are unique in the market, such as the Xos Hub and some of our powertrain customers. Those margins can be strong given the uniqueness of those products and the engineering investments that we make upfront with our customers. So if we see quarters that reflect a higher mix of some of those products, we anticipate that that's going to be reflected in our adjusted gross margins for the quarter.
And I think one other thing to note about that is we anticipate these will continue to improve. Assuming we can address the challenges with tariffs, with increased scale across our supply chain and increased scale in the production and manufacturing environment, those margins should be able to be improved. And several of those noncash GAAP associated expenses such as capitalized freight and other items can also continue to go down as we increase those volumes.
Craig Irwin
Excellent. Excellent. So that dovetails nicely to my second question, which is about your hub business outlook. You mentioned several customers in your prepared comments, Waymo, Duke, Caltrans, others. You also mentioned two units a week in production capacity. Do you expect to operate anywhere near production capacity in this business this year? Is there maybe anything that would have you consider increasing capacity? Or is there a potential for that based on discussions you're having with this interesting list of customers.
Dakota Semler
Yeah, absolutely. So we've set up the line to be able to support the market the way we understand it today. It is still an incredibly unique product and that it's providing an infrastructure stop gap for many customers that experience charging infrastructure deployment delays from installing permanent infrastructure. And it's kind of an interesting process because generally, when we talk to a customer, they're only interested in the product after they've had dealt with the difficulty of deploying charging infrastructure. So it takes folks a first run at deploying infrastructure and in the conventional manner to be able to really see the value in the hub.
But one thing we are planning on doing this year is increasing the capabilities of the hub to be able to offer other power export capabilities and energy management capabilities that will service a broader market and potentially even be utilized in fixed infrastructure applications where it can still provide a similar unique product offering to customers kind of going through those same pain points.
So we do anticipate the volume potential and the production capacity potential growing -- but we're not going to expand that production capacity until we really can validate that market and make sure that we have a strong customer base and backlog behind it.
Craig Irwin
Excellent. So then moving on to the drivetrain business. Blue Bird and Winnebago, obviously, customers that are both working for you, things are going well there. I assume there are other customers in the pipeline. Can you maybe help people understand what FMVSS certification means for the drivetrain delivered for Blue Bird and the 20 units that they ordered for powertrains for this year, would you expect those to be in production vehicles? And any additional color on the powertrain business would be great. Thank you.
Dakota Semler
Absolutely. So the powertrain business is a unique business and that it requires a deep partnership with our customers and collaborating with their respective engineering organizations to integrate the powertrain into their vehicle chassis. And so we do a lot of work upfront with these customers in engineering validation and durability assessment and testing as well as homologation.
And through that homologation process, there are several steps that we have to comply with in order to satisfy the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. And those steps can take many months, in some cases, years to get through.
So what that means when we complete those processes is that we can sell production units to end-user customers. So it's an exciting step in the order that we received is expected to go to an end-user customer. So these are full production powertrains that we'll be shipping this year, going to a school district.
Craig Irwin
Okay. And then last question, if I may. The balance sheet was another complete surprise, right? $3.3 million in free cash flow, $2.5 million higher cash exiting your fourth quarter than in your third quarter, $15 million in cash out from receivables and inventory in the quarter. How much room is there to go to continue improving on working capital? You did give us the details around your mix shift towards strip chassis and how that helps a little bit. But can you continue to lean out inventory and receivables? And is there anything else we should know about the balance sheet that would help us understand cash needs over the next year?
Dakota Semler
Yeah. So first and foremost, our goal is to build a sustainable business. and to improve working capital usage to the most efficient level it can possibly get to. For us, that means several things that we're doing. I talked a little bit about the shift in deliveries to strip chassis versus completed vehicles that shortens the cycle for delivery times to our customers. We're also working with our suppliers to help us with better terms to ensure that we're laying out cash for working capital and inventory in a more efficient manner.
And lastly, I think what we've always said is we need to take a proactive stance on infrastructure to ensure that our customers don't experience infrastructure delays. And as they are already having delays that we have a solution in place with the hub. So it's really a combination of several factors improving the kind of throughput of those vehicles getting to customers.
Now on the back end, you have the collection process, which as we've talked about at great length, the incentive collections can take many, many months. In order to mitigate the exposure to those incentives, we've partnered with several dealers and partners to help floor plan some of these vehicles before the incentives are received in the door.
And what that means is, for us, we can deliver the vehicle, recognize revenue, collect that receivable and collect the incentive from the dealer and allow them to help in that process of getting a truck delivered to a customer, shortening the cycle of inventory turnover and collections timelines.
So that will really dramatically improve our ability to collect cash quicker. Hopefully it should lean out receivables. And as we work to improve the efficiency of the manufacturing plant and our customer delivery schedule, we should also be able to continue to reduce inventory levels relative to top line revenue.
Craig Irwin
Great. Well, congratulations on a strong execution this quarter. I, I'll go ahead and hop back in the queue.
Operator
Mike Shlisky, D.A. Davidson.
Mike Shlisky
I wanted to touch on the margin story for a second year because you mentioned that mix can go up and down and change. I guess I'd like to confirm, do you still think you'll have positive gross margins throughout 2025? And then further, could there be improvement upon the prior year, although it's already, again, quite strong.
Dakota Semler
Thanks, Mike. Yeah. When we look at gross margins for 2025, we anticipate them continuing to stay strongly positive, and we do anticipate for the full year that we will see margin growth on an adjusted basis. As we look at our business, there are several factors that influence GAAP gross margin. And some of those factors are hard to forecast given the changes and dynamics and current climate in the economy right now. But on an adjusted basis, we do anticipate that those non-GAAP gross margins will continue to grow year-over-year.
Mike Shlisky
Okay. And then the other question was that there were certainly some question marks remaining around the tariff situation, this could change by the end of the night, who knows. But the range that you provided on top line and on operating losses for the year, does the bottom end include like kind of worst-case scenario tariffs? Or could there be some very defining situations that just you're not in constantly right now and what you're putting out there?
Dakota Semler
Yeah. It's a great question. And specifically talking in regards to tariffs, I think most of the exposure is something we're working to mitigate. That doesn't mean we're going to avoid paying tariffs. We obviously have already paid tariffs today on battery cells ranging in the kind of 10% to 15% range.
But if there are ways in which we can reduce our exposure, such as bringing some of the components back to production in the US, we're absolutely going to entertain those kinds of options. And then that in some ways, that may mean cost trade-offs, slightly increased costs. But if those costs are still lower than the tariffs in many ways that it still helps us to reduce our exposure.
When we look at the bottom end of the guidance range, we really think the biggest factors that are influencing that and our delivery of units is not so much tariff factors, but rather charging infrastructure readiness. We have a backlog that already exceeds the current level of guided orders. And that's because we have some customer orders that won't take delivery in 2025, but later after that.
So we're not concerned about so much the demand or even the tariffs changing the cost structure of our vehicles as much as we are concerned about the readiness of charging infrastructure and the customers being able to accept delivery of those trucks and get them into service.
Operator
Ted Jackson, Northland Securities.
Ted Jackson
So my first question is, I'm just curious in the quarter, did you have any environmental credit revenue?
Giordano Sordoni
In the fourth quarter, we did not have any credit revenue. We had credit revenue in the third quarter of last year.
Ted Jackson
Okay. When we -- if possible, with regards to fourth quarter, could you give some kind of color with regards to the makeup of units, hubs, chassis, things like that and then the same with regards to the guidance for '25?
Dakota Semler
Yeah. In terms of the mix of the quarter level, we haven't drilled that far into it. We can share that it was an increased mix of hubs, which are higher ASPs reflecting the lower unit mix there and also higher gross margins on that product. As we work throughout the year in 2025, we don't plan to specifically guide to the unit mix throughout the year.
But we are seeing an increasing demand for that hub product, which obviously we only launched halfway through last year. So we didn't have that factored significantly into our unit mix or our revenue or gross margin mix for 2024. So that should be positively accretive and hopefully continue to bolster up the margins.
Ted Jackson
Okay. That's actually quite useful. What do you think your CapEx will be in '25?
Dakota Semler
As a facility today, the Tennessee plant is actually incredibly well equipped to accommodate volumes that are far larger than what we're delivering today, both on the vehicle side as well as on the hubs. We really don't anticipate much more CapEx other than preventative maintenance and incremental iterative investments as we work through the year. But I would say the CapEx budgeted is relatively negligible in comparison to total top line and the way our balance sheet sits today.
Ted Jackson
Do you know when you'll file your K?
Dakota Semler
Planning on filing it on Monday.
Ted Jackson
Any chance that you could give us a cash flow statement and maybe your breakdown of revenue in terms of stuff that's in there, StepVan, powertrain hubs, other ancillaries. So I mean, I assume I'm not the only person that has the model built around some of that kind of stuff so that we would be able to get our models turned in front of your release.
Liana Pogosyan
Well, the full cash flow statement will be available once we file the 10-K on Monday. We do have -- in the earnings release, we do have a tabular disclosure around net cash provided by us in operating activities. But the rest will be available on Monday.
Operator
This will conclude our question-and-answer session as well as conference call. Thank you for attending today's presentation. You may now disconnect your lines, and have a great rest of your day.
